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Marissa

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Marissa

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Marissa

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Marissa

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Marissa

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Marissa

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Quebec city does exist today most popular for the winter
carnival. Quebec has a population of about 8,000 people and more every year.
Quebec is located near the St. Lawrence river also in Quebec they speak two
languages French and English. Fun things to go to in Quebec are the winter carnival.
During the winter carnival they have ice castles and do an candle lite walk. In
conclusion Quebec is awesome.

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Iroquois
trading by Natalie

Trading goods

The Iroquois
traded lots of animals, animal skins, bee wax and Indian sugar. They traded
this stuff because they wanted money and others things that the other tribes
had. Trading was a big thing for most tribes because they had lots of animals
and other items. With those items they wanted to trade them to get different
objects and then trade the objects with other tribes.

List of things
they traded

Raccoons for 37
and a ½ to 40 cts each

Fox, cats and
fishers for 50 to 67 cts each

Minks 50 cts
each

Otters $5 each

Musk rats 25
cts each

Beavers $1.25
each

Bulk skins
$1.00 each

Bee wax 12 and
a ½ cts each

Deer tallow 9
cts each

Indian sugar 10
cts

In conclusion
the Iroquois traded objects for a bunch of different reasons. I think that
there is a life lesson in trading and that is sometimes there is risks in life
and you have to take them to help your family/tribe

From the website
on padlet

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Quebec

It was located on the St.Lawrence River.

that is near Quebec.

They came form France because the King sent them.

The King sent them because he wanted
more land to take over.

Life was like In Quebec back then
everone garden, coked, farmed and harvest.

They where all nice and helped
everone.

By:Maizy

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During the winter carnival they have ice castels and do a candle lite walk. In conluson Quebec is awsome

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Marissa

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iroquois trading                     by natalie

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iroquois trading                     by natalie

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Trading goods

The Iroquois traded lots of animals, animal skins, bee wax and indian sugar. They traded this stuff because they wanted money and others things that the other tribes had. Trading was a big thing for most tribes because they had lots of animals and other items. With those items they wanted to trade them to get different objects and then trade the objects with other tribes.

List of things they traded

Raccoons for 37 and a ½ to 40 cts each

Fox, cats and fishers for 50 to 67 cts each

Minks 50 cts each

Otters $5 each

Musk rats 25 cts each

Beavers $1.25 each

Bulk skins $1.00 each

Bee wax 12 and a ½ cts each

Deer tallow 9 cts each

Indian sugar 10 cts

In conclusion the Iroquois traded objects for a bunch of different reasons. I think that there is a life lesson in trading and that is sometimes there is risks in life and you have to take them to help your family/tribe

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They would build log houses and 300 to 600 pepole would live in the village. Some houses were built close to the streams or lakes. From 1667 to 1680 the iroquois were freindly with the french. The iroquois were not just one tribe there was 5 tribes.                          by laura

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Hannah                                                   Quebec City does exist today most popular for the winter carnival. Quebec has a population of about 8,000 people and more every year. Quebec is located near the St.lawrence river also in Quebec they speak two languages french and engilsh. Fun things to go to in Quebec is the winter carnival

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The city is known for the location on the Saint Larurence river. As well as the old Quebec. Which features fortified city walls. These walls are the only ones left in North-America ,and they were made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985 under the name of Historic District Of Old Quebec. Another pull factor is all the carnivals the most poular is the winter carnival that has ice scalpcers/casiles and skiing.

www.aboutedvcation

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summer in Quebec                                    

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summer in Quebec                                    

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WEBSITE ABOUT WHY SETTLERS FROM FRANCE CAME TO CANADA (NEW FRANCE)

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WEBSITE ABOUT WHY SETTLERS FROM FRANCE CAME TO CANADA (NEW FRANCE)

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France was a colonial power in North America from the early 16th century, the age of European discoveries and fishing expeditions, to the early 19th century, when Napoléon Bonaparte sold Louisiana to the United States.

French presence in North America was marked by economic exchanges with Aboriginal peoples, but also by conflicts, as the French attempted to control this vast territory. The French colonial enterprise was also spurred by religious motivation as well as the desire to establish an effective colony in the St. Lawrence Valley.

Indigenous peoples had been living on this territory for millennia. That is, well before the Vikings ventured so far East ( see Norse voyages) at the end of the 10 th Century. From the founding of Québec in 1608 to the ceding of Canada to Britain in 1763, France placed its stamp upon the history of the continent, much of whose lands - including Acadia, the vast territory of Louisiana and the Mississippi Valley - lay under its control. The populations it established, especially in the St. Lawrence Valley ( see St. Lawrence Lowland), are still full of vitality today.

Founding and Context

France became interested in the North America later than the other Western Christian powers - England, Spain and Portugal - and after the trips made by Christopher Columbus in 1492, John Cabot in 1497 and the Corte-Real brothers ( see also Portuguese) in 1501 and 1502. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano followed the eastern shore of America from Florida to Newfoundland. Jacques Cartier then made three voyages of discovery for France. He took possession of the territory in the name of the king of France by planting a cross on the shores of the Gaspé ( see Gaspé Peninsula) in 1534. The next year, he sailed up the St. Lawrence River and visited Aboriginal settlements at Stadacona (site of present-day Québec) and Hochelaga ( Montréal). He spent the winter at Stadacona, where 25 of his men died of scurvy, and returned to France in 1536.

In 1541-42 he returned, establishing a short-lived colony, which he called "Charlesbourg- Royal," at the mouth of the rivière du Cap-Rouge ( see Cap-Rouge) near Stadacona. Religion gave the impetus to his voyages, but economic motives were even more obvious. The hope of finding a Northwest Passage to the Indies and the fabled Kingdom of the Saguenay was constantly stressed. Cartier brought back to France some minerals from this final voyage that he thought were gold and diamonds, but were only iron pyrite and quartz ( see Diamonds of Canada). After these initial disappointments, France turned its attention elsewhere and ignored the distant land until the end of the century.

Meanwhile, some French colonists showed sustained interest in the region's fisheries. There are reports of Basque, Breton and Norman fishermen on Newfoundland's Grand Banks as early as the first decade of the 16th century. Each year more ships - a dozen or so in the decade 1520-30, about 100 by mid-century - made fishing trips. By 1550, fishermen were drying their catch on the shores, making contact with Aboriginal peoples and taking furs back to France. In the 1580s, ship owners were leaving fishing for the fur trade, an activity that drew the French farther into the continent.

In 1608 Samuel de Champlain, considered the founder of New France, erected a habitation (building) at Québec. He continued Cartier's dream of finding an opening to the Indies, pursued the commercial interests of businessmen in France, his sponsors, and followed the king's wishes. The settlement responded to economic demands: go out to the fur-rich areas, forge close contact with suppliers and try to obtain the right of exploitation. The scale of the operation made it necessary to form private companies.

Commercial Administration of the Colony and Missionary Work

The colony's administration, 1608-63, was entrusted commercial companies that were formed by merchants from various cities in France. Succeeding companies promised to settle and develop the French land in America in return for exclusive rights to its resources. The Compagnie des Cent-Associés, created by the great minister of Louis XIII, Cardinal de Richelieu, ran New France 1627-63, either directly or through subsidiary companies. It did not achieve the desired results. In 1663, the population numbered scarcely 3,000 people, 1,250 of them Canadian-born. Less than one per cent of the granted land was being exploited. Of the 5 million livres' worth of possible annual resources enumerated by Champlain in 1618 - e.g., fish, mines, wood, hemp, cloth and fur - only fur yielded an appreciable return, and it was irregular and disappointing.

Nor was evangelization among Indigenous peoples flourishing. During its first half-century, New France experienced an explosion of missionary fervour ( see Missions and Missionaries), as demonstrated by the number and zeal of its apostles, inspired by the Catholic Counter-Reformation ( see Catholicism). In 1634, the Jesuits renewed the mission of Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons in the western wilds. Ville-Marie, which became Montréal, was the work of mystics and the devoted. But the missionaries managed to convert very few Aboriginal persons.

Various political and military events hindered colonization efforts. The alliances formed by Champlain made enemies of the Iroquois. Québec fell to the freebooting Kirke brothers in 1629. The Iroquois nations grew belligerent as soon as the country was returned to France in 1632. Between 1648 and 1652 they destroyed Huronia, a hub of French commercial and missionary activity. Attacks on the very heart of the colony demonstrated that its survival was in doubt ( see Iroquois Wars).

In 1663, Québec was just a commercial branch operation: the fur trade was opposed to agriculture ( see History of Agriculture); the French population was small; and the administration of the colony by commercial exploiters was a disaster. The company relinquished control of the colony to the king.

Royal Rule Facilitates Development

Under Louis XIV New France flourished. He made the colony a province of France, giving it a similar hierarchical administrative organization. He watched over its settlement, extended its territory and allowed its enterprises to multiply. However, he had first to guarantee the peace.

Under the marquis de Tracy, the Carignan-Salières Regiment built forts, ravaged Iroquois villages and demonstrated French military power. The Iroquois made peace, and 400 soldiers stayed in the colony as settlers. The king also had 850 young women sent out as brides-to-be, and quick marriages and families were encouraged. When the offspring of these Filles du Roi came of age 20 years later, the demographic situation had changed. In 1663 there had been one woman to every 6 men; now the sexes were roughly equal in number. The colony thereafter replenished 90 per cent of its numbers through childbirth.

Under the authority of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, comptroller general of finances and then navy minister ( see Ministère de la Marine), colonial administration was entrusted to a Gouverneur (for military matters and external relations) and an Intendant (for justice, civil administration and finances - i.e., all civil aspects of colonial administration). The Sovereign Council (Superior Council after 1703) acted as a court of appeal and registered the king's edicts.

Exploration and Further Economic Expansion

The imperialism of Louis XIV, the pacification of the Iroquois and the need to rebuild the network of fur-trade treaties led to renewed Explorations into the Great Lakes and Mississippi regions by such exceptional people as François Dollier de Casson, Louis Jolliet, Jacques Marquette and the Cavelier de La Salle. But the Iroquois Wars started again in 1682 and the colony found new heroes, such as Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. Political, military and missionary activity, combined with economic factors, created a need for furs to be acquired from Aboriginal peoples.

Intendant Jean Talon, with Colbert's solid backing and other favourable circumstances, started a vigorous development program. In addition to watching over agriculture and the fur trade, Talon began ventures such as shipbuilding, trade with the West Indies, commercial crops like flax and hemp, fishing industries and a brewery. But by the time he left in 1672, economic circumstances had changed and virtually nothing remained of these premature initiatives.

It is difficult to identify the major elements of this nascent society. For Acadia, familiar features are the quality of its agricultural establishments, the importance of fishing and the alternating British and French regimes. In the St. Lawrence Valley, farmers, though in the majority, were still clearing the land. Craftsmen no longer had the support of major enterprises. Fur traders were being squeezed by increasingly difficult regulations and economic circumstances, yet they provided the colony's only exports. Military officers, thanks to the introduction of coin currency and the presence of opportunities to flaunt themselves, enjoyed some prestige by entering into business and being in the governor's entourage.

The seigneur had little revenue and took his standing from his title and the exercise of functions entirely unrelated to the land ( see Seigneurial System). Social mobility was still possible and caused categories and groups to mingle, but there were two worlds: the city and the country.

End of Expansion and Beginning of Economic Crisis

New France reached its greatest territorial extent at the start of the 18th century. About 250 people lived in a dozen settlements in Newfoundland, and there were about 1,500 in Acadia. Several hundred lived around the mouth of the Mississippi and around the Great Lakes. People from the St Lawrence Valley lived on the shoreline of Labrador as fishermen. The Saguenay River Basin (the King's Domain) had a few trading posts. Canada had about 20,000 inhabitants, most of them farmers scattered along a ribbon of settlement between the two urban centres of Québec and Montréal. In the West, a series of trading posts and forts dotted the communication lines. Finally, in the 1740s, the La Vérendrye family carried the exploration of the continent right to the foothills of the Rockies.

Despite this expansion, New France has been described as a "colossus with feet of clay." The British American colonies were 20 times as populous and felt themselves encircled and at risk. Through the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, France yielded Newfoundland, the Acadian peninsula, Hudson Bay and supremacy in trade over the Iroquois to the English. Furthermore the early 18th century brought a major economic crisis in the colony. Its main export item, fur, was hit by a European sales slump, declining quality and less attractive returns. The many young people who had just come to settle the country had no choice but to fall back on the land.

Peacetime Recovery

Recovery was slow, but the economy experienced an unprecedented boom during the long period of peace, 1713-44. France built an imposing fortress at Louisbourg to protect its fishing zones, land and commercial trade with the colony. After 1720, agricultural surpluses were exported to Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) and the French West Indies. Some 200 seigneurs lived in the territory of Canada. A high birthrate led to a rapid population increase, which in turn led to the creation of parishes. Despite the strictures of mercantilism, two major industries were established: the Forges Saint-Maurice and royal shipbuilding ( see Shipbuilding and Ship repair).

In 1735, a road linked Québec City and Montréal for the first time. Yet the fur trade still accounted for 70 per cent of the colony's exports. And peace was being used to prepare for war: 80 per cent of the colony's budgets (which never equalled the sums spent on the king's amusements) went to military expenses. Much more was spent on constructing European-style fortifications than on strengthening alliances with Aboriginal peoples.

Colonial society, influenced by the French elite that led it, modelled itself on the mother country, yet increasingly grew apart from it because of the colony's small population and very different, land-based, economic and geographic circumstances. Nobles, the middle class, military officers, seigneurs, civil administrators and traders formed a high society which was extremely sensitive to the favours of the colonial authorities. Eighty percent of the population lived on and by the land. Each generation produced new pioneers who cleared and settled land, acclimatized themselves, managed some new territory and came to know their neighbours. The acquisition of this territory in America by French descendants was characterized by the importance of the land, of inheritance, of economic independence and of analyzed social relationships.

The Conquest

France felt that New France cost much and yielded little. The expensive but inconclusive War of the Austrian Succession, which ended in 1748, saw the destruction of French overseas trade by Britain. The Seven Years' War found France on the defensive against England, now an aggressive maritime power. The British colonies, with 1.5 million inhabitants, were pitted against a mere 70,000 French colonists, a sign of the very limited success of French colonization in North America.

After some spectacular military successes, the result of strategy well adapted to the local terrain, France fell back on the defensive. On 13 September 1759, the troops of General James Wolfe defeated those of the Marquis de Montcalm in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham near Québec City. Montréal fell the next year. France yielded its colony to England in the Treaty of Paris (1763). It was the end, or nearly so, of French political power in America - but not of French presence. France left a great legacy to America: the Canadiens. They refused assimilation and affirmed their existence. Protected by their language, religion and institutions, concentrated in a limited geographic area, difficult to penetrate, they developed a way of life, social customs and attitudes of their own. Having become Québécois, they continued to strive to develop their nationality.

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France was a colonial power in North America from the early 16th century, the age of European discoveries and fishing expeditions, to the early 19th century, when Napoléon Bonaparte sold Louisiana to the United States. French presence in North America was marked by economic exchanges with Aboriginal peoples, but also by conflicts, as the French attempted to control this vast territory.

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Iroquoian (Ĭr´əkwoi´ən), branch of Native North American languages belonging to the Hokan-Siouan linguistic family, or stock, of North and Central America. See Native American languages.

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Iroquoian facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Iroquoian

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Get information, facts, and pictures about Iroquoian at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Iroquoian easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and dictionary.

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***LOOK AT YOUR OUTLINE, CHECK YOUR SPELLING AND WRITE PARAGRAPHS*** Mr McCauley

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Hannah

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Hannah

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Click on the picture

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Québec City, Québec, founded in 1608, population 531,902 (2016 c), 516,576 (2011 c). Québec City, the capital of the province of Québec, is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River where it meets the Rivière Saint-Charles. Here, the St. Lawrence narrows to a width of just over 1 km, and navigation is made difficult by a group of islands, the largest of which is Île d'Orléans. Cap-Diamant, a promontory with an elevation of 98 m, dominates the site and was used effectively as a fortification, earning Québec City the name "Gibraltar of North America." The name "Québec" is probably derived from an Algonquian word meaning "narrowing of the river."

Settlement

For several thousand years prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the site of Québec City was occupied by Indigenous hunters and fishermen. In 1535, Jacques Cartier discovered a fairly large Iroquoian village, Stadacona, whose 1,000 or so inhabitants lived from fishing, hunting and the cultivation of corn. Sometime between 1543 and 1608, when Samuel de Champlain arrived at the site, Stadaconans had disappeared and been replaced by the occasional nomadic Algonquians, likely Montagnais-Naskapi.

With a mandate from the king of France, Cartier wintered near Stadacona in 1535-36 and returned in 1541-42, spending a difficult winter at Cap Rouge, a few kilometres upriver, before heading home with barrels of worthless minerals ( see Diamonds of Canada). Jean-François de la Rocque Roberval (1542-43) spent the following winter at Cap Rouge, but the failure of these early expeditions diminished French interest in the area, and a permanent settlement was not established until 1608 when Champlain founded a trading post. The post was captured by the Kirke brothers in 1629, but was restored to the French by the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1632. The town successfully repulsed assaults by Sir William Phips in 1690, but was conquered by the British in 1759 ( see Battle of the Plains of Abraham). It resisted an attempted invasion by a large American force in 1775-76, so the colony remained under British control.

Development

St. Lawrence River determined the nature of its development. In the age of sail, it held a dominant position as a port of entry and exit for ocean-going vessels. It quickly became the transfer port for domestic and foreign trade (especially furs and timber) and the arrival and departure point for travellers and immigrants to North America. From the beginning, its location made Québec City a political, administrative and military centre.

The long delay in establishing a rail link to the city, the technological developments in ocean-going vessels that enabled them to bypass the city and navigate directly to Montréal, and finally the shift of population and the economy westward, all tended to reduce Québec City's importance in the mid-19th century. Despite repeated efforts, the city was unable to maintain its earlier position as a focus of economic production and trade, and it gradually became a provincial and regional administrative centre.

Between 1960 and 1980, the considerable growth of the provincial government accelerated the growth of the city and its suburbs and gave added emphasis to the relative importance of its administrative function. However, since the 1980s, and especially in the 1990s, this trend levelled off somewhat due to cuts in government services. The city has also continued to develop as a cultural centre and tourist destination ( see Tourism).

Cityscape

In the 17th century, the inhabitants of Québec City first occupied the narrow strip of land between the promontory and the port (Lower Town), and then the promontory itself, following in the wake of the religious institutions and colonial administration that occupied Upper Town. This expansion was strongly influenced by the construction of and improvements to the town's fortifications, which were established principally in the Upper Town but also on the banks of the river. ( See Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site)

The fortifications and military barracks occupied a considerable area and restricted the establishment of a residential civilian population, which was limited already by the development of religious institutions (the Bishop's Palace, the cathedral, the seminary, colleges and convents, the Hôtel-Dieu and the Château Saint-Louis). Lower Town was for many years the residential and commercial centre. Both parts form the core of the old city, which is still well preserved and has been partially reconstructed as part of the Place Royale project.

At the end of the French regime, Lower Town stretched along the port toward the Intendant's Palace, to the north of the promontory. During the 19th century, the town broke out of its fortified confines and stretched westward on the promontory, along the banks of the Rivière Saint-Charles and to the foot of the north face of the promontory. These new parts of town were often built hastily and of wood, and fell victim to a number of major fires (Saint-Roch, 1845; Saint-Sauveur, 1866, 1870 and 1889; and Saint-Jean-Baptiste, 1845, 1876 and 1881). The result was major reconstruction and improved protective infrastructures (water supply, firefighting services, etc.).

Growth to the west and north of the city has been even more substantial in the 20th century, particularly since the 1950s. The small parishes in outlying areas grew quickly as both residential and commercial cities: Sillery, Sainte-Foy, Charlesbourg, Cap-Rouge, L'Ancienne-Lorette, etc. Although the downtown area was quite radically transformed with the appearance of private and governmental buildings and a few major hotels, the historic character of the old city has been largely preserved. The modern buildings blend with the characteristic landscape of Québec City: the promontory, fortifications, Château Frontenac, Parliament Buildings, Rivière Saint-Charles, the Port and the Québec Bridge. The preservation of its fortifications gives Québec City the distinction of being the only walled city in North America.

Population

Although Québec City was the capital of the French empire in North America, for many years it was little more than a large village ( see New France). In 1608 it had 28 inhabitants, and by the time of the Conquest in 1759 its population only slightly exceeded 8,000. Growth was rapid in the first half of the 19th century, and by 1861 it numbered nearly 60,000 inhabitants. The growth resulted from the economic expansion associated mainly with the timber trade and the important political and administrative activities centered in the city.

Québec City was also both the entry and transit port for the substantial annual influx of immigrants heading towards Upper Canada and the rest of North America. In some years the city's population doubled during the summer, aggravating many attendant problems (unsanitary conditions and epidemics).

As a result of the gradual slowdown in the timber trade and shipbuilding in the second half of the 19th century, the population of the city remained relatively stable until the early 20th century. In fact, the Lower and Upper Town experienced a decline as people moved to the new areas, particularly Saint-Roch. The overall population increase in a 40-year period, 1861 to 1901, was only 14.7 per cent (60,000 to 68,840).

Besides experiencing unfavourable economic conditions, the old city lacked residential space. Only with the amalgamation of small outlying municipalities did its population begin to grow at the beginning of the 20th century. Metropolitan Québec nevertheless grew more rapidly from the 1950s until the end of the 1970s, especially in the new suburbs. In the early 1980s, this growth again slowed, partly as a result of stabilization of growth in the province overall.

According to the 2011 census, the population of the city itself was 516,622. If we add to this figure the populations of the suburbs of Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures (18,141) and L'Ancienne-Lorette (16,745), the total population in 2011 was 551,508. This means that the population had grown by 25,000 over a five-year period, reflecting significant job market growth. .

Prior to the Conquest, Québec City's population had been French. In the early 19th century this changed with the influx of British immigrants. In 1851, the city's population reached a maximum of 43 per cent British and other groups, which decreased slightly to 41 per cent in 1861. This high proportion dropped rapidly as immigration to Québec City stopped and as many British immigrants moved to other parts of Canada and to the United States. By 1871, the percentage of non-francophones had fallen to 31.5 per cent, by 1921 to 10 per cent, to 6 per cent in 1971, and finally, by 2011, to 4 per cent. Thus, the city has regained its essentially French character.

Economy, Transportation and Labour Force

The early economy of Québec City was directly dependent upon its activities as a transit port for basic products exported to Europe ( furs, cereals and lumber) and for imported manufactured products. The considerable expansion of this trade enabled Québec City to maintain a relatively competitive position with Montréal as the major trading centre of the province until the mid-19th century.

At that time, the commercial position of Québec City was seriously affected by the decline in the timber trade and the shift from raw timber to lumber; the development of railway networks that bypassed the city (the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway passed on the south shore, opposite the city); the weakness of the city's hinterland; the dredging of the St. Lawrence River between Québec City and Montréal; the expansion of economic relations with the United States; and, the impact of technological change on trade and transportation. Montréal rapidly acquired a dominant position in the second half of the 19th century in trade and finance, transportation and industry.

Québec City's middle class, which was already declining in numbers, attempted to maintain its position but failed. It struggled to attract the transcontinental railways, such as the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occident Railway as part of the Canadian Pacific Railway (which in 1879 was the first railway to reach the city), the National Transcontinental Railway, and the Canadian Northern Railway, and to have them adopt the port of Québec City as their ocean terminal.

Efforts were also made to have the two shores of the river connected by a bridge. The Québec Bridge (1900-1917) is still the largest cantilevered bridge in the world, but experienced serious construction difficulties in 1907 and 1916 ( see Québec Bridge Disaster). The bridge actually helped promote the circulation of products to ports farther east. A second bridge, the Pierre-Laporte, was built in 1970. It is a suspension bridge, located a few hundred metres from the earlier one.

In the middle of the 19th century, the city went through an industrial revolution, particularly in the footwear industry, which gradually became the largest source of employment for the region. However, the city was unable to maintain growth in its manufacturing sector, and the footwear industry declined in the 1920s. Even though various other concerns appeared and disappeared, and offered employment to a significant number of people, they did not manage to diversify the city's industrial base. The industries concerned included shipbuilding, breweries, corsetry, tobacco products, munitions, and pulp and paper.

Most jobs in Québec City are concentrated in public administration, defence, the service industry, insurance, commerce, and transport. Only around 10 per cent of jobs are in manufacturing. The city benefits from its status as the provincial capital and the regional administrative and services centre. It also attracts an increasing number of tourists.

Government and Politics

From 1765 to 1833, and from 1835 to 1840, the city was administered by a commission of justices of the peace appointed by the governor and composed largely of landowners, French Canadian professionals and British merchants. The commission was responsible for ensuring that the orders of the legislature of Lower Canada were respected. Following pressure from the local population, Québec City received its first municipal charter in 1833. This lasted until 1835. A second was issued in 1840. These charters established an elected municipal council with the power to adopt regulations in their area of jurisdiction.

From 1833 to 1856, and 1870 to 1908, the mayor was elected by the reeves and councillors, and then directly by citizens (property owners and tenants) by secret ballot from 1856 to 1870 and after 1908. Furthermore, the number of reeves, councillors and districts changed on many occasions as a result of annexations, in particular those of Saint-Sauveur (1889), Saint-Malo (1908), Limoilou (1909), Montcalm (1913), Notre-Dame-des-Anges (1924), Les Saules (1969), Duberger (1970), Neufchatel (1971) and Charlesbourg Ouest (1973).

Formed in 1970, the urban community of Québec City includes 13 municipalities on the north shore and is responsible for planning, public transit (STCUQ), property assessment, and industrial and tourism promotion. In 2001, as part of a large-scale provincial government project to amalgamate municipalities (often referred to as the "forced amalgamation" project), the municipalities of the urban community were joined together to form the new city of Québec. In 2004, a vote was held on de-amalgamation: the new city lost Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures and L'Ancienne-Lorette but otherwise remained intact.

The role Québec City played as a "national" capital until 1840 (and subsequently 1851-55 and 1859-65, during the Union period), and as a provincial capital since 1867, has given it a special relationship with national, provincial and municipal politicians. So much so, in fact, that with the exception of a few businessmen prior to 1870, most of the city's mayors have also been involved in political careers at higher levels before, after and even during their mandates. One of the most famous mayors, Simon-Napoléon Parent (1894-1906), was also Minister of Lands and Forests (1897-1905) and premier of Québec (1900-05). A Commission de la capitale nationale du Québec was established in 1995 to promote and develop all facets of Québec City as a "national" capital.

Cultural Life

The city remains a major centre of French culture and the seat of the only francophone government in North America. In addition to conserving these traditions, it has managed to maintain a greater cultural homogeneity than Montréal, the other major pole of French culture.

Its teaching institutions include the Séminaire de Québec (1668) and Université Laval (1852). Until 1920, the latter was the only francophone university in the province; its satellite campus in Montréal, founded in 1876, became an independent university known as the Université de Montréal (1920). This situation often produced acrimony within the ranks of the clergy and in provincial political circles. Long located in the historic district of Old Québec, Université Laval gradually moved to a spacious new campus in the suburbs from the 1950s on. Starting in the 1960s, the administrative headquarters and several component institutions of the Université du Québec were established in Québec City.

The historical character of Québec City is reflected in the architecture of the old city, which has been the subject of major restorations and has become the site of exceptional museums. In 1985, this part of the city was recognized as a United Nations World Heritage Site. The municipal, provincial and federal governments have combined their efforts to restore Place Royale, Artillery Park and the fortifications ( Québec Citadel, walls, gates, south shore forts), the Old Port, the Voûtes du Palais, the Séminaire de Québec, a number of private religious museums, the Musée de la civilisation (1988), and the Musée de l'Amérique française (1806, 1993). Québec City was chosen in 1993 as host for the general secretariat of the Organization of World Heritage Cities.

The Musée du Québec (1933) was renamed the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec in 2002. It contains collections of ancient and modern works and is part of a large urban park, the Plains of Abraham, or Parc des Champs-de-Bataille (1908), which commemorates the battle leading to the fall of the city in 1759 and ultimately of New France to the British army a year later ( see Battle of the Plains of Abraham). There is also an aquarium near the Québec Bridge and the Grand Théâtre de Québec (1971), home of the Orchestre symphonique de Québec.

A number of downhill and cross-country ski centres, including Mont Sainte-Anne, Stoneham, and Lac-Beauport, are located within a few minutes of the city. After having excellent minor league hockey teams for many years, Québec City finally entered the realm of major league hockey with the Québec Nordiques (1972), who were members of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1979 to 1995. The team was sold and moved to Denver, Colorado. As the Avalanche, this team won the Stanley Cup in 1996 and again in 2001. A new multi-purpose arena is due to open in 2015, and it is hoped that this new facility will bring professional hockey back to the area. The city is also host to an international peewee hockey tournament.

Tourists and residents are attracted by a number of popular events: the Québec Winter Carnival ( see Winter Festivals), which has been held every February since 1954; the Québec City International Summer Festival each July, and a number of major anniversaries, including the 300th anniversary of the founding of Québec City in 1908, the 375th in 1983, the 400th in 2008, and the 450th anniversary of Jacques Cartier's arrival in 1984. Increasingly, summer events such as these give people an opportunity to enjoy many international-calibre musical performances on the Plains of Abraham.

Of Québec City's many literary figures, mention should be made of Roger Lemelin, whose novels depict the working-class districts of the city. Robert Lepage has made a remarkable contribution to theatre, as has Ex Machina, his international-calibre creative multimedia company, established in 1997. Five TV stations serve the city, one of which is English, there are several community stations, and there are a number of radio stations and two daily newspapers, and the Journal de Québec.

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Québec City, Québec, founded in 1608, population 531,902 (2016 c), 516,576 (2011 c). Québec City, the capital of the province of Québec, is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River where it meets the Rivière Saint-Charles. Here, the St.