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We use different printing methods for various reasons and the method used will usually come down to the artist/company or customers preference.
Although as time progresses society has seen a change in the printing methods used on a daily basis. For example, the main printing techniques used are screen printing, block printing and photocopying. Although Letterpress, lithography and gravure printing are commonly known for being used within commercial manufacturing simply because of the fact that these methods are the least time consuming and can create batch after batch of one specific product, therefore cutting down time spent making the product and increasing the income as more customers can purchase the products.

When it comes to using different methods, an artist/company should think about production quality, time and cost. These methods vary massively because of the fact they're completely different when it comes to these aspects. For example, an artist may wish to use wood cutting because his clients wish to purchase art work that has an authentic feel to it and looks natural, hand made artwork rather than factory produced. It can also give of a unique/one of a kind master piece that may come across as more expensive. Although when using this technique, both the artist and customer should understand that the process may take a considerable amount of time.

On the other hand, a company that produces newspapers would use the method known as Gravure because when using this technique it will allow a company to produce a vast amount of the same product within a small amount of time. Although the product may not look as detailed and heart felt as a hand print method, it does it's intended job which is to produce batches of product in a short space of time. The method may cost more than hand printing because it will require machinery that could cost well into the hundreds of thousands for a company to produce millions of newspapers world wide.

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Lithography is a technique at which an artist uses what is known as a printing plate with a relief image. The image that the artists wishes to capture will be firstly covered within a wax type material, the printing plate is then dampened with water, then coated with ink. The ink will then stick to the parts of the plate that are not wet with water. After this the printing plate will then be fixed onto a roller and the image created will be transferred onto paper fed from underneath the roller.

When using offset-lithography, the paper will not come into direct contact with the printing plate. However, the image is instead transferred to a rubber roller.
Lithography will commonly be used for medium and long print runs of products, therefore this will include content such as magazines, posters, packaging and books.

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                                       Digital Print

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                                       Digital Print

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                                   Mechanical Print

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                                   Mechanical Print

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                                          Hand Print

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                                          Hand Print

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Using photocopying allows the artist to create their art work within a short amount of time as it is extremely fast, the cost to photocopy is cheap and any individual can purchase a photocopier for their homes.  Although on the downside they're not always reliable, it costs to the environment and can be hard to store as they're usually bulky. In order to use this process you would need some basic skills within using a computer and possibly even understanding how to fix a photocopier as it could break at any given moment. A very highly modern photocopier could cost around £600 although their are low end photocopiers around the price range of £100, you will then need to purchase ink which can cost around £40 and is needed in order for this process to work. Photocopying is simple when knowing what to do and what settings to click, the artist will place his paper within a machine, choose the settings they're wishing for and then let the machine create the process without the artist having to lift a finger or do any physical art work.

Photocopies can be used by an artist in order to alter an image by enlarging or reducing the creation, they can also process paper, card and clear acetate. On top of this they can also be used for back-to-back copying and to collate multiple copies
When an artist wishes to use a colour photocopier, they will have to pay more as they're usually more expensive although they will give good results if not better than a standard photocopier.

Photocopiers can be used to:

arrange multiple small drawings on a page

make multiple versions of the same drawing (eg to make a pattern)

enlarge or reduce drawings

copy reference material (if copyright allows)

copy artwork sheets to maintain a consistent style in a project folder

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In order to produce a piece of creative art work an artist can choose to use desktop publishing packages such as Microsoft publisher in order to give this artist the opportunity to have more control over the layout. Desktop publishing would often be used to produce products such as newspapers, magazines, newsletters and leaflets. An advantage of using this form hand printing is that it is frame based, therefore text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, meaning it gives the artist the opportunity to move and resize and on the design if they feel it's necessary. Using Desktop publishing means text and graphics can be inserted therefore this includes content such as clip art also content not necessarily created by the artist, however, imported from other sources.  When aesthetics comes into play with desktop publishing, it's clear to say that a finished product would look hand made nor authentic, therefore 9/10 the finished product will look modern. Although, there will be artist that try to create an urban look and authentic classical image, but compared to hand printed methods, it won't look as genuinely and heart felt (time, effort and manual work put into the art.

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The screen that is used for this process is made from a fine mesh material fixed to a wooden frame. Using a stencil the artist will place it under the screen and ink forced through the stencil onto the material below. This process is best used for blocks of colour. A method of printing using a fine mesh of silk, nylon, etc, treated withan impermeable coating except in the areas through which ink issubsequently forced onto the paper behind also called silk screen printing.

Using the screen process technique has a down side because you're restricted to the sizes that you can print. For example, when printing with this technique it requires a roller in order to transfer the ink, therefore creating an image or design.

1. Mesh is stapled to a wooden or metal frame

2. Masking tape stuck around underside of the screen

3. Stencil design cut

4. Stencil placed under frame but above paper

5. Line of ink placed at one end of screen

6. Use squeegee to draw ink across screen, pressing firmly

7. Carefully lift screen

8. Evaluate and repeat

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This method is where an image that is applied to a printing substrate by use of a motel plate mounted on a cylinder. Gravure uses a depressed or sunken surface in order to create the desired image. The image that is then going to be reproduced is etched into the metal plate, although sometimes this process can be used with a laser. The metal plate is then bathed in ink during the process although it will then be wiped clean before application to the substrate. Even though gravure printing can produce high quality results rapidly, the costs are higher than the other printing methods, this includes flexography or various forms of digital printing.

When an artist uses gravure printing, the image is made up of small holes that are sunk in the surface of the printing plate. The hold are then filled with ink and any excess will be shortly removed. After this process, paper comes into contact with the ink in the moles when it is pressed against the plate.

Gravure will be used for mainly long and high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging, and printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates.

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With letterpress usually a big machine will be used in order to keep the design consistent throughout therefore no design will be different from the others. In order to do this a big machine will be used that will allow an artist to place the paper within a certain position that will usually be guarded by string or little metal protectors in order to stop the paper for moving ensuring a consistent clean and smooth design. The artist will then use metal letters and line all the letter up into a row placing them in position, once everything is in place and set up, the old fashioned machine will need to be physically started at which point it will start the process of using a roller to roll over a palmer base full off paint which will then roll over the design, once the design is covered in paint the machine will then collapse on the paper closing in on itself forcing the image covered in paint onto the paper ensuring a crisp design.

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When you linocut the artist will draw an image or design onto a a straight piece of wood ensuring a smooth cut. They will then follow the drawing with a sharp tool such as a chisel in order to follow the lines and create grooves within the wood, once completed this step, they will then take either paint or inc and apply it to the design (wood). They will then take a blank piece of paper, place the wood with the design on and press it onto the paper using force on the opposite side in order to transfer the image correctly. They good point about this process is the fact that this design can then be used over and over again although only for the same design.

Advantages of using lino:
carving is enabled, printing is possible, embossing is enabled, rubbing, tough and sturdy, different surfaces, easy for simple designs
Disadvantages:
Mistakes are irreversible, it is not 3D, you have to work hard to get texture, hard to cut, limited colour application, hard to clean, hard to get off hands, long time to dry, Time consuming

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This printing method is known as a relief printing method and it is made by carving marks into blocks of long grained planks or plywood. In order to create these carvings within the wood, the artist will use equipment such as chisels and knives with various shapes and sizes, therefore a lot of the time, personal preference will come into play and require the artists to use the tool he is comfortable with in order to create the design he is imagining. Many different types of woods can be used for this process although, the artist must firstly check that the  material is clean, well seasoned and also kiln dried also perfectly flat from all directions ensuring a clean and professional cut. In order to draw the mark onto the wooden material, the artist can choose to use a pen or pencil but nothing that can damage the material needed to carve into .

Artist don't tend to use this form of print because of the fact that customers have such a high demand with products,many companies don't have the time to be spending too much of their valuable time creating products for their customers. Companies would much rather use the newer techniques such as gravure in order to produce a vast quantity of products in such a sort space of time.
Although on the other side, using the wood cutting method can creative a more intriguing vibe surrounding it because of the fact that, it's sheer aesthetic qualities can demonstrate to an audience just how taking time with a creation can create a gorgeous masterpiece visual accepting for the audience.

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This technique takes a skilled artist who uses a tool known as a needle in order to create an image, on a slice of metal known as zinc, copper or steal. Once an image is the grooved into the metal, the material is then covered within wax after this the material is dipped within acid therefore the acid will eat away at the part of the metal that isn't covered in the wax meaning that the longer the material left within the acid, the deeper the groove.

Using etching can simple have a downside straight away through the cost of the material. For example, because of the fact that copper can cost £3.60 – £3.90 per kg therefore demonstrating just how much it can cost an artist to purchase.

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This form of artistic display is one of the oldest yet ever progressing forms of printing known to man. Although within this one category lie many other sub categories such as WoodCutting, Etching, Intaglio, lithography and Linocut. When looking into these different forms of printing, we notice they each have different steps, some similar, although none identical.