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The number cruncher from the ancient times is one of the primordial cases of simplified computation.

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/abacus.htm
(Emmanuel Estrada)

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Alternatively referred to as the counting frame, an abacus is a mechanical device used to assist a person in performing mathematical calculations and counting.

Who built the first abacus?

It is still unknown who built the first abacus and when it was built. There is evidence of the abacus used in Mesopotamia going back as early as 2700 B.C., for use with their sexagesimal numbering system. The abacus was also used in other early civilizations, including the Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Persian, and Roman civilizations.

Why was the abacus used?

Before computers, calculators, or even arithmetic using paper and pencil, the abacus was the most advanced device for crunching numbers. Before the abacus, the only methods people had to use for their mathematical calculations were their fingers and toes, or stones in the dirt.

Is the abacus still used today?

Yes, even today in certain parts of the world the abacus is still used as a primary counting device or as a backup to more modern counting devices.

Why should I learn or teach the abacus?

Learning to use the abacus helps teach you a new way of counting and how to add and subtract using complementary numbers. By learning to solve problems in new ways, you can come up with better and often easier solutions to all sorts of problems.

How to use the abacus

Before learning to use the abacus, realize there are different types of abacus'. For example, the classical abacus or Chinese abacus has five beads on the bottom and two beads at the top. The modern abacus, Japanese abacus, or soroban has four beads at the bottom and one bead at the top. We are using the modern abacus for examples on this page.

The upper beads are called the "Heavenly beads" and are worth five in the first column. The lower beads are called "Earthly beads" and are each worth one in the first column. When moving a bead towards the middle bar (reckoning bar), it's considered counted and when no bead is touching the reckoning bar that column is equal to zero. The separation dots and off-colored beads vary depending on the abacus, but are always used to separate numbers into sets of three. These markers can also mark your first position if you do not want to start counting from the far right. The beads values start in the far right 1's column, which are beads valued between 1 and 9. Going from right-to-left, the beads values increase to the 10's place, 100's place, 1,000's place, etc.

To use the abacus, lay it on a flat surface and set it to zero by making sure no beads are touching the reckoning bar. If you have a reset button, press it to reset the beads. To count on the abacus start on the far right side of the abacus, and slide one earthly bead up to the reckoning bar using your thumb. One bead touching the reckoning bar makes the abacus equal 1. Slide three more beads up make the abacus value four (3 + 1 = 4). Because the modern abacus only has four Earthly beads, if you want to count to five, you must move the heavenly bead down to the reckoning bar using your index finger. At the same time, move all Earthly beads down. If you wanted the total to be seven, move two earthly beads up to the reckoning bar (5 + 2 = 7).

To count to higher numbers, move further left, depending on how high you want to count. For example, the picture of the abacus is equal to "283" with nine beads moved towards the reckoning bar. The third column (100's column) has two beads counted for 200. The second column (10's column) has a Heavenly bead counted for 50, and three Earthly beads counted for 30 giving it a total of 80. Finally, the first column (1's column) has three beads counted. Adding all columns together (200 + 80 + 3) gives you the total of 283.

How do I add using the abacus?

To add on an abacus, each number is added to the abacus going left-to-right. For example, if we wanted to add 200 + 123 move two Earthly beads in the 100's column towards the reckoning bar for 200. Next, add one Earthly bead in the 100's column for 100, 2 Earthly beads in the 10's column for 20, and then finally three beads in the 1's column for three. Once completed, the abacus equals 323.

What if there are not enough beads to add in a column?

Whenever you run out of beads, you need to use complementary numbers. See the complementary number section for further information and a list of complementary numbers.

How do I subtract using the abacus?

Simple subtracting on the abacus is like adding on the abacus, put your first number in and then subtract from that number going left-to-right. For example, to do 200 - 100, add 200 to the abacus by moving two Earthly beads up in the 100's column then subtract 100 from the 100's column to get a total of 100.

What if there are not enough beads to take away?

If there are not enough beads to take away from a column, use the complement number of what you are trying to subtract. See understanding complementary numbers for further information and examples.

Understanding complementary numbers

Generally speaking, "complements" are any two numbers less than ten that, when summed, add up to ten. They are used in calculations involving more than one column. It is crucial to memorize the five sets of complementary numbers contained in the box below. They are essential if you want to do all forms of addition and subtraction on an abacus.

9 and 1
8 and 2
7 and 3
6 and 4
5 and 5

Using complementary numbers to add on the abacus

Below is a listing of the steps on how to add numbers together using an abacus. We have broken these steps into bullet points to make them easier to follow.

When adding, if the column doesn't have enough beads subtract the complementary number from the column and add one bead to the column to the left.

Many of these examples you can probably do in your head. However, following the steps using your abacus demonstrates all the required steps.

How to add 4 + 7

How to add 7 + 9

How to add 19 + 6

How to add 22 + 19

Set the abacus to 22.

Subtract one (the complement of nine) Earthly bead to the 1's column.

Add one Earthly bead to the 10's column.

The total should be 31 (30+1=31).

Using complementary numbers to subtract on the abacus

Below is a listing of the steps on how to subtract numbers together using an abacus. We have broken these steps into bullet points to make them easier to follow.

When subtracting, if the column doesn't have enough beads add the complementary number to the column and subtract one bead from the column to the left.

How to subtract 10 - 6

How to subtract: 40 - 8

How to subtract 83 - 25

Set the abacus to 83.

Subtract two beads from the 10's column.

Add five (the complement of five) Heavenly bead to the 1's column.

Subtract one bead from the 10's column.

The total should be 58 (50+5+3).

How to subtract 62 - 19

Set the abacus to 62.

Subtract one bead from the 10's column.

Add one (the complement of nine) Earthly bead to the 1's column.

Subtract one bead from the 10's column. To do this, as the 10's column equals 50 with the Heavenly bead, subtract the Heavenly bead and add four Earthly beads.

The total should be 43 (40+3).

How to subtract 392 - 125

Set the abacus to 392.

Subtract one bead from the 100's column.

Add one (the complement of nine) Earthly bead to the 10's column.

Subtract two beads from the 10's column.

Add five (the complement of five) Earthly bead to the 1's column.

Subtract one bead from the 10's column.

The total should be 267 (200+50+10+5+2).

Calculator

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Alternatively referred to as the counting frame, an abacus is a mechanical device used to assist a person in performing mathematical calculations and counting. It is still unknown who built the first abacus and when it was built. There is evidence of the abacus used in Mesopotamia going back as early as 2700 B.C., for use with their sexagesimal numbering system.

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the first recorded of cryptography was on the early 400 B.C correspondence by the Spartans. A cipher device called the scytale used for secret communication between military commanders. (Ana Galindo)
https://www.britannica.com/topic/cryptology/History-of-cryptology

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In the first century A.D., Petronius Arbiter made a doll that could move like a human being.  Giovanni Torriani created a wooden robot that could fetch the Emperor's daily bread from the store in 1557.  Robotic inventions reached a relative peak (before the 20th century) in the 1700s; countless ingenius, yet impractical, automata (i.e. robots) were created during this time period.

Mordecai Frisby

https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cou ses/soco/projects/1998-99/robotics/history.html

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Napier's Bones: After 4000 years of the Abacus John Napier while eating a piece of bread published a report on a machine that used rods on which the multiplication table was written in order to perform math.
Santiago Menjivar
https://historydaily.org/it-all-adds-up-the-history-of-the-calculator

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Leone Alberti develop the polyalphabetic cipher;  Polyalphabetic is a encoded message by using two distinct alphabets. the first letter of the alphabet in which the original message is written, while the second is entirely different alphabet in which the message appears after being encoded.
polyalphabetic ciphers greatly increased the security of encoded information.

https://academy.binance.com/en/articles/history-of-cryptography

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The calculating clock, which is credited as the first adding machine. Was created by Wilhelm Schickard. The machine itself is composed of a multiplying device and a mechanism for recording intermediate results.
https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/11/calculating-firsts-visual-history-calculators
(Santiago Menjivar)

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https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pascaline

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal

(Sergio Zavala)

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Pascaline, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating

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Antonio Meucci created the first basic telephone in 1849
https://www.elon.edu/u/imagining/time-capsule/150-years/back-1870-1940/#:~:text=While%20Italian%20innovator%20Antonio%20Meucci,for%20the%20device%20in%201876.
(Manuel Cruz)

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This timeline is provided to help show how the dominant form of communication changes as rapidly as innovators develop new technologies.

A brief historical overview: The printing press was the big innovation in communications until the telegraph was developed. Printing remained the key format for mass messages for years afterward, but the telegraph allowed instant communication over vast distances for the first time in human history. Telegraph usage faded as radio became easy to use and popularized; as radio was being developed, the telephone quickly became the fastest way to communicate person-to-person; after television was perfected and content for it was well developed, it became the dominant form of mass-communication technology; the internet came next, and newspapers, radio, telephones, and television are being rolled into this far-reaching information medium.

Development of the Telephone
World Changes Due to the Telephone
Telephone Predictions

The Development of the Telephone

As with many innovations, the idea for the telephone came along far sooner than it was brought to reality. While Italian innovator Antonio Meucci (pictured at left) is credited with inventing the first basic phone in 1849, and Frenchman Charles Bourseul devised a phone in 1854, Alexander Graham Bell won the first U.S. patent for the device in 1876. Bell began his research in 1874 and had financial backers who gave him the best business plan for bringing it to market.

In 1877-78, the first telephone line was constructed, the first switchboard was created and the first telephone exchange was in operation. Three years later, almost 49,000 telephones were in use. In 1880, Bell (in the photo below) merged this company with others to form the American Bell Telephone Company and in 1885 American Telegraph and Telephone Company (AT&T) was formed; it dominated telephone communications for the next century. At one point in time, Bell System employees purposely denigrated the U.S. telephone system to drive down stock prices of all phone companies and thus make it easier for Bell to acquire smaller competitors.

By 1900 there were nearly 600,000 phones in Bell's telephone system; that number shot up to 2.2 million phones by 1905, and 5.8 million by 1910. In 1915 the transcontinental telephone line began operating. By 1907, AT&T had a near monopoly on phone and telegraph service, thanks to its purchase of Western Union. Its president, Theodore Vail, urged at the time that a monopoly could most efficiently operate the nation's far-flung communications network. At the urging of the public and AT&T competitors, the government began to investigate the company for anti-trust violations, thus forcing the 1913 Kingsbury Commitment, an agreement between AT&T vice president Nathan Kingsbury and the office of the U.S. Attorney General. Under this commitment, AT&T agreed to divest itself of Western Union and provide long-distance services to independent phone exchanges.

During World War I, the government nationalized telephone and telegraph lines in the United States from June 1918 to July 1919, when, after a joint resolution of Congress, President Wilson issued an order putting them under the direction of the U.S. Post Office. A year later, the systems were returned to private ownership, AT&T resumed its monopolistic hold, and by 1934 the government again acted, this time agreeing to allow it to operate as a "regulated monopoly" under the jurisdiction of the FCC.

Public utility commissions in state and local jurisdictions were appointed regulators of AT&T and the nation's independent phone companies, while the FCC regulated long-distance services conducted across state lines. They set the rates the phone companies could charge and determined what services and equipment each could offer. This stayed in effect until AT&T's forced divestiture in 1984, the conclusion of a U.S. Department of Justice anti-trust suit that had been filed in 1974. The all-powerful company had become popularly known and disparaged as "Ma Bell." AT&T's local operations were divided into seven independent Regional Bell Operating Companies, known as the "Baby Bells." AT&T became a long-distance-services company.

By 1948, the 30 millionth phone was connected in the United States; by the 1960s, there were more than 80 million phone hookups in the U.S. and 160 million in the world; by 1980, there were more than 175 million telephone subscriber lines in the U.S. In 1993, the first digital cellular network went online in Orlando, Florida; by 1995 there were 25 million cellular phone subscribers, and that number exploded at the turn of the century, with digital cellular phone service expected to replace land-line phones for most U.S. customers by as early as 2010.

World Changes Due to the Telephone

Within 50 years of its invention, the telephone had become an indispensable tool in the United States. In the late 19th century, people raved about the telephone's positive aspects and ranted about what they anticipated would be negatives. Their key points, recorded by Ithiel de Sola Pool in his 1983 book "Forecasting the Telephone," mirror nearly precisely what was later predicted about the impact of the internet.

For example, people said the telephone would: help further democracy; be a tool for grassroots organizers; lead to additional advances in networked communications; allow social decentralization, resulting in a movement out of cities and more flexible work arrangements; change marketing and politics; alter the ways in which wars are fought; cause the postal service to lose business; open up new job opportunities; allow more public feedback; make the world smaller, increasing contact between peoples of all nations and thus fostering world peace; increase crime and aid criminals; be an aid for physicians, police, fire, and emergency workers; be a valuable tool for journalists; bring people closer together, decreasing loneliness and building new communities; inspire a decline in the art of writing; have an impact on language patterns and introduce new words; and someday lead to an advanced form of the transmission of intelligence.

Privacy was also a major concern. As is the case with the Internet, the telephone worked to improve privacy while simultaneously leaving people open to invasions of their privacy. In the beginning days of the telephone, people would often have to journey to the local general store or some other central point to be able to make and receive calls. Most homes weren't wired together, and eavesdroppers could hear you conduct your personal business as you used a public phone. Switchboard operators who connected the calls would also regularly invade people's privacy. The early house-to-house phone systems were often "party lines" on which a number of families would receive calls, and others were free to listen in and often chose to do so.

Today, while most homes are wired and people can travel freely, conducting their phone conversations wirelessly, wiretapping and other surveillance methods can be utilized to listen in on their private business. People's privacy can also be interrupted by unwanted phone calls from telemarketers and others who wish to profit in some way - just as Internet e-mail accounts receive unwanted sales pitches, known as "spam."

Yet, the invention of the telephone also worked to increase privacy in many ways. It permitted people to exchange information without having to put it in writing, and a call on the phone came to replace such intrusions on domestic seclusion as unexpected visits from relatives or neighbors and the pushy patter of door-to-door salesmen. The same could be said for the Internet - privacy has been enhanced in some ways because e-mail and instant messaging have reduced the frequency of the jangling interruptions previously dished out by our telephones.

Past Predictions About the Future of the Telephone

President Rutherford B. Hayes to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 on viewing the telephone for the first time:
"That's an amazing invention, but who would ever want to use one of them?"
Bell offered to sell his telephone patent to Western Union for $100,000 in 1876, when he was struggling with the business. An account that is believed by some to be apocryphal, but still recounted in many telephone histories states that the committee appointed to investigate the offer filed the following report:
"We do not see that this device will be ever capable of sending recognizable speech over a distance of several miles. Messer Hubbard and Bell want to install one of their 'telephone devices' in every city. The idea is idiotic on the face of it. Furthermore, why would any person want to use this ungainly and impractical device when he can send a messenger to the telegraph office and have a clear written message sent to any large city in the United States? ... Mr. G.G. Hubbard's fanciful predictions, while they sound rosy, are based on wild-eyed imagination and lack of understanding of the technical and economic facts of the situation, and a posture of ignoring the obvious limitations of his device, which is hardly more than a toy ... This device is inherently of no use to us. We do not recommend its purchase."
As reported in the book "Bell" by Robert V. Bruce, Kate Field, a British reporter who knew Bell, predicted in 1878 that eventually:
"While two persons, hundreds of miles apart, are talking together, they will actually see each other."
Sir William Preece, chief engineer for the British Post Office, 1878, as reported in "The Telephone in a Changing World" by Marion May Dilts:
"There are conditions in America which necessitate the use of such instruments more than here. Here we have a superabundance of messengers, errand boys and things of that kind ... The absence of servants has compelled America to adopt communications systems for domestic purposes."
AT&T chief engineer and Electrical Review writer John J. Carty projected in his "Prophets Column" in 1891:
"A system of telephony without wires seems one of the interesting possibilities, and the distance on the earth through which it is possible to speak is theoretically limited only by the curvation of the earth."
Carty also wrote:
"Someday we will build up a world telephone system, making necessary to all peoples the use of a common language or common understanding of languages, which will join all the people of the earth into one brotherhood. There will be heard throughout the earth a great voice coming out of the ether which will proclaim, 'Peace on earth, good will towards men.'"
In the 1912 article "The Future Home Theatre" in The Independent, S.C. Gilfillan wrote:
"There are two mechanical contrivances ... each of which bears in itself the power to revolutionize entertainment, doing for it what the printing press did for books. They are the talking motion picture and the electric vision apparatus with telephone. Either one will enable millions of people to see and hear the same performance simultaneously .. or successively from kinetoscope and phonographic records ... These inventions will become cheap enough to be ... in every home ... You will have the home theatre of 1930, oh ye of little faith."
View history of other information technologies:

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This timeline is provided to help show how the dominant form of communication changes as rapidly as innovators develop new technologies. A brief historical overview: The printing press was the big innovation in communications until the telegraph was developed.

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Frank S. Baldwin invented a pinwheel calculator in the United States in 1872.  For its calculating engine, a set of wheels that had an adjustable number of teeth. These wheels, also called pinwheels, could be set by using a side lever which could expose anywhere from 0 to 9 teeth, and therefore when coupled to a counter they could, at each rotation, add a number from 0 to 9 to the result.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)

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Alexander Graham Bell created the first phone in march of 1876 winning the albert medal for inventing the phone.
(Manuel Cruz)
https://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_4.html

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The ABC machine was worked on from 1939-1942. The machine itself was declared un-patentable but the invention provided many  computer concepts that were later used for future use. The ABC machine is a critical pathway to the invention of personal computers.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

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Curta Model 1 calculator

Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his family's manufacturing firm until 1943, when the Nazis captured him. He refines his pre-war design of a calculator incorporating a modified version of Leibniz's "stepped drum" design while imprisoned at Buchenwald concentration camp for the remainder of World War II. Herzstark's Curta made history after the war as the world's smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator.
(nadia molina )

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Mechanical & Desktop calculators (epocalc collection)

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Colossus was the machiune created to decipher Nazis during World War 2. Colossus reduced the time needed to break Lorenz messages, making the difference between weeks to a matter of hours. The machine was invented and used in 1944 but it went public in the 1970s.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

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SSEM(Small-Scale Experimental Machine) was actually known by the more common name "Baby" and it was built to test out the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers by Williams and Kilburn. Then followed a test for the first ever computer program developed by Kilburn. It was the first computer program tested on a digital and electronic, stored-program computer.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

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This calculator, the curta calculator, looks more familiar to the modern age. It is the beginning of the compact calculator. It, like many of the modern ag, was capable of fitting in your pocket and could do the base operations of addition, multiplication, division, and subtraction.

(Emmanuel Estrada)

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In 1952, British professor A.S. Douglas created OXO, an early version of the game known as tic-tac-toe, as part of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games

(Santiago Menjivar)

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The first modern digital and programmable  robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and then he created  his seminal robotics company called Unimation.

(Mordecai Frisby)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot

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The IBM 608 was the first calculating machine to use solid-state transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The machine was housed in several large cabinets.The machine’s main memory could store 40 nine-digit numbers and could perform 4,500 additions per second, among other operations.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)
https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/11/calculating-firsts-visual-history-calculators

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“Hacking” was first used in relation to using technical know-how back in 1955 at a meeting of the Technical Model Railroad Club. In the meeting minutes, it was used to describe how members modified the functions of their high-tech train sets.

https://cybernews.com/security/brief-history-of-cybersecurity-and-hacking/

(Gresia Cubias)

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Nowadays, we're all very aware of the risks of cybercriminals and hackers. But the practice is actually much older than our naughties era, and even quite a bit older than the 1995 film Hackers, starring Angelina Jolie.

So who was the first hacker in history? Where did hacking originate? And what were the biggest and most infamous computer hacks of all time? We'll delve into the murky past of cyber criminality to bring you a brief history of hacking.

Where did the term "hacker" originate?

The word "hacking" has been used to describe "cutting in a rough and violent way, often without aiming exactly" since around 1200 B.C., and it didn't have any association with tech until midway through the 20 th Century.

"Hacking" was first used in relation to using technical know-how back in 1955 at a meeting of the Technical Model Railroad Club. In the meeting minutes, it was used to describe how members modified the functions of their high-tech train sets.

Throughout the 1960s, the term became broader to encompass the growing legions of computing enthusiasts. And by 1975, one of the accepted definitions of a hacker by The Jargon File was, "A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence password hacker, network hacker." This was the first time the word was on record as being associated with cybercrime.

Nowadays, the term "hacker" can be used to describe any skilled computer programmer, although it's usually synonymous with "security hacker." A security hacker uses technical knowledge of bugs or vulnerabilities to exploit weaknesses in computer systems to access data that they otherwise wouldn't have permission to view. Security hacking is usually illegal and can result in hefty fines or even a prison sentence.

Who was the first hacker in history?

John Draper, also known as Captain Crunch, is often named as the first ever hacker. And rather than having lots of high-tech hacking tools at his disposal, he managed to do it all with a toy whistle from a cereal packet. Here's how:

Back in the early 1970s, the largest computer network accessible to the general public was the telephone system. And at the time, telephones were managed by an automated system that used specific analogue frequencies to place calls. Draper managed to exploit this using a toy whistle that came free in boxes of Cap'n Crunch cereal (hence the nickname). He would use this to make free long distance and international calls. This technique was known as "Phreaking".

The first internet hacker

One of the first internet hackers, and certainly the first to gain mainstream media attention, was Robert Morris back in 1989. His was the first "Denial of service" attack in history and it was caused by a worm Morris had developed at Cornell University the year before.

According to Morris, he didn't intend to cause any harm, but rather to highlight security flaws. But unfortunately, due to a fault in the code, the worm replicated excessively, causing extensive damage that lasted for days.

What was the biggest hack in history?

Data breaches and hacks happen every day. In fact, these occurrences are so mainstream now, it takes something pretty huge to make headlines. And when I say huge, I'm talking millions of accounts being hacked at once.

Here are some of the biggest hacks of all time:

1. Yahoo!

Total accounts impacted: 3 billion

When: 2013

Arguably the biggest hack in history, Yahoo's epic data breach happened back in 2013, although Yahoo didn't admit the extent of the problem until 2016. The names, dates of birth, email addresses passwords, and security questions and answers of all 3 billion users were compromised. This included users of Tumblr and Flickr.

2. First American

Total accounts impacted: 900 million

When: 2019

In May 2019, First American Financial Corp., an American real estate and mortgage insurer, revealed that it left a whopping 900 million sensitive customer files exposed.

Although it's not clear whether any of these files were hacked, there was a lot of very sensitive data left vulnerable to cyberattacks, including Social Security numbers and bank account information.

3. Marriott

Total accounts impacted: 500 million

When: 2014-2018

In November 2018, Marriott International announced that someone had gained "unauthorised access" to its guest reservations systems, meaning that 500 million guests could have had their accounts hacked. These accounts had incredibly sensitive data, such as names, passport numbers and credit card details.

And as if this wasn't bad enough, the breach wasn't discovered for nearly five years, meaning whoever had "unauthorised access" remained in the system for a very long time.

4. Adult FriendFinder

Total accounts impacted: 412 million

When: 2016

In its second hack of 2016, swinger website Adult FriendFinder announced that as many as 412 million users had their personal information exposed.

5. My Fitness Pal

Total accounts impacted: 150 million

When: 2018

At the beginning of 2018, the usernames, email addresses, IP addresses and encrypted passwords of around 150 million customers were stolen from the popular fitness app. The stolen data was then put up for sale a year later.

MyFitnessPal acknowledged the breach and told customers to change their passwords, but they didn't share how many accounts were affected, nor did the company give any details on how the attackers gained access to the data.

6. Equifax

Total accounts impacted: 143 million

When: 2017

In 2017, Equifax announced that the personal data of as many as 143 million people had been compromised. Given that Equifax stores the credit histories of millions of American citizens, there was a lot of very sensitive information at risk of being stolen.

7. Capital One

Total accounts impacted: 100 million

When: 2019

Last year, a hacker by the name of Paige Thompson was accused of breaking into a Capital One server and gaining access to a wealth of digital data. This included Social Insurance and Social Security numbers, bank account numbers and credit scores and limits, as well as names and addresses. In total, more than 100 million Capital One customer accounts may have been compromised.

The History of hacking: a timeline
1971
- The first email is sent on ARPANET. Ray Tomlinson creates the standard email addressing system using "@"to separate the username from the domain address - a format we still use today.

- John Draper hacks phone systems to make free long-distance and international calls.
1975
- Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft.
1976
- Apple Computers are founded.
1989
- Robert Morris unleashes a worm that slows down internet speeds and causes significant damage to internet speeds and functionality.

- In the first known ransomware attack, Joseph Popp uses floppy disks to distribute malware in order to extort money.
1990
- The "Unauthorized access of your computer system" act was passed in the UK, making any unauthorized access of a computer system illegal.
1995
- The contemporary Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) was created to encrypt communications between a computer and a remote server.
1999
- The release of Windows 98 leads to cybersecurity becoming mainstream for everyday users.
2000
- Over 10 million Windows users get their emails infected by the "Love Bug," which was the fastest spreading worm in computer history at the time.
2002
- The US Homeland Security Act passes, by which the Department of Homeland Security is created. One of its primary purposes is the protection of cybersecurity.
2003
- Anonymous, the nebulous group of hackers, makes its first moves. This vast network of users often acts to protect the privacy of regular users.
2008
- Anonymous hacks the Church of Scientology website.
2010
- A series of cyberattacks named Operation Aurora are conducted by advanced persistent hacking groups, such as the Elderwood Group. Based in China, the attacks were linked to the People's Liberation Army.
2013
- Yahoo's mass data breach took place, leading to 3 billion accounts being compromised.
2016
- WikiLeaks publishes private documents from hacked Democratic National Committee emails, having a huge impact on that year's US presidential election.

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Brief History of Cybersecurity & Hacking | CyberNews

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Nowadays, we're all very aware of the risks of cybercriminals and hackers. But the practice is actually much older than our naughties era, and even quite a bit older than the 1995 film Hackers, starring Angelina Jolie. So who was the first hacker in history? Where did hacking originate?

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Physicist Stan Frankel develops the MINAC at Caltech. Defense contractor General Precision of the Librascope division buys Frankel's design at less than $50,000, renaming it the LGP-30. This was an early examples of a 'personal computer'.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

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In 1956 The first industrial robot ever was invented. The Unimate was a hydraulic manipulator arm that could perform repetitive tasks. The Unimate was used by car makers to automate metalworking and welding processes. The first time it was used was in 1961, the Unimate 1900 model was unveiled to the public in Chicago during a trade show.
https://www.invent.org/blog/inventors/George-Devol-Industrial-Robot
(Manuel Soriano)

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The Logic Theorist was initialized by Allen Newell Clif Shaw, And Herbert Simon's. Was a program that was made to mimic the solving skills of a human. The program was presented at  Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. Which was hosted by John McCarthy. Unfortunately, the program failed to meet his expectations. But many considered this the first A. I program.

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/
(Eric Luna)

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The first form of VR technology was invented by Morton Heilig in 1957. Though the device is called Sensorama so it was not considered or called virtual reality. The term virtual reality didn't come until 1987.
https://www.g2.com/articles/history-of-virtual-reality
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
Group mates: Sem, Tabitha, VR

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In October 1958, Physicist William Higinbotham created what is thought to be the first video game. It was a simple tennis game, similar to the classic 1970s video game Pong, and it was quite a hit at a Brookhaven National Laboratory open house.

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200810/physicshistory.cfm#:~:text=In%20October%201958%2C%20Physicist%20William,Brookhaven%20National%20Laboratory%20open%20house.

(Samantha Ochoa)

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October 1958: Physicist Invents First Video Game

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In October 1958, Physicist William Higinbotham created what is thought to be the first video game. It was a very simple tennis game, similar to the classic 1970s video game Pong, and it was quite a hit at a Brookhaven National Laboratory open house.

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John McCarthy also known as the "Father of AI" was a computer scientist who created the word Artificial intelligence. His objective was to make a computer reason like a human.

https://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/october/john-mccarthy-obit-102511.html
( Eric Luna)

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In 1960 the creation of the Telesphere Mask which is the first example of a head-mounted  display. It was non-interactive film medium and did not have motion tracking. The headset did provide stereoscopic 3D and wide vision with stereo sound.

https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-
reality/history.html
Tabitha G, Victor R, Andrea H, Sem J

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The first known event of hacking had taken place in 1960 at MIT and at the same time, the term "Hacker" was originated.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ethical_hacking/ethical_hacking_overview.htm
(Alexis Guevara)

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Hacking has been a part of computing for almost five decades and it is a very broad discipline, which covers a wide range of topics. The first known event of hacking had taken place in 1960 at MIT and at the same time, the term "Hacker" was originated.

Hacking is the act of finding the possible entry points that exist in a computer system or a computer network and finally entering into them. Hacking is usually done to gain unauthorized access to a computer system or a computer network, either to harm the systems or to steal sensitive information available on the computer.

Hacking is usually legal as long as it is being done to find weaknesses in a computer or network system for testing purpose. This sort of hacking is what we call Ethical Hacking.

A computer expert who does the act of hacking is called a "Hacker". Hackers are those who seek knowledge, to understand how systems operate, how they are designed, and then attempt to play with these systems.

Types of Hacking

We can segregate hacking into different categories, based on what is being hacked. Here is a set of examples −

Website Hacking − Hacking a website means taking unauthorized control over a web server and its associated software such as databases and other interfaces.

Network Hacking − Hacking a network means gathering information about a network by using tools like Telnet, NS lookup, Ping, Tracert, Netstat, etc. with the intent to harm the network system and hamper its operation.

Email Hacking − It includes getting unauthorized access on an Email account and using it without taking the consent of its owner.

Ethical Hacking − Ethical hacking involves finding weaknesses in a computer or network system for testing purpose and finally getting them fixed.

Password Hacking − This is the process of recovering secret passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system.

Computer Hacking − This is the process of stealing computer ID and password by applying hacking methods and getting unauthorized access to a computer system.

Advantages of Hacking

Hacking is quite useful in the following scenarios −

To recover lost information, especially in case you lost your password.

To perform penetration testing to strengthen computer and network security.

To put adequate preventative measures in place to prevent security breaches.

To have a computer system that prevents malicious hackers from gaining access.

Disadvantages of Hacking

Hacking is quite dangerous if it is done with harmful intent. It can cause −

Massive security breach.

Unauthorized system access on private information.

Privacy violation.

Hampering system operation.

Denial of service attacks.

Malicious attack on the system.

Purpose of Hacking

There could be various positive and negative intentions behind performing hacking activities. Here is a list of some probable reasons why people indulge in hacking activities −

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Hacking has been a part of computing for almost five decades and it is a very broad discipline, which covers a wide range of topics. The first known event of hacking had taken place in 1960 at MIT and at the same time, the term "Hacker" was originated.

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This was the First motion tracking HMD made by Corporation engineers (Comeau & Bryan) that developed the first precursor to the HMD. It incorporated a video game screen for each eye and has magnetic motion tracking system, which is would be linked to a closed circuit.   It originally was not developed for VR, but it was to allow immersive remote viewing of dangerous situations in the military. Head movements would move a remote camera, allowing the user to naturally look around the environment. Headsight happen to be the first step in evolution of the VR.

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In 1962, Steve Russell invented Spacewar. A computer-based combat video game.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games

(Paulina Flores)

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Designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark, the LINC was an early example of a 'personal computer'. Biomedical research faculty from around the United States came to a workshop at MIT to build their own LINCs to bring back to their home institutions where they would be utilized. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation supplied the components and 50 original LINCS were made, later commercialized by them, was sold as the LINC-8.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

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The first handheld calculator was a 1967 prototype called "Cal Tech". was led by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in a research project to produce a portable calculator. It could add, multiply, subtract, and divide, and its output device was a paper tape.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#:~:text=The%20first%20handheld%20calculator%20was,device%20was%20a%20paper%20tape.

nadia molina

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In 1967, Ralph Baer and his colleagues created "Brown Box". It was a prototype for the first multiplier/ multiprogram video game system.

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/the-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games

(Paulina Flores)

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The first VR head-mounted display is also known as The Sword of Damocles. This HMD system was invented in 1968 by student Bob Sproull and his teacher Ivan Sutherland. This system was connected to a computer. Though it was too heavy for anyone to wear and even was secured and dangling from the ceiling.
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html

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The first major hacking came in 1971, by a vietnam vet named John Draper. He figured out a way to make free phone calls. This was later called "Phreaking". http://plaza.ufl.edu/ysmgator/projects/project2/history.html#:~:text=The%20first%20major%20hacking%20came,was%20later%20called%20%22Phreaking%22.
(Mark Castaneda)

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The Odyssey was manufactured by Magnavox. It was a home video game based on Ralph Baer's "Brown Box".

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1302004

(Paulina Flores)

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Description

When most people think about the first video game, they think of Pong, the ping-pong arcade game released by Atari in 1972. However, months earlier, Magnavox had released its Magnavox Odyssey, a home video game system based on the "Brown Box," a prototype invented by Ralph Baer. Additional games and accessories, like a lightgun, were sold in separate packages.

Since the Odyssey had limited graphic capabilities and displayed only a few small white blocks and a vertical line on the screen, Magnavox included translucent color overlays to provide settings and layouts for the games. Perhaps most surprising to modern gamers, the Odyssey also came with nonelectronic game accessories such as dice, decks of cards, play money, and poker chips. These accessories were possibly included to make the Odyssey more like the physical games that existed at the time.

With approximately 350,000 units sold, Magnavox Odyssey was not considered a commercial success, especially in comparison with Pong's runaway popularity. Among the contributing factors, poor marketing played a large role. Many potential consumers were under the impression-sometimes encouraged by Magnavox salesmen-that Odyssey would only work on Magnavox television sets. Despite these setbacks, Magnavox Odyssey made its mark by starting the video game console industry.

Location

Currently not on view

Object Name

video game system

inventor

Baer, Ralph H.

manufacturer

Magnavox Company

Physical Description

plastic (overall material)

Measurements

overall: 3 3/4 in x 16 1/2 in x 16 1/2 in; 9.525 cm x 41.91 cm x 41.91 cm

ID Number

2006.0102.08

catalog number

2006.0102.08

accession number

2006.0102

Credit Line

Ralph H. Baer

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Data Source

National Museum of American History

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When most people think about the first video game, they think of Pong, the ping-pong arcade game released by Atari in 1972. However, months earlier, Magnavox had released its Magnavox Odyssey, a home video game system based on the "Brown Box," a prototype invented by Ralph Baer.

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Nolan Bushnell developed an arcade table tennis game. It was called "Pong"  and is the first commercially successful video game.

http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/4007/Atari-PONG/

(Paulina Flores)

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Kenbak-1 was one of the earliest personal computers and was advertised for $750. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. It only sold 40 machines in 1973 before Kenbak Corporation shut down.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

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Martin cooper made the first held hand phone in New York.This phone did not use any wires and uses an antenna for service.
(Manuel Cruz)
https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/first-cell-phone-call.html

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Bettmann/Getty Images

The first handheld cellular phone call was made on April 3, 1973, by Motorola engineer Martin Cooper from Sixth Avenue in New York while walking between 53rd and 54th streets.

Cooper hoisted the 2 1/2-pound prototype to his ear and called a rival, Joel Engel of Bell Laboratories at AT&T, to declare that his Motorola team had devised a functional portable phone. "There was silence at the other end of the line," Cooper recalled to Bloomberg in 2015. "To this day, Joel doesn't remember that call, and I'm not sure I blame him."

The clunky "shoe" phone, almost as big as a shoebox, allowed a user to talk for 35 minutes and required 10 hours to recharge, according to Wired magazine.

Motorola spent 10 years overcoming technical and regulatory hurdles, and began commercial service in 1983 using a slimmer 16-ounce model that cost between $3,500 and $4,000.

The early phones were too big and expensive to suit most consumers, but they set a precedent for today's sleek and lightweight models that have become standard equipment for just about everybody.

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The First Cell Phone Call Was Made 45 Years Ago

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Bettmann/Getty Images The first handheld cellular phone call was made on April 3, 1973, by Motorola engineer Martin Cooper from Sixth Avenue in New York while walking between 53rd and 54th streets. Cooper hoisted the 2 1/2-pound prototype to his ear and called a rival, Joel Engel of Bell Laboratories at AT&T, to declare that his Motorola team had devised a functional portable phone.

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Space Invaders was a worldwide success. Engineer and game designer Nishikado Tomohiro and manufactured by Taito Corp.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Space-Invaders

(Paulina Flores)

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IN 1980 Bill gates and Paul Allen started microsoft to develop software for the Altair 8800, an early personal computer.
They made a deal to provide the operating system for IBM’s first personal computer

https://news.microsoft.com/announcement/microsoft-is-born/

(Luis Carrera)

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The slide rule is basically a sliding stick (or discs) that uses logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division.Slide rules evolved to allow advanced trigonometry and logarithms, exponentials and square roots.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)
https://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/units/history-of-the-calculator.php

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In 1983, the video game industry in North America experienced its first "crash" due to the competion games and the low quality.
Lasting a couple of years, the crash led to the bankruptcy of several home computer and video game console companies.
The video game home industry began to recover in 1985 when the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), called Famicom in Japan, came to the United States. The NES had improved 8-bit graphics, colors, sound and gameplay over previous consoles.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games#section_3

(Samantha Ochoa)

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Today, video games make up a $100 billion global industry, and nearly two-thirds of American homes have household members who play video games regularly. And

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The first ever mobile phone , the

DYNATAC 8000X, was released on September 21, 1983 by Motorola. Also known as the "Brick", it was released with a starting price $3,995 and allowed for 30 minutes of concurrent talking with a 6 hour battery life. While nothing special by today's standards (especially the pricing) the 8000x can be thanked for the start of a new wave of technology with smartphones which are used by practically everyone around the world.

(Bryan Flores-Caballero)

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The term "Virtual Realty" was first coined by a company that released these consoles by the founder of VPL Research Jaron Lanier.

The Fascinating History And Evolution Of Extended Reality (XR)

https://www.forbes.com › sites › bernardmarr › 2021/05/17

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Hackers hijack two Chicago TV stations and broadcast a really strange message featuring a man in a Max Headroom mask. (Mark Castaneda)
https://www.redscan.com/media/History-of-Hacking-Infographic.jpg

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The Gameboy was the third best selling video game console in history. The invention of this console got many people into video games and the consoles that play them.  The gameboy was also the first video game console that was portable and able to be played anywhere.

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/top-10-events-in-video-game-history--7VqSQUe4X6PrRwAvJgKmSjmz

(Samantha Ochoa)

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This vertical timeline will cover major influences to the video game industry. This was the first home video game console ever to be released in the market, making it a MAJOR pioneer in the video game industry, inspiring new companies to make theirs even better, and to top the current console.

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In 1992, IBM announced the birth of the first smartphone named The "Simon Personal Communicator." It was the first mix of a cell phone and a PDA personal digital assistant which gave it it's new name "smartphone". It was priced at $899 and you could send or receive faxes, emails and it also had a Notes function – back then it wasn’t called an app. It was available for purchase in 1994.

https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/10-biggest-events-that-changed-your-smartphone-forever/photolist/61737760.cms

(Angel Cortez)

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Due to the popularity of graphic and violent games like Doom and Mortal Kombat, many game makers came together to start a rating system for games that is similar to movie ratings.  This was a direct result of the negative press associated with game violence.

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/top-10-events-in-video-game-history--7VqSQUe4X6PrRwAvJgKmSjmz

(Samantha Ochoa)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This vertical timeline will cover major influences to the video game industry. This was the first home video game console ever to be released in the market, making it a MAJOR pioneer in the video game industry, inspiring new companies to make theirs even better, and to top the current console.

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In 1995, Sega released the first 32-bit console that played games on cds, rather than cartridges.The Playstation 2, which was the first console that used DVDs, went up against the Sega Dreamcast (released in 1999), the Nintendo Gamecube (2001), and Microsoft’s Xbox

(2001).https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games#section_5

(Samantha Ochoa)

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Today, video games make up a $100 billion global industry, and nearly two-thirds of American homes have household members who play video games regularly. And it's really no wonder: Video games have been around for decades and span the gamut of platforms, from arcade systems, to home consoles, to handheld consoles and mobile devices. They're also often at the forefront of computer technology.

The Early Days

Though video games are found today in homes worldwide, they actually got their start in the research labs of scientists.

In 1952, for instance, British professor A.S. Douglas created OXO, also known as noughts and crosses or a tic-tac-toe, as part of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge. And in 1958, William Higinbotham created Tennis for Two on a large analog computer and connected oscilloscope screen for the annual visitor's day at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York.

In 1962, Steve Russell at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology invented Spacewar!, a computer-based space combat video game for the PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1), then a cutting-edge computer mostly found at universities. It was the first video game that could be played on multiple computer installations.

Dawn of the Home Console

In 1967, developers at Sanders Associates, Inc., led by Ralph Baer, invented a prototype multiplayer, multi-program video game system that could be played on a television. It was known as "The Brown Box."

Baer, who's sometimes referred to as Father of Video Games, licensed his device to Magnavox, which sold the system to consumers as the Odyssey, the first video game home console, in 1972. Over the next few years, the primitive Odyssey console would commercially fizzle and die out.

Yet, one of the Odyssey's 28 games was the inspiration for Atari's Pong, the first arcade video game, which the company released in 1972. In 1975, Atari released a home version of Pong, which was as successful as its arcade counterpart.

Magnavox, along with Sanders Associates, would eventually sue Atari for copyright infringement. Atari settled and became an Odyssey licensee; over the next 20 years, Magnavox went on to win more than $100 million in copyright lawsuits related to the Odyssey and its video game patents.

In 1977, Atari released the Atari 2600 (also known as the Video Computer System), a home console that featured joysticks and interchangeable game cartridges that played multi-colored games, effectively kicking off the second generation of the video game consoles.

The video game industry had a few notable milestones in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including:

The release of the Space Invaders arcade game in 1978

The launch of Activision, the first third-party game developer (which develops software without making consoles or arcade cabinets), in 1979

The introduction to the United States of Japan's hugely popular Pac-Man

Nintendo's creation of Donkey Kong, which introduced the world to the character Mario

Microsoft's release of its first Flight Simulator game

The Video Game Crash

In 1983, the North American video game industry experienced a major "crash" due to a number of factors, including an oversaturated game console market, competition from computer gaming, and a surplus of over-hyped, low-quality games, such as the infamous E.T., an Atari game based on the eponymous movie and often considered the worst game ever created.

Lasting a couple of years, the crash led to the bankruptcy of several home computer and video game console companies.

The video game home industry began to recover in 1985 when the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), called Famicom in Japan, came to the United States. The NES had improved 8-bit graphics, colors, sound and gameplay over previous consoles.

Nintendo, a Japanese company that began as a playing card manufacturer in 1889, released a number of important video game franchises still around today, such as Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, and Metroid.

Additionally, Nintendo imposed various regulations on third-party games developed for its system, helping to combat rushed, low-quality software. Third-party developers released many other long-lasting franchises, such as Capcom's Mega Man, Konami's Castlevania, Square's Final Fantasy, and Enix's Dragon Quest (Square and Enix would later merge to form Square Enix in 2003).

In 1989, Nintendo made waves again by popularizing handheld gaming with the release of its 8-bit Game Boy video game device and the often-bundled game Tetris. Over the next 25 years, Nintendo would release a number of successful successors to the Game Boy, including the Game Boy color in 1998, Nintendo DS in 2004, and Nintendo 3DS in 2011.

The First Console War

Also in 1989, Sega released its 16-bit Genesis console in North America as a successor to its 1986 Sega Master System, which failed to adequately compete against the NES.

With its technological superiority to the NES, clever marketing, and the 1991 release of the Sonic the Hedgehog game, the Genesis made significant headway against its older rival. In 1991, Nintendo released its 16-bit Super NES console in North America, launching the first real "console war."

The early- to mid-1990s saw the release of a wealth of popular games on both consoles, including new franchises such as Street Fighter II and Mortal Kombat, a fighting game that depicted blood and gore on the Genesis version of the game.

In response to the violent game (as well as congressional hearings about violent video games), Sega created the Videogame Rating Council in 1993 to provide descriptive labeling for every game sold on a Sega home console. The council later gives rise to the industry-wide Entertainment Software Rating Board, which is still used today to rate video games based on content.

In the mid-1990s, video games leaped to the Big Screen with the release of the Super Mario Bros. live-action movie in 1993, followed by Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat over the next two years. Numerous movies based on video games have been released since.

With a much larger library of games, lower price point, and successful marketing, the Genesis had leapfrogged ahead of the SNES in North America by this time. But Sega was unable to find similar success in Japan.

The Rise of 3D Gaming

With a leap in computer technology, the fifth generation of video games ushered in the three-dimensional era of gaming.

In 1995, Sega released in North America its Saturn system, the first 32-bit console that played games on CDs rather than cartridges, five months ahead of schedule. This move was to beat Sony's first foray into video games, the Playstation, which sold for $100 less than the Saturn when it launched later that year. The following year, Nintendo released its cartridge-based 64-bit system, the Nintendo 64.

Though Sega and Nintendo each released their fair share of highly-rated, on-brand 3D titles, such as Virtua Fighter on the Saturn and Super Mario 64 on the Nintendo 64, the established video game companies couldn't compete with Sony's strong third-party support, which helped the Playstation secure numerous exclusive titles.

Simply put: Sony dominated the video game market and would continue to do so into the next generation. In fact, the Playstation 2, released in 2000 and able to play original Playstation games, would become the best-selling game console of all time.

The Playstation 2, which was the first console that used DVDs, went up against the Sega Dreamcast (released in 1999), the Nintendo Gamecube (2001), and Microsoft's Xbox (2001).

The Dreamcast-considered by many to be ahead of its time and one of the greatest consoles ever made for several reasons, including its capability for online gaming-was a commercial flop that ended Sega's console efforts. Sega pulled the plug on the system in 2001, becoming a third-party software company henceforth.

Modern Age of Gaming

In 2005 and 2006, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's Playstation 3, and Nintendo's Wii kicked off the modern age of high-definition gaming. Though the Playstation 3-the only system at the time to play Blu-rays-was successful in its own right, Sony, for the first time, faced stiff competition from its rivals.

The Xbox 360, which had similar graphics capabilities to the Playstation 3, was lauded for its online gaming ecosystem and won far more Game Critics Awards than the other platforms in 2007; it also featured the Microsoft Kinect, a state-of-the-art motion capture system that offered a different way to play video games (though the Kinect never caught on with core gamers or game developers).

And despite being technologically inferior to the other two systems, the Wii trounced its competition in sales. Its motion-sensitive remotes made gaming more active than ever before, helping it appeal to a much larger slice of the general public, including people in retirement homes.

Towards the end of the decade and beginning of the next, video games spread to social media platforms like Facebook and mobile devices like the iPhone, reaching a more casual gaming audience. Rovio, the company behind the Angry Birds mobile device game (and, later Angry Birds animated movie), reportedly made a whopping $200 million in 2012.

In 2011, Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure brought video games into the physical world. The game required players to place plastic toy figures (sold separately) onto an accessory, which reads the toys' NFC tags to bring the characters into the game. The next few years would see several sequels and other toy-video game hybrids, such as Disney Infinity, which features Disney characters.

The 8th and current generation of video games began with the release of Nintendo's Wii U in 2012, followed by the Playstation 4 and Xbox One in 2013. Despite featuring a touch screen remote control that allowed off-TV gaming and being able to play Wii games, the Wii U was a commercial failure-the opposite of its competition-and was discontinued in 2017.

In 2016, Sony released a more powerful version of its console, called the Playstation 4 Pro, the first console capable of 4K video output. In early 2017, Nintendo released its Wii U successor, the Nintendo Switch, the only system to allow both television-based and handheld gaming. Microsoft will release its 4K-ready console, the Xbox One X, in late 2017.

With their new revamped consoles, both Sony and Microsoft currently have their sights set on virtual reality gaming, a technology that has the potential to change the way players experience video games.

Sources

'Spacewar!' The story of the world's first digital video game. The Verge.
The First Video Game? BNL.
The Brown Box, 1967-68. Smithsonian.
Inventor Ralph Baer, The 'Father Of Video Games,' Dies At 92. NPR.
The Video Game Revolution. PBS.
Video Game History Timeline. Museum of Play.
The Surprisingly Long History of Nintendo. Gizmodo.
How Tetris Helped Game Boy Take Over the World. Gizmodo.
How Sonic Helped Sega Win the Early 90s Console Wars. Kotaku.
Sega and Nintendo Console War: Greatest Moments. Prima Games.
Angry Birds Maker Rovio Reports $200 Million In Revenue, $71 Million In Profit For 2012. Business Insider.
Here's who won each console war. Venturebeat.
The History Of Gaming: An Evolving Community. TechCrunch.
The History of Video Game Consoles. TIME.

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Though video games are found today in homes worldwide, they actually got their start in the research labs of scientists early 1950s. Academics designed simple games, like tic-tac-toe and tennis for two, as part of their research or for fun on the side.

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In 1997, they used VR to treat ten volunteers who were veterans that were sufferings from PTSD. These veterans had already tried multiple treatments and none seemed to be working. It was trial and was called Virtual Vietnam. They used VR to link it with prolonged exposure therapy.

(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)

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Countless veterans have returned home with nightmares, gruesome visions and flashbacks of the violence endured while stationed in the middle east and other war-torn locales across the world. Some seek therapy with psychiatrists. Others turn to medication. A growing number of veterans are tapping into the therapeutic power of virtual reality.
Treatment Options for the Ever-Increasing PTSD Problem
Plenty of veterans avoid seeing psychiatrists as they are afraid of the stigma associated with asking another person for help. Fellow soldiers sometimes criticize a brother who engages in talk therapy with a shrink. Yet medications aren't the optimal solution either. Too many pills can lead to an array of issues ranging from stomach problems to difficulty sleeping and a crippling dependency.

For many, the solution to PTSD has arrived in the form of virtual reality. There is no stigma associated with VR therapy. More importantly, virtual reality yields no damaging side effects. This medium is improving the lives of an ever-expanding portion of veterans who suffer from PTSD. Consider that nearly 70,000 new cases of PTSD were diagnosed in 2013 alone. Over 60,000 Vietnam veterans were diagnosed with PTSD that same year. It is clear that our soldiers are plagued by memories of violent events. VR just might be the therapeutic answer.
VR for PTSD
Exposure therapy is a highly effective form of treatment for PTSD. Created in the 1950s, this treatment requires that a patient relive his trauma in a controlled imaginary environment. He is brought back to the place where the trauma occurred in a repeated fashion until it no longer spurs anxiety. This phenomenon is known as process habituation. The traumatic memory is gradually deprived of its power when it is repeated several times over. Virtual reality simulations are now used to generate such an imaginary repetitive environment.

VR PTSD began in 1997 when Georgia Tech academicians took the initial steps to provide exposure therapy in a virtual reality environment. The first clinical trial was performed with 10 veterans plagued by PTSD who did not respond well to other forms of treatment. The trial was referred to as "Virtual Vietnam". Patients used VR headsets to virtually travel to Vietnam jungle clearings or the passenger seat of a chopper. The therapist altered the sights and sounds while the patient described his trauma. Each of the 10 patients showed signs of extensive improvement following a month of VR treatment. Similar virtual reality environments have been created to help soldiers from subsequent wars overcome their PTSD. In fact, some forms of VR therapy are designed for those who have endured traumatic events outside of war.
VR PTSD Treatment Beyond Veterans
It is not only veterans who are benefiting from virtual reality therapy. Those who suffered burns in the 9/11 attacks have been helped by VR. Dr. JoAnn DiFede, the director of Cornell University's program for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Studies, created a VR WTC simulation specifically for 9/11 burn victims. These victims are suffering from PTSD just like war veterans, albeit from a different set of circumstances.

VR WTC recreated the violent collisions of planes with buildings. It even included the attack's sounds, explosive visuals and other painful details. Though this form of virtual reality sounds a bit morbid, it worked better than Dr. DiFede anticipated. VR WTC helped produce a 70% remission rate in half a year. At the moment, over 50 clinicians across the United States are trained to use virtual reality treatment. This figure will only continue to grow as more VR therapy simulations are created as time progresses.

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Countless veterans have returned home with nightmares, gruesome visions and flashbacks of the violence endured while stationed in the middle east and other war-torn locales across the world. Some seek therapy with psychiatrists. Others turn to medication. A growing number of veterans are tapping into the therapeutic power of virtual reality.

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In 1987,  the National Science Foundation launched the NSFNET. It wasn't exactly social media. A decade later, in 1997, Six Degrees, the first actual social media platform was launched.
https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/#:~:text=In%201987%2C%20the%20direct%20precursor,social%20media%20platform%20was%20launched.
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

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In 2001 Friendster was created, it introduced users to digital communication through email, bulletin board messaging, and real time online chatting. https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/

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In 2001 Friendster was created, it introduced users to digital communication through email, bulletin board messaging, and real time online chatting.
https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/
Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah

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The Evolution of Social Media: How Did It Begin, and Where Could It Go Next?

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Social media has evolved from a platform for virtual community to a vital business tool. Explore the ways marketers use social media to reach consumers.

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The Nokia 1100 is the best-selling and most popular smartphone to date. Selling over 255 million units, it surpasses even the iPhone 6. With call and text, dust-proof and slip-proof technology, it was THE phone to have in the early 2000s. (Monika De Leon)

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Myspace was created.
Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe made it.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Myspace

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The big hacker group known as Anonymous is formed through the website 4chan. (Mark Castaneda)
https://www.redscan.com/news/a-history-of-hacking/

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Facebook was created
#zuck made it in is sophomore year. Cool.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/facebook-launches-mark-zuckerberg
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

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Youtube was created
https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-youtube-in-photos-2015-10
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

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Youtube was originally created as a dating video site, however it did not do so well with that idea, and its users instead began uploading videos of all kinds.
As a result the co-founder transformed Youtube into a free video-hosting platform. December 2005 was when it launched officially out of beta
April 2006, google buys Youtube because of a video of two boys from China lip syncing to Backstreet boys convinced a google acquisitionist to invest in the platform. She is now the CEO of Youtube.

https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-youtube-in-photos-2015-10#april-2005-based-on-the-feedback-the-cofounders-transformed-youtube-into-a-free-video-hosting-platform-where-each-clip-has-a-unique-link-however-the-story-of-how-the-cofounders-got-to-this-point-is-a-much-contested-one-3
(Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah)

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Twitter was created, a short messaging service to groups of people to the public, that allowed short status updates with groups of people.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/twitter-launches
Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah

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On July 15, 2006, the San Francisco-based podcasting company Odeo officially releases Twttr-later changed to Twitter-its short messaging service (SMS) for groups, to the public. Born as a side project apart from Odeo's main podcasting platform, the free application allowed users to share short status updates with groups of friends by sending one text message to a single number ("40404").

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June 29, 2007 marks the day when the first Apple iPhone (now known as the first-gen) was released. It was the first phone to have touch screen technology, a stark contrast from the usual stylus or button based phones. It sold 6.1 million units, and changed the way cell phones were used.

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Google brings us Street View through a virtually projected image towards your screen via satellite images.

https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/13/21020814/google-world-mapped-street-view-earth-square-miles

Victor Romero, Tabitha Garcia, Andrea Hernandez, Sem Jimenez Santos!

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The TI-Nspire is thought to be one of, if not the most accurate graphing calculator ever made. It is a great demonstration of technology seeing that even this calculator looks like a phone with a lot of buttons.

(Emmanuel Estrada)

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The TI-Nspire is a graphing calculator made by Texas Instruments which was released in July 2007. The original TI-Nspire was developed out of the TI PLT SHH1 prototype calculator (which itself was derived from the Casio ClassPad 300), the TI-92 series of calculators released in 1995, and the TI-89 series of calculators released in 1998. The TI-Nspire features a non- QWERTY keyboard and a different key-by-key layout compared to its predecessors. The TI-Nspire allows users to swap out the existing removable keypad with a functional copy of the TI-84 Plus series keypad. The TI-Nspire series I/O has a connector for the TI-Nspire Lab Cradle, another that serves as a connector for TI's wireless network adapter, and a Mini-USB connector for transferring data. The TI-Nspire series is available with and without a computer algebra system.

In 2011, Texas Instruments released the CX line of their TI-Nspire calculators which effectively replaced the previous generation. The updates included improvements to the original's keyboard layout, an addition of a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, 3D graphing capabilities and reduced form factor. TI got rid of the removable keypad with this generation and therefore, the TI-84 compatibility mode.

In 2019, the TI-Nspire CX II was added, with a boost in clock speed and changes to the existing operating system.

The TI-Nspire series uses a different operating system compared to Texas Instruments' other calculators. The TI-Nspire includes a file manager that lets users create and edit documents. As a result of being developed from PDA-esque devices, the TI-Nspire retains many of the same functional similarities to a computer.

The standard TI-Nspire calculator is comparable to the TI-84 Plus in features and functionality. It features a TI-84 mode by way of a replaceable snap-in keypad and contains a TI-84 Plus emulator. The likely target of this is secondary schools that make use of the TI-84 Plus currently or have textbooks that cover the TI-83 (Plus) and TI-84 Plus lines, and to allow them to transition to the TI-Nspire line more easily.

The TI-Nspire started development in 2004.[citation needed ] It uses a proprietary SoC of the ARM9 variant for its CPU. The TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire CAS ( Computer algebra system) calculators have 32 MB of NAND Flash, 32 MB of SDRAM, and 512 KB of NOR Flash. However, only 20 MB and 16 MB are user-accessible respectively.

The TI-Nspire released in two models; a numeric and CAS version. The numeric is similar in features to the TI-84, except with a bigger and higher resolution screen and a full keyboard. The feature that the numeric lacks is the ability to solve algebraic equations such as indefinite integrals and derivatives. To fill in the gap of needing an algebraic calculator, Texas Instruments introduced the second model with the name TI-Nspire CAS. The CAS is designed for college and university students, giving them the feature of calculating many algebraic equations like the Voyage 200 and TI-89 (which the TI-Nspire was intended to replace). However, the TI-Nspire does lack part of the ability of programming and installing additional apps that the previous models had, although a limited version of TI-BASIC is supported, along with Lua in later versions. C and assembly are only possible by Ndless.

The TI-Nspire CAS calculator is capable of displaying and evaluating values symbolically, not just as floating-point numbers. It includes algebraic functions such as a symbolic differential equation solver: deSolve(...), the complex eigenvectors of a matrix: eigVc(...), as well as calculus based functions, including limits, derivatives, and integrals. For this reason, the TI-Nspire CAS is more comparable to the TI-89 Titanium and Voyage 200 than to other calculators. Unlike the TI-Nspire, it is not compatible with the snap-in TI-84 Plus keypad. It is accepted in the SAT and AP exams (without a QWERTY keyboard) but not in the ACT, IB or British GCSE and A level. The body color is grey.

On 8 March 2010, Texas Instruments announced new models of the TI-Nspire Touchpad and TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad graphing calculators. In the United States the new calculator was listed on the TI website as a complement to the TI-Nspire with Clickpad, though it was introduced as a successor to the previous model in other countries. The calculators were released alongside the OS 2.0 update, which featured a number of updates to the user interface and new functions.

The keyboards on the touchpad keypads featured a different and less crowded key layout along with the touchpad, which is used for navigation. The touchpad keypads are also compatible with older calculators that are running OS 2.0 or newer. The new calculators that were shipped with touchpad keypads supported an optional rechargeable battery. The second generation is also available in two models, the TI-Nspire Touchpad and TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad, and each model has maintained the color of itself, with the normal one being white and black while the CAS is black and gray. To reduce theft of school-owned TI-Nspire calculators, Texas Instruments also introduced the EZ-Spot Teacher Packs with a bright, easy-to-spot, " school bus yellow" frame and slide case. The hardware of both versions are the same, with the only differences being cosmetic. The TI-Nspire calculators that were released after the touchpad TI-Nspires also have EZ-Spot versions.

In 2011, the TI-Nspire CX and CX CAS were announced as updates to TI-Nspire series. They have a thinner design with a thickness of 1.57 cm (almost half of the TI-89), a 1200 mAh (1060mAh before 2013) rechargeable battery (wall adapter is included in the American retail package), a 320 by 240 pixel full color backlit display (3.2" diagonal), and OS 3.0 which includes features such as 3D graphing.

The CX series were released in the same time frame as the Casio Prizm (fx-CG10/20), Casio's color screen graphing calculator with similar features.

The TI-Nspire CX series differ from all previous TI graphing calculator models in that the CX series are the first to use a rechargeable 1060 mAh Lithium-Ion battery (upgraded to 1200 mAh in 2013 rev.). The device is charged via a USB cable. TI claims that the battery requires four hours to charge, that a full charge powers the device for up to two weeks under normal daily use, and that the battery should last up to 3 years before it requires replacement. The battery is user-replaceable.

With the exception of interchangeable TI-84 keypads, the CX series retain all features of the previous TI-Nspire models. The colors of the calculator are still the same as those of the TI-Nspire models; the CX is white and dark blue, while the CX CAS is gray and black. The external connectors have changed slightly. The mini-USB port, located at the center on the top of the TI-Nspire series, has moved to the right on the top on the CX series. On the CX series, TI added a second port immediately left of the mini-USB port, for a new wireless module. The new wireless TI-Nspire Navigator adapter, which allows teachers to monitor students and send files, is not compatible with the previous TI-Nspire models. The third port, located at the bottom of the handheld, is for the TI Charging Dock and Lab Cradle. The keypad layout is very similar to that of the TI-Nspire Touchpad.

Both models have 100 MB of user memory and 64 MB of RAM. The retail package comes in a plastic blister case and doesn't have the full manual, while the teachers edition comes in a box with a TI-Nspire CX poster for classrooms and the full manual (in English and French in the US). Both devices ship with the student/teacher software for Windows/Mac OS X. According to Texas Instruments, The CX is accepted in SAT, IB, AP, ACT and British GCSE and A level exams. The CX CAS is only accepted on SAT and AP.

Four models aimed for the Chinese market were launched, with specialized features. All four models have Chinese labeled keyboards. The CX-C and CX-C CAS models are similar to CX and CX CAS, but included a concise Chinese-English dictionary. The CM-C and CM-C CAS are cheaper, featured a more stream-lined design, but have only 32MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module. The systems of the Chinese versions are not interchangeable with those of the international models.

In 2019, Texas Instruments introduced the TI-Nspire CX II and TI-Nspire CX II CAS. They feature a slightly different operating system with several enhancements and slightly improved hardware, including python integration.

Like China, the continent of Europe also has models aimed for its market. These calculators include a "-T" after the CX. The CX II-T and CX II-T CAS both have different body color designs than their North American counterparts. One of the main feature differences in the European versions is the inclusion of an exact math engine in the non-CAS version. European models also omit the WiFi adapter port from the top of the calculator.

Texas Instruments offers several different versions of software for their calculators. They offer CAS and non-CAS versions of their student and teacher software. This software allows users to share results with classmates and teachers and gives the user an emulated version of the TI-Nspire. TI also offers a computer link software for connecting their handheld to their computer to transfer documents. The software allows for the syncing of documents to and from the calculator and/or computer. This software requires a license in order to be used.

Beside the TI Basic functionality the Nspire calculators provides functionality to run scripts written in two additional programming languages with the standard TI firmware.

With the release of OS 3.0, the Lua scripting language is supported, allowing 3rd party programs to be run without the need of exploits. There are currently more than 100 third-party programs and functions for the Nspire that introduce new functionality, like Laplace transforms, Fourier transforms, and 3rd and 4th degree differential equations, that are not included by default. The actual LUA Version is 5.1 in OS Version 5.2 (September 2020).

Since firmware version 5.2 it is possible to program and run Python (Version 3.4.0 in September 2020) scripts in an interpreter shell or from the main calculator command line.

Available Python modules

Standard

__main__, ctypes, micropython, array, errno, random, binascii, gc, re, time, builtins, hashlib, sys, cmath, heapq, collections, math

TI

ti_picture, ti_innovator, ti_draw, ti_st

The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle is a Calculator-Based Laboratory system introduced in 1994. It is a portable data collection device for the life sciences. The CBL system was replaced in 1999 by the CBL 2. The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle has three analog and two digital inputs with a sampling rate of up to 100,000 readings per second. The cradle also has 32 MB of storage space to store sensor data. The Lab Cradle allows the TI-Nspire series to communicate with older Calculator-Based Laboratory systems that previous TI calculators used ( TI-73 series, TI-82, TI-83 series, TI-85, and TI-86).

The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle used the rechargeable battery of the TI-Nspire and support three different charging options: wall adapter, USB cable to computer and TI-Nspire Cradle Charging Bay. The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle is marketed by Texas Instruments and developed as part of an ongoing business venture between TI and Vernier Software & Technology of Portland, Oregon.

The navigator system allows teachers to connect multiple TI-Nspire calculators to a computer through the TI-Nspire Access Point and TI-Nspire Navigator Wireless Cradles. The system includes the TI-Nspire cradle charging bay and the main system which looks like a wireless router. The Navigator system was first available when the first generation Nspires were launched, but when the TI-Nspire CX and CX CAS were released, a new wireless adapter was announced that is smaller but not compatible with the TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire Touchpad.

Press-to-Test is a feature that restricts access to the user's documents and certain features of the calculator for a limited time. Its intended purpose is to prevent cheating on tests and exams. Press-to-Test is enabled by pressing a certain button combination when turning on the calculator. The features that are blocked (for example 3D graphs and drag & drop for graphs) can be selectively enabled, but access to existing documents is always prohibited. When the handheld is running in Press-to-Test mode, an LED on top of it blinks to indicate that Press-to-Test hasn't been disabled. Press-to-Test can only be disabled by connecting to another calculator or a computer with TI-Nspire compatible software installed. Removing the batteries or pressing the reset button will not disable it.

Ndless (alternatively stylized Ndl3ss) is a third-party jailbreak for the TI-Nspire calculators that allows native programs, such as C, C++, and ARM assembly programs, to run. Ndless was developed initially by Olivier Armand and Geoffrey Anneheim and released in February 2010 for the Clickpad handheld. Organizations such as Omnimaga and TI-Planet promoted Ndless and built a community around Ndless and Ndless programs. With Ndless, low-level operations can be accomplished, for example overclocking, allowing the handheld devices to run faster. Downgrade prevention can be defeated as well. In addition, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo Entertainment System emulators exist for the handhelds with Ndless. Major Ndless-powered programs also include a port of the game Doom. Unlike Lua scripts, which are supported by Texas Instruments, Ndless is actively counteracted by TI. Each subsequent OS attempts to block Ndless from operating.[needs update ]

Texas Instruments developed their own proprietary System-On-Chip from the ARM9 32-bit processors. The first generation of the TI-Nspire is based on LSI Corporation's (now Broadcom Inc.) "Zevio" design while the CX and CX II generation is built with Toshiba's Application-Specific Integrated Circuit design.

Most Texas Instruments calculators contain only a non-volatile read-only memory called NAND Flash and a volatile random-access memory called Synchronous dynamic random-access memory or SDRAM. The NAND Flash is not executable but contains parts of the operating system. However, the TI-Nspire also uses NOR ROM to store boot instructions for the operating system. Texas Instruments most likely did this to free up the NAND Flash, and SDRAM in the calculator to be used by the user and operating system. The NAND Flash and SDRAM are used to store user and operating system documents.

Previous Texas Instruments calculators had a backup button cell battery used to maintain user information, system information and time and date, between battery changes. This allows a user to keep their information when a battery is removed. Because the TI-Nspire lacks this backup battery, the SDRAM content is deleted whenever the user has to swap the battery out. This necessitates that the calculator load the operating system and file structure from the NAND Flash to the SDRAM, causing a longer loading time.

Despite the overall performance increase between versions of the TI-Nspire, performance differences do exist. The TI-Nspire CX II version lacks 10+ MB of storage space compared to its predecessor. The TI-Nspire CM-C and CM-C CAS (the Chinese versions of the CX and CX CAS) are cheaper and have an updated design, but have only 32MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module.

The TI-Nspire CX/CX CAS calculators are now running the operating system (OS) version 4.5.5.79, released in August 2021. The TI-Nspire CX II/CX II CAS are running version 5.3.2.129, released in August 2021. The operating system has been updated frequently since 2007 (partly due to bugs and missing functions, and also to patch jailbreak exploits), one year after its release in 2006. Version 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 were major upgrades.

Starting with OS 2.0, additional features were added to increase usability and usefulness of the TI-Nspire. Below are major changes that were made. These features have stayed with the Nspire series to date.

Images can be included in TI-Nspire documents using the computer software. They can then be displayed on the Nspire calculators and in full color on the Nspire CX calculators. Graphs can be drawn on top of the images. A data collection application is included with the OS, for use with the Lab Cradle. 3D graphing is supported, as well as differential equations. Other features were also added, including improvements to functions that are related to statistics. OS 3.0 also adds the ability to run programs that are written in Lua. OS 3.0.1 introduced a number of bugs, but most of these have been fixed as of 3.0.2. In OS 3.2, conic equations in standard formats can be graphed and a new chemistry feature, Chem Box, allows users to write chemical notations. OS 3.2 also saw the inclusion of the Chipmunk physics engine for use in Lua programs. In OS 3.9, the area between curves can now be calculated on the graph bar.

An indicator now displays the angle mode (Degrees, Radians or Gradians) in effect for the current application. In window settings on graphs, exact inputs such as 7/3 or 2*π can now be used for input of custom window settings.

OS 5.0 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

Animated Path plot

Modernized user interface

Dynamic coefficient values

Points by coordinates

Tick-mark labels

Various TI-Basic programming enhancements

Simplified Disable CAS (CAS model exclusive)

DeSolve wizard (CAS model exclusive)

OS 5.2 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

Python programming language support in Host Software and on the calculator.

OS 5.3 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

Exam support

Quick set-up code to enter Press-to-Test

Python programming improvements

Six TI-authored modules that are additional libraries for Python's functionality. The new modules are:

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The TI-Nspire is a graphing calculator made by Texas Instruments which was released in July 2007. The original TI-Nspire was developed out of the TI PLT SHH1 prototype calculator (which itself was derived from the Casio ClassPad 300), the TI-92 series of calculators released in 1995, and the TI-89 series of calculators released in 1998.

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Steve jobs reveals the MacBook Air in 2008

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In 2008, steve jobs revealed a revolutionary personal computer. It was the world's thinnest computer at the time. It's sleek and slim design was unbelievable when also considering the fact that it was also a high performance device. (Elliot Flores)
Apple.com
Computer Timeline

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The Samsung Behold SGH-T919 was the first ever smart/touchscreen phone made from Samsung in 2008. This phone was the start of the rivalry between apple and samsung i terms of smart phones and innovations.

https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_t919_behold-2587.php

(Manuel Cruz)

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The chromebook maker was Jeff Nelson it all began After being mad at firefox for being to slow. The first chromebook was shipped in june, 15, 2011.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook

(Luis Carrera)

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3G networks became increasingly more available by the late 2000s. Companies like T-Mobile and Verizon began to roll out new plans to accommodate the rise of new mobile apps, like Twitter and Facebook. Cellphones started to become fully mobile with these fully functional networks. (Monika De Leon)

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the First Color Graphing Calculator.
it was called CASIO PRIZM because of the inventor CASIO. it is to help understand the real-world applications of the work they’re doing on their graphing calculators. it as changed the world for calculators it is easier to graph and draw 3D graphs such as planes, cylinders and spheres.
-nadia molina

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In April of 2010, Apple basically released a bigger version of their iPhone. It was priced at $499 but Apple also released Wi-Fi + 3G models, priced $130 more than the Wi-Fi-only versions.

https://screenrant.com/first-apple-ipad-release-date-price-cost-compared/

(Angel Cortez)

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While the iPad is a hugely popular option for those looking for a tablet in 2021, that's been the case ever since Apple released the very first iPad.

Apple launched the original iPad over 10 years ago. Since then, the iPad lineup has gone on to become an incredible popular option for anyone looking to buy a tablet. The lineup has also expanded to include more than just the standard iPad, catering to the different needs (and budgets) of consumers looking for a larger screen than a smartphone, but a more portable form factor than a laptop.

Over the years, the iPad has gone on to become the go-to tablet for many consumers. While there are Android alternatives available, most notably, Samsung's Galaxy Tab line, none have really captured the attention of the market in the same way that Apple's has. In 2020 alone, Apple not only launched its latest iPad Pro models, but also a newer iPad Air. Not forgetting, the eighth-generation iPad, the latest model to follow in the footsteps of the original iPad.

Related: When Did The First iPhone Come Out & How Much Was It?

Apple announced the first iPad on January 27, 2010. However, the company's " magical & revolutionary device " featuring a 9.7-inch LED-backlit IPS display and Apple's A4 chip didn't become available to buy until April of the same year. In spite of the wait, the iPad immediately proved to be a good seller for the company, with more than 300,000 tablets sold on the very first day of release alone.

Original iPad Cost Compared

When the first iPad went on sale in 2010, it was priced at $499. However, this was for the base Wi-Fi model with 16GB storage. Buyers could upgrade to 32GB storage for $599 or 64GB for $699. Besides the Wi-Fi models, Apple also released Wi-Fi + 3G models, priced $130 more than the Wi-Fi-only versions. For example, the 16GB version with 3G network support cost $629 with each of the additional storage options increasing in price by an additional $100. Compared to what Apple customers are offered today, the current eighth-generation iPad costs $329 for the base Wi-Fi-only model with 32GB storage, or $429 if upgrading the storage to 128GB. Similar to the original iPad, the eighth-generation iPad is also available as a Wi-Fi plus cellular model, with the price set at $459 for the 32GB version or $559 when upgrading the storage to 128GB.

While the eighth-generation version is much cheaper than the original iPad was in 2010, Apple has a variety of options to now choose from. There's the iPad mini from $399 or the iPad Air from $599 while those looking for the ultimate in iPad experience can opt for the Pro model. Not only does Apple's iPad Pro start at $799, but opting for the 12.9-inch version, along with 1TB storage and cellular support takes the price up to $1,649. That's basically double the $829 price of Apple's top-end 2010 iPad model with 64GB storage and 3G support.

Next: Best Apple & Third-Party Bluetooth Keyboards For iPad

Source: Apple
About The Author

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When Did First iPad Come Out & How Much Was It?

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While the iPad is a hugely popular option for those looking for a tablet in 2021, that's been the case ever since Apple released the very first iPad. Apple launched the original iPad over 10 years ago. Since then, the iPad lineup has gone on to become an incredible popular option for anyone looking to buy a tablet.

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Instagram was created
This dude Kevin Systrom made it cuz he liked photography. We really went from photos to political controversy and online war.
https://www.businessinsider.com/kevin-systrom-instagram-ceo-life-rise-2018-9
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

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Snapchat was created by Stanford students, Evan Spiegel, Reggie Brown, and Bobby Murphy. Brown originally came wth with the idea of making an app where you could post deleted videos. The other 2 liked that idea and urged him to make the code for it. They the kicked Brown out of the group and released Snapchat that same month.

https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-snapchat

(Ezekiel, Aliah, Victoria)

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Snapchat is one of the most widely used social media platforms in the world.

The site has 360 million active monthly users, as of January 2020, with three billion "snaps" (photos and videos) generated every day.

How did Snapchat (SNAP) grow so large and in such a short period of time?

Here's a deep dive into the company's history and why Snapchat, as a company at least, shows no sign of disappearing.

Early History

Snapchat was founded in 2011 by Evan Spiegel, Reggie Brown, and Bobby Murphy, all students at Stanford University.

Reportedly, Brown came up with the idea of a social media app that enabled users to post photos and videos that disappeared from the site after a few moments.

Brown reportedly approached Spiegel with the idea, and both agreed on the notion of a social media platform modeled on disappearing content was a good idea. The duo then approached Bobby Murphy to write the code used to build the app.

In July, 2011, the co-founders released "Picaboo", the precursor to Snapchat. Right afterward, Spiegel and Murphy forced Brown out of the company, and relaunched the company as Snapchat in September, 2011.

Both Stanford University students were only in their junior year in college at the time. As for Brown, he settled with the two co-founders for $157 million in September, 2014. He was also officially credited as being a co-founder of Snapchat.

With a clean slate and an intriguing business model, Spiegel (now the company's chief executive officer) and Murphy went to work building the fledgling company.

Making the Case

In the company's first-ever blog post, Spiegel made his case for Snapchat, as a new way to share information that you wanted to see disappear.

And after hearing hilarious stories about emergency detagging of Facebook photos before job interviews and photoshopping blemishes out of candid shots before they hit the Internet (because your world would crumble if anyone found out you had a pimple on the 38th day of 9th grade), there had to be a better solution.

Snapchat isn't about capturing the traditional Kodak moment. It's about communicating with the full range of human emotion - not just what appears to be pretty or perfect. Like when I think I'm good at imitating the face of a star-nosed mole, or if I want to show my friend the girl I have a crush on (it would be awkward if that got around), and when I'm away at college and miss my Mom...er...my friends.

We're building a photo app that doesn't conform to unrealistic notions of beauty or perfection but rather creates a space to be funny, honest or whatever else you might feel like at the moment you take and share a Snap.

In a 2013 interview with The Telegraph, Spiegel honed in on the real reason Snapchat was such a hit with younger social media users - they didn't want their social media history coming back to haunt them.

"Snapchat changed that perception of deleting something as bad," he said. "Online, typically you delete something if it's bad or if it's really embarrassing."

"What Snapchat said was if we try to model conversations as they occur they're largely ephemeral. We may try to write down and save the really special moments, but by and large, we just try to let everything go. We remember it but we don't try to save it."

Building the Perfect Beast

One year into its existence, Snapchat upped the ante - and the user count - by introducing video to the app, which had just started selling in the Google Play store. The videos were only 10 seconds long, but the rollout was successful enough to push so-called "snaps" to 50 million per day.

In 2013, Snapchat followed up with two new features - "Stories" and "Chat". The story feature enabled Snapchat users to post a series of snaps that would remain active and viewable for 24 hours.

Its Chat function helped move Snapchat higher up on the social media pyramid. Introduced in May, 2014, Chat allowed users to talk to one another in the chat window via a live video chat. Snapchat also introduced "Our Story," another story function that enabled Snapchat users all over the world to post photos and videos from ballgames, concerts, political rallies and other public events.

Later that year, Snapchat introduced Geofilters, which allowed site users to customize their content and post their location at the time of the post.

2014 was a busy year, as in December Snapchat rolled out Snapcash, a money transaction feature which enables site consumers to send and receive cash from other users, and have it deposited straightaway into their bank account. Also in December, 2014, Snapchat extended its reach into the financial realm with Community Geofilters. Now, Snapchat consumers were able to generate their own Geofilters or simply buy branded filters for their own use.

By 2015, Snapchat was reaching 75 million users on a monthly basis. Advertisements were now pervasive on the site, giving the company a huge source of revenue (by 2018, 99% of Snap, Inc's total revenue came from advertising, according to the company's internal financials.) Video continued to be one of the company's most widely-used tools by consumers, with six billion videos daily, only three years after video was introduced on the site.

Soon, the company would officially create a parent company, called Snap, Inc. and began preparing for a $25 billion initial public offering, which would kick off in 2017.

Growing Pains

Snapchat has its share of growth headaches, as well.

In 2013, Snapchat was hacked by an anonymous group, revealing the personal information of 4.6 million users. The company apologized for the hack and repaired the breach and hasn't had a major security incident in the ensuing seven years.

The following year, Snapchat settled with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, which had accused the company of exaggerating the process it used to protect user privacy, noting that it couldn't "guarantee" that user messages "will be deleted in a specific timeframe. Snapchat wasn't officially charged by the FTC but the company will be monitored over the next 20 years.

Snapchat founder Spiegel found himself in hot water after a 2015 lawsuit from company staffer Anthony Pompliano, who cited comments made by Spiegel that the company was only interested in expanding into "rich" countries and stay away from poorer countries like India.

Snapchat's stock shares fell by 1% in the aftermath of the lawsuit, but the company suffered no lasting damage, with the company saying that the notion of Snapchat limiting itself to higher income countries as "ridiculous."

Snapchat Stock Price at a Glance

Snapchat's (SNAP) share price stands at $14 per share as of the end of February, with a consensus one-year target estimate of $20 per share. The company's market cap is $20 billion.

Analysts expect Snapchat to soon reach its "break-even" point in profits, most likely by 2022. A group of 34 technology analysts estimates the company will earn a profit of $48 million in 2022, after years of losses.

With a strong management team, relatively low debt, and a passionate (and youthful) user base, Snapchat is in a great position for growth going forward.

That's an impressive scenario for a company that has yet to reach its 10-year mark in business.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Founded in 2010, Snapchat is already one of the biggest social media platforms in the world. Learn more about its history today.

# data[].attributes.body
With the launch of the iPhone 4s and IOS 5 came Siri. A intelligent assistant that helps you get things done just by asking.  The father of Siri was Adam Cheyer. He was working at he SRI International research lab when he created the first prototype of Siri.

https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/29/how-siri-got-on-the-iphone.html

(Eric Luna)

# data[].attributes.body
Oculus starts up a kickstarting making huge advancements towards the gaming and Virtual Reality industry

https://www.adroll.com/blog/growth-marketing/unrolling-oculus-from-a-kickstarter-campaign-to-a-billion-dollar-company

Victor Romero, Andrea Hernandez, Tabitha Garcia, Sem Jimenez Santos!

# data[].attributes.body
The iPhone 6s is the most widely-sold phone sold by Apple to date. Supporting 5 different iOS updates, it was notorious for outliving many of its competitors. As the first iPhone to use 4G LTE, it revolutionized smartphone and social media culture worldwide. (Monika De Leon)

# data[].attributes.body
Alpha GO created by Deep Mind beat world Go champion Lee Sedol over five matches

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/31/the-most-amazing-artificial-intelligence-milestones-so-far/?sh=4207df267753

Tyrone Bailey

# data[].attributes.body
britannica.com
Pascaline | technology
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pascaline

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal

(Sergio Zavala)

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.techradar.com/reviews/iphone-13

The iPhone 13, 13 Pro, and Mini release today on September 24, 2021. The new Smartphone coming from Apple hosts a new processor (A15 Bionic Chip), a substantially improved battery life and a new double camera system which is the best in the game. The iPhone 13 is a testament to not only how much technology can advance but how much it can improve in such little time seeing as the first iPhone released in June 2007.

# data[].attributes.body
A 799 device that can be anywhere and can determine who is talking.

Tyrone Bailey

# data[].attributes.body
The Motorola StarTAC is considered to be the first ever flip phone and released on January 3, 1996. It was regarded by many to have amazing wearability and for it's weight for being light. Like the Motorola 8000x, it paved the way for other companies to make what we now know as flip phones today.

# data[].attributes.body
The latest robot made is made by a Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics. The robots name is sophia and she is  a social humanoid robot

Mordecai Frisby

# data[].attributes.body
Frank S. Baldwin invented a pinwheel calculator in the United States in 1872. For its calculating engine, a set of wheels that had an adjustable number of teeth. These wheels, also called pinwheels, could be set by using a side lever which could expose anywhere from 0 to 9 teeth, and therefore when coupled to a counter they could, at each rotation, add a number from 0 to 9 to the result.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)

March 1876
March 1876

Alexander Graham Bell created the first phone in march of 1876 winning the albert medal for inventing the phone.
(Manuel Cruz)
https://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_4.html

1942
1942

The ABC machine was worked on from 1939-1942. The machine itself was declared un-patentable but the invention provided many computer concepts that were later used for future use. The ABC machine is a critical pathway to the invention of personal computers.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

1943
1943

epocalc.net
epocalc - Desktop calculators
Curta Model 1 calculator

Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his family's manufacturing firm until 1943, when the Nazis captured him. He refines his pre-war design of a calculator incorporating a modified version of Leibniz's "stepped drum" design while imprisoned at Buchenwald concentration camp for the remainder of World War II. Herzstark's Curta made history after the war as the world's smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator.
(nadia molina )

1944
1944

Colossus was the machiune created to decipher Nazis during World War 2. Colossus reduced the time needed to break Lorenz messages, making the difference between weeks to a matter of hours. The machine was invented and used in 1944 but it went public in the 1970s.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

June 21, 1948
June 21, 1948

SSEM(Small-Scale Experimental Machine) was actually known by the more common name "Baby" and it was built to test out the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers by Williams and Kilburn. Then followed a test for the first ever computer program developed by Kilburn. It was the first computer program tested on a digital and electronic, stored-program computer.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

1948
1948

https://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/units/history-of-the-calculator.php
This calculator, the curta calculator, looks more familiar to the modern age. It is the beginning of the compact calculator. It, like many of the modern ag, was capable of fitting in your pocket and could do the base operations of addition, multiplication, division, and subtraction.

(Emmanuel Estrada)

1952
1952

In 1952, British professor A.S. Douglas created OXO, an early version of the game known as tic-tac-toe, as part of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games

(Santiago Menjivar)

1954
1954

The IBM 608 was the first calculating machine to use solid-state transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The machine was housed in several large cabinets.The machine’s main memory could store 40 nine-digit numbers and could perform 4,500 additions per second, among other operations.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)
https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/11/calculating-firsts-visual-history-calculators

1954
1954

The first modern digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and then he created his seminal robotics company called Unimation.

(Mordecai Frisby)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot

1955
1955

cybernews.com
Brief History of Cybersecurity & Hacking | CyberNews
“Hacking” was first used in relation to using technical know-how back in 1955 at a meeting of the Technical Model Railroad Club. In the meeting minutes, it was used to describe how members modified the functions of their high-tech train sets.

https://cybernews.com/security/brief-history-of-cybersecurity-and-hacking/

(Gresia Cubias)

1956
1956

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
Physicist Stan Frankel develops the MINAC at Caltech. Defense contractor General Precision of the Librascope division buys Frankel's design at less than $50,000, renaming it the LGP-30. This was an early examples of a 'personal computer'.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

1956
1956

In 1956 The first industrial robot ever was invented. The Unimate was a hydraulic manipulator arm that could perform repetitive tasks. The Unimate was used by car makers to automate metalworking and welding processes. The first time it was used was in 1961, the Unimate 1900 model was unveiled to the public in Chicago during a trade show.
https://www.invent.org/blog/inventors/George-Devol-Industrial-Robot
(Manuel Soriano)

1956
1956

The Logic Theorist was initialized by Allen Newell Clif Shaw, And Herbert Simon's. Was a program that was made to mimic the solving skills of a human. The program was presented at Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. Which was hosted by John McCarthy. Unfortunately, the program failed to meet his expectations. But many considered this the first A. I program.

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/
(Eric Luna)

1957
1957

The first form of VR technology was invented by Morton Heilig in 1957. Though the device is called Sensorama so it was not considered or called virtual reality. The term virtual reality didn't come until 1987.
https://www.g2.com/articles/history-of-virtual-reality
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
Group mates: Sem, Tabitha, VR

1958
1958

aps.org
October 1958: Physicist Invents First Video Game
In October 1958, Physicist William Higinbotham created what is thought to be the first video game. It was a simple tennis game, similar to the classic 1970s video game Pong, and it was quite a hit at a Brookhaven National Laboratory open house.

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200810/physicshistory.cfm#:~:text=In%20October%201958%2C%20Physicist%20William,Brookhaven%20National%20Laboratory%20open%20house.

(Samantha Ochoa)

1958
1958

John McCarthy also known as the "Father of AI" was a computer scientist who created the word Artificial intelligence. His objective was to make a computer reason like a human.

https://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/october/john-mccarthy-obit-102511.html
( Eric Luna)

1960
1960

In 1960 the creation of the Telesphere Mask which is the first example of a head-mounted display. It was non-interactive film medium and did not have motion tracking. The headset did provide stereoscopic 3D and wide vision with stereo sound.

https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-
reality/history.html
Tabitha G, Victor R, Andrea H, Sem J

1960
1960

tutorialspoint.com
Ethical Hacking - Overview
The first known event of hacking had taken place in 1960 at MIT and at the same time, the term "Hacker" was originated.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ethical_hacking/ethical_hacking_overview.htm
(Alexis Guevara)

1961
1961
This was the First motion tracking HMD made by Corporation engineers (Comeau & Bryan) that developed the first precursor to the HMD. It incorporated a video game screen for each eye and has magnetic motion tracking system, which is would be linked to a closed circuit. It originally was not developed for VR, but it was to allow immersive remote viewing of dangerous situations in the military. Head movements would move a remote camera, allowing the user to naturally look around the environment. Headsight happen to be the first step in evolution of the VR.

February 1962
February 1962

In 1962, Steve Russell invented Spacewar. A computer-based combat video game.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games

(Paulina Flores)

1962
1962

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
Designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark, the LINC was an early example of a 'personal computer'. Biomedical research faculty from around the United States came to a workshop at MIT to build their own LINCs to bring back to their home institutions where they would be utilized. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation supplied the components and 50 original LINCS were made, later commercialized by them, was sold as the LINC-8.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

1962
1962

The first handheld calculator was a 1967 prototype called "Cal Tech". was led by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in a research project to produce a portable calculator. It could add, multiply, subtract, and divide, and its output device was a paper tape.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#:~:text=The first handheld calculator was,device was a paper tape.

nadia molina

1967
1967

In 1967, Ralph Baer and his colleagues created "Brown Box". It was a prototype for the first multiplier/ multiprogram video game system.

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/the-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games

(Paulina Flores)

1968
1968

The first VR head-mounted display is also known as The Sword of Damocles. This HMD system was invented in 1968 by student Bob Sproull and his teacher Ivan Sutherland. This system was connected to a computer. Though it was too heavy for anyone to wear and even was secured and dangling from the ceiling.
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html

1971
1971

The first major hacking came in 1971, by a vietnam vet named John Draper. He figured out a way to make free phone calls. This was later called "Phreaking". http://plaza.ufl.edu/ysmgator/projects/project2/history.html#:~:text=The first major hacking came,was later called "Phreaking".
(Mark Castaneda)

1972
1972

americanhistory.si.edu
Magnavox Odyssey Video Game Unit, 1972
The Odyssey was manufactured by Magnavox. It was a home video game based on Ralph Baer's "Brown Box".

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1302004

(Paulina Flores)

June 1972
June 1972

Nolan Bushnell developed an arcade table tennis game. It was called "Pong" and is the first commercially successful video game.

http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/4007/Atari-PONG/

(Paulina Flores)

1973
1973

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
Kenbak-1 was one of the earliest personal computers and was advertised for $750. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. It only sold 40 machines in 1973 before Kenbak Corporation shut down.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

April, 1973
April, 1973

aarp.org
The First Cell Phone Call Was Made 45 Years Ago
Martin cooper made the first held hand phone in New York.This phone did not use any wires and uses an antenna for service.
(Manuel Cruz)
https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/first-cell-phone-call.html

1978
1978

Space Invaders was a worldwide success. Engineer and game designer Nishikado Tomohiro and manufactured by Taito Corp.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Space-Invaders

(Paulina Flores)

1980
1980

IN 1980 Bill gates and Paul Allen started microsoft to develop software for the Altair 8800, an early personal computer.
They made a deal to provide the operating system for IBM’s first personal computer

https://news.microsoft.com/announcement/microsoft-is-born/

(Luis Carrera)

1980's
1980's

The slide rule is basically a sliding stick (or discs) that uses logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division.Slide rules evolved to allow advanced trigonometry and logarithms, exponentials and square roots.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)
https://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/units/history-of-the-calculator.php

1983
1983

history.com
Video Game History
In 1983, the video game industry in North America experienced its first "crash" due to the competion games and the low quality.
Lasting a couple of years, the crash led to the bankruptcy of several home computer and video game console companies.
The video game home industry began to recover in 1985 when the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), called Famicom in Japan, came to the United States. The NES had improved 8-bit graphics, colors, sound and gameplay over previous consoles.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games#section_3

(Samantha Ochoa)

September 21, 1983
September 21, 1983

https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/1108968911/
The first ever mobile phone , the
DYNATAC 8000X, was released on September 21, 1983 by Motorola. Also known as the "Brick", it was released with a starting price $3,995 and allowed for 30 minutes of concurrent talking with a 6 hour battery life. While nothing special by today's standards (especially the pricing) the 8000x can be thanked for the start of a new wave of technology with smartphones which are used by practically everyone around the world.
(Bryan Flores-Caballero)

1987
1987

The term "Virtual Realty" was first coined by a company that released these consoles by the founder of VPL Research Jaron Lanier.

The Fascinating History And Evolution Of Extended Reality (XR)
https://www.forbes.com › sites › bernardmarr › 2021/05/17

1987
1987

Hackers hijack two Chicago TV stations and broadcast a really strange message featuring a man in a Max Headroom mask. (Mark Castaneda)
https://www.redscan.com/media/History-of-Hacking-Infographic.jpg

1989
1989

sutori.com
Top 10 Events in Video Game History
The Gameboy was the third best selling video game console in history. The invention of this console got many people into video games and the consoles that play them. The gameboy was also the first video game console that was portable and able to be played anywhere.

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/top-10-events-in-video-game-history--7VqSQUe4X6PrRwAvJgKmSjmz

(Samantha Ochoa)

1992
1992

In 1992, IBM announced the birth of the first smartphone named The "Simon Personal Communicator." It was the first mix of a cell phone and a PDA personal digital assistant which gave it it's new name "smartphone". It was priced at $899 and you could send or receive faxes, emails and it also had a Notes function – back then it wasn’t called an app. It was available for purchase in 1994.

https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/10-biggest-events-that-changed-your-smartphone-forever/photolist/61737760.cms

(Angel Cortez)

1994
1994

sutori.com
Top 10 Events in Video Game History
Due to the popularity of graphic and violent games like Doom and Mortal Kombat, many game makers came together to start a rating system for games that is similar to movie ratings. This was a direct result of the negative press associated with game violence.

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/top-10-events-in-video-game-history--7VqSQUe4X6PrRwAvJgKmSjmz

(Samantha Ochoa)

1995
1995

history.com
Video Game History
In 1995, Sega released the first 32-bit console that played games on cds, rather than cartridges.The Playstation 2, which was the first console that used DVDs, went up against the Sega Dreamcast (released in 1999), the Nintendo Gamecube (2001), and Microsoft’s Xbox

(2001).https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games#section_5

(Samantha Ochoa)

1997
1997

vrfitnessinsider.com
Beat PTSD with VR

In 1997, they used VR to treat ten volunteers who were veterans that were sufferings from PTSD. These veterans had already tried multiple treatments and none seemed to be working. It was trial and was called Virtual Vietnam. They used VR to link it with prolonged exposure therapy.

(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)

1997
1997

In 1987, the National Science Foundation launched the NSFNET. It wasn't exactly social media. A decade later, in 1997, Six Degrees, the first actual social media platform was launched.
https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/#:~:text=In 1987, the direct precursor,social media platform was launched.
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

2001
2001

In 2001 Friendster was created, it introduced users to digital communication through email, bulletin board messaging, and real time online chatting. https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/

2001
2001

online.maryville.edu
The Evolution of Social Media: How Did It Begin and Where Could It Go Next?
In 2001 Friendster was created, it introduced users to digital communication through email, bulletin board messaging, and real time online chatting.
https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/
Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah

2003
2003

https://www.alltopeverything.com/best-selling-mobile-phones-in-history/
The Nokia 1100 is the best-selling and most popular smartphone to date. Selling over 255 million units, it surpasses even the iPhone 6. With call and text, dust-proof and slip-proof technology, it was THE phone to have in the early 2000s. (Monika De Leon)

August 1 2003
August 1 2003

Myspace was created.
Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe made it.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Myspace

2003
2003

The big hacker group known as Anonymous is formed through the website 4chan. (Mark Castaneda)
https://www.redscan.com/news/a-history-of-hacking/

February 2004
February 2004

Facebook was created
#zuck made it in is sophomore year. Cool.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/facebook-launches-mark-zuckerberg
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

February 14 2005
February 14 2005

Youtube was created
https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-youtube-in-photos-2015-10
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

February 14, 2005
February 14, 2005

Youtube was originally created as a dating video site, however it did not do so well with that idea, and its users instead began uploading videos of all kinds.
As a result the co-founder transformed Youtube into a free video-hosting platform. December 2005 was when it launched officially out of beta
April 2006, google buys Youtube because of a video of two boys from China lip syncing to Backstreet boys convinced a google acquisitionist to invest in the platform. She is now the CEO of Youtube.

https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-youtube-in-photos-2015-10#april-2005-based-on-the-feedback-the-cofounders-transformed-youtube-into-a-free-video-hosting-platform-where-each-clip-has-a-unique-link-however-the-story-of-how-the-cofounders-got-to-this-point-is-a-much-contested-one-3
(Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah)

July 15, 2006
July 15, 2006

history.com
Twitter launches
Twitter was created, a short messaging service to groups of people to the public, that allowed short status updates with groups of people.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/twitter-launches
Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah

June 2007
June 2007

June 29, 2007 marks the day when the first Apple iPhone (now known as the first-gen) was released. It was the first phone to have touch screen technology, a stark contrast from the usual stylus or button based phones. It sold 6.1 million units, and changed the way cell phones were used.

2007
2007

Google brings us Street View through a virtually projected image towards your screen via satellite images.

https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/13/21020814/google-world-mapped-street-view-earth-square-miles

Victor Romero, Tabitha Garcia, Andrea Hernandez, Sem Jimenez Santos!

July, 2007
July, 2007

en.wikipedia.org
TI-Nspire series - Wikipedia
The TI-Nspire is thought to be one of, if not the most accurate graphing calculator ever made. It is a great demonstration of technology seeing that even this calculator looks like a phone with a lot of buttons.

(Emmanuel Estrada)

April 12, 2008
April 12, 2008

Steve jobs reveals the MacBook Air in 2008
In 2008, steve jobs revealed a revolutionary personal computer. It was the world's thinnest computer at the time. It's sleek and slim design was unbelievable when also considering the fact that it was also a high performance device. (Elliot Flores)
Apple.com
Computer Timeline

November, 2008
November, 2008

The Samsung Behold SGH-T919 was the first ever smart/touchscreen phone made from Samsung in 2008. This phone was the start of the rivalry between apple and samsung i terms of smart phones and innovations.

https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_t919_behold-2587.php

(Manuel Cruz)

July 7, 2009
July 7, 2009

The first Chromebook
The chromebook maker was Jeff Nelson it all began After being mad at firefox for being to slow. The first chromebook was shipped in june, 15, 2011.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook

(Luis Carrera)

2009
2009

cisco.com
3G networks became increasingly more available by the late 2000s. Companies like T-Mobile and Verizon began to roll out new plans to accommodate the rise of new mobile apps, like Twitter and Facebook. Cellphones started to become fully mobile with these fully functional networks. (Monika De Leon)

2010
2010

https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/11/calculating-firsts-visual-history-calculators
the First Color Graphing Calculator.
it was called CASIO PRIZM because of the inventor CASIO. it is to help understand the real-world applications of the work they’re doing on their graphing calculators. it as changed the world for calculators it is easier to graph and draw 3D graphs such as planes, cylinders and spheres.
-nadia molina

April 2010
April 2010

screenrant.com
When Did First iPad Come Out & How Much Was It?
In April of 2010, Apple basically released a bigger version of their iPhone. It was priced at $499 but Apple also released Wi-Fi + 3G models, priced $130 more than the Wi-Fi-only versions.

https://screenrant.com/first-apple-ipad-release-date-price-cost-compared/

(Angel Cortez)

October 6 2010
October 6 2010

Instagram was created
This dude Kevin Systrom made it cuz he liked photography. We really went from photos to political controversy and online war.
https://www.businessinsider.com/kevin-systrom-instagram-ceo-life-rise-2018-9
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

July 8 2011
July 8 2011

thestreet.com
History of Snapchat: Timeline and Facts
Snapchat was created by Stanford students, Evan Spiegel, Reggie Brown, and Bobby Murphy. Brown originally came wth with the idea of making an app where you could post deleted videos. The other 2 liked that idea and urged him to make the code for it. They the kicked Brown out of the group and released Snapchat that same month.

https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-snapchat

(Ezekiel, Aliah, Victoria)

2012
2012

Oculus starts up a kickstarting making huge advancements towards the gaming and Virtual Reality industry

https://www.adroll.com/blog/growth-marketing/unrolling-oculus-from-a-kickstarter-campaign-to-a-billion-dollar-company

Victor Romero, Andrea Hernandez, Tabitha Garcia, Sem Jimenez Santos!

September 19, 2014
September 19, 2014

https://www.apple.com/newsroom/
The iPhone 6s is the most widely-sold phone sold by Apple to date. Supporting 5 different iOS updates, it was notorious for outliving many of its competitors. As the first iPhone to use 4G LTE, it revolutionized smartphone and social media culture worldwide. (Monika De Leon)

2016
2016

YouTube
How Google Deepmind AlphaGo works
Alpha GO created by Deep Mind beat world Go champion Lee Sedol over five matches

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/31/the-most-amazing-artificial-intelligence-milestones-so-far/?sh=4207df267753

Tyrone Bailey

britannica.com

britannica.com
Pascaline | technology
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pascaline

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal

(Sergio Zavala)

September 24 2021
September 24 2021

https://www.techradar.com/reviews/iphone-13

The iPhone 13, 13 Pro, and Mini release today on September 24, 2021. The new Smartphone coming from Apple hosts a new processor (A15 Bionic Chip), a substantially improved battery life and a new double camera system which is the best in the game. The iPhone 13 is a testament to not only how much technology can advance but how much it can improve in such little time seeing as the first iPhone released in June 2007.

2017
2017

https://venturebeat.com/2017/09/10/meeting-owl-is-a-smart-videoconferencing-master/
A 799 device that can be anywhere and can determine who is talking.

Tyrone Bailey

January 3, 1996
January 3, 1996

https://medium.com/people-gadgets/the-gadget-we-miss-the-motorola-startac-9bc12db9eedb
The Motorola StarTAC is considered to be the first ever flip phone and released on January 3, 1996. It was regarded by many to have amazing wearability and for it's weight for being light. Like the Motorola 8000x, it paved the way for other companies to make what we now know as flip phones today.

2021
2021

asme.org
10 Humanoid Robots of 2020 - ASME
The latest robot made is made by a Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics. The robots name is sophia and she is a social humanoid robot

Mordecai Frisby

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# data[].attributes.body
2012
2012

Oculus starts up a kickstarting making huge advancements towards the gaming and Virtual Reality industry

https://www.adroll.com/blog/growth-marketing/unrolling-oculus-from-a-kickstarter-campaign-to-a-billion-dollar-company

Victor Romero, Andrea Hernandez, Tabitha Garcia, Sem Jimenez Santos!

September 19, 2014
September 19, 2014

https://www.apple.com/newsroom/
The iPhone 6s is the most widely-sold phone sold by Apple to date. Supporting 5 different iOS updates, it was notorious for outliving many of its competitors. As the first iPhone to use 4G LTE, it revolutionized smartphone and social media culture worldwide. (Monika De Leon)

2016
2016

YouTube
How Google Deepmind AlphaGo works
Alpha GO created by Deep Mind beat world Go champion Lee Sedol over five matches

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/31/the-most-amazing-artificial-intelligence-milestones-so-far/?sh=4207df267753

Tyrone Bailey

britannica.com

britannica.com
Pascaline | technology
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pascaline

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal

(Sergio Zavala)

September 24 2021
September 24 2021

https://www.techradar.com/reviews/iphone-13

The iPhone 13, 13 Pro, and Mini release today on September 24, 2021. The new Smartphone coming from Apple hosts a new processor (A15 Bionic Chip), a substantially improved battery life and a new double camera system which is the best in the game. The iPhone 13 is a testament to not only how much technology can advance but how much it can improve in such little time seeing as the first iPhone released in June 2007.

2017
2017

https://venturebeat.com/2017/09/10/meeting-owl-is-a-smart-videoconferencing-master/
A 799 device that can be anywhere and can determine who is talking.

Tyrone Bailey

January 3, 1996
January 3, 1996

https://medium.com/people-gadgets/the-gadget-we-miss-the-motorola-startac-9bc12db9eedb
The Motorola StarTAC is considered to be the first ever flip phone and released on January 3, 1996. It was regarded by many to have amazing wearability and for it's weight for being light. Like the Motorola 8000x, it paved the way for other companies to make what we now know as flip phones today.

2021
2021

asme.org
10 Humanoid Robots of 2020 - ASME
The latest robot made is made by a Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics. The robots name is sophia and she is a social humanoid robot

Mordecai Frisby

Frank S. Baldwin invented a pinwheel calculator in the United States in 1872. For its calculating engine, a set of wheels that had an adjustable number of teeth. These wheels, also called pinwheels, could be set by using a side lever which could expose anywhere from 0 to 9 teeth, and therefore when coupled to a counter they could, at each rotation, add a number from 0 to 9 to the result.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)

March 1876
March 1876

Alexander Graham Bell created the first phone in march of 1876 winning the albert medal for inventing the phone.
(Manuel Cruz)
https://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_4.html

1942
1942

The ABC machine was worked on from 1939-1942. The machine itself was declared un-patentable but the invention provided many computer concepts that were later used for future use. The ABC machine is a critical pathway to the invention of personal computers.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

1943
1943

epocalc.net
epocalc - Desktop calculators
Curta Model 1 calculator

Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his family's manufacturing firm until 1943, when the Nazis captured him. He refines his pre-war design of a calculator incorporating a modified version of Leibniz's "stepped drum" design while imprisoned at Buchenwald concentration camp for the remainder of World War II. Herzstark's Curta made history after the war as the world's smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator.
(nadia molina )

1944
1944

Colossus was the machiune created to decipher Nazis during World War 2. Colossus reduced the time needed to break Lorenz messages, making the difference between weeks to a matter of hours. The machine was invented and used in 1944 but it went public in the 1970s.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

June 21, 1948
June 21, 1948

SSEM(Small-Scale Experimental Machine) was actually known by the more common name "Baby" and it was built to test out the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers by Williams and Kilburn. Then followed a test for the first ever computer program developed by Kilburn. It was the first computer program tested on a digital and electronic, stored-program computer.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
(Kimberly Amador)

1948
1948

https://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/units/history-of-the-calculator.php
This calculator, the curta calculator, looks more familiar to the modern age. It is the beginning of the compact calculator. It, like many of the modern ag, was capable of fitting in your pocket and could do the base operations of addition, multiplication, division, and subtraction.

(Emmanuel Estrada)

1952
1952

In 1952, British professor A.S. Douglas created OXO, an early version of the game known as tic-tac-toe, as part of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games

(Santiago Menjivar)

1954
1954

The IBM 608 was the first calculating machine to use solid-state transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The machine was housed in several large cabinets.The machine’s main memory could store 40 nine-digit numbers and could perform 4,500 additions per second, among other operations.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)
https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/11/calculating-firsts-visual-history-calculators

1954
1954

The first modern digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and then he created his seminal robotics company called Unimation.

(Mordecai Frisby)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot

1955
1955

cybernews.com
Brief History of Cybersecurity & Hacking | CyberNews
“Hacking” was first used in relation to using technical know-how back in 1955 at a meeting of the Technical Model Railroad Club. In the meeting minutes, it was used to describe how members modified the functions of their high-tech train sets.

https://cybernews.com/security/brief-history-of-cybersecurity-and-hacking/

(Gresia Cubias)

1956
1956

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
Physicist Stan Frankel develops the MINAC at Caltech. Defense contractor General Precision of the Librascope division buys Frankel's design at less than $50,000, renaming it the LGP-30. This was an early examples of a 'personal computer'.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

1956
1956

In 1956 The first industrial robot ever was invented. The Unimate was a hydraulic manipulator arm that could perform repetitive tasks. The Unimate was used by car makers to automate metalworking and welding processes. The first time it was used was in 1961, the Unimate 1900 model was unveiled to the public in Chicago during a trade show.
https://www.invent.org/blog/inventors/George-Devol-Industrial-Robot
(Manuel Soriano)

1956
1956

The Logic Theorist was initialized by Allen Newell Clif Shaw, And Herbert Simon's. Was a program that was made to mimic the solving skills of a human. The program was presented at Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. Which was hosted by John McCarthy. Unfortunately, the program failed to meet his expectations. But many considered this the first A. I program.

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/
(Eric Luna)

1957
1957

The first form of VR technology was invented by Morton Heilig in 1957. Though the device is called Sensorama so it was not considered or called virtual reality. The term virtual reality didn't come until 1987.
https://www.g2.com/articles/history-of-virtual-reality
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
Group mates: Sem, Tabitha, VR

1958
1958

aps.org
October 1958: Physicist Invents First Video Game
In October 1958, Physicist William Higinbotham created what is thought to be the first video game. It was a simple tennis game, similar to the classic 1970s video game Pong, and it was quite a hit at a Brookhaven National Laboratory open house.

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200810/physicshistory.cfm#:~:text=In October 1958, Physicist William,Brookhaven National Laboratory open house.

(Samantha Ochoa)

1958
1958

John McCarthy also known as the "Father of AI" was a computer scientist who created the word Artificial intelligence. His objective was to make a computer reason like a human.

https://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/october/john-mccarthy-obit-102511.html
( Eric Luna)

1960
1960

In 1960 the creation of the Telesphere Mask which is the first example of a head-mounted display. It was non-interactive film medium and did not have motion tracking. The headset did provide stereoscopic 3D and wide vision with stereo sound.

https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-
reality/history.html
Tabitha G, Victor R, Andrea H, Sem J

1960
1960

tutorialspoint.com
Ethical Hacking - Overview
The first known event of hacking had taken place in 1960 at MIT and at the same time, the term "Hacker" was originated.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ethical_hacking/ethical_hacking_overview.htm
(Alexis Guevara)

1961
1961
This was the First motion tracking HMD made by Corporation engineers (Comeau & Bryan) that developed the first precursor to the HMD. It incorporated a video game screen for each eye and has magnetic motion tracking system, which is would be linked to a closed circuit. It originally was not developed for VR, but it was to allow immersive remote viewing of dangerous situations in the military. Head movements would move a remote camera, allowing the user to naturally look around the environment. Headsight happen to be the first step in evolution of the VR.

February 1962
February 1962

In 1962, Steve Russell invented Spacewar. A computer-based combat video game.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games

(Paulina Flores)

1962
1962

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
Designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark, the LINC was an early example of a 'personal computer'. Biomedical research faculty from around the United States came to a workshop at MIT to build their own LINCs to bring back to their home institutions where they would be utilized. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation supplied the components and 50 original LINCS were made, later commercialized by them, was sold as the LINC-8.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

1962
1962

The first handheld calculator was a 1967 prototype called "Cal Tech". was led by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in a research project to produce a portable calculator. It could add, multiply, subtract, and divide, and its output device was a paper tape.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#:~:text=The first handheld calculator was,device was a paper tape.

nadia molina

1967
1967

In 1967, Ralph Baer and his colleagues created "Brown Box". It was a prototype for the first multiplier/ multiprogram video game system.

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/the-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games

(Paulina Flores)

1968
1968

The first VR head-mounted display is also known as The Sword of Damocles. This HMD system was invented in 1968 by student Bob Sproull and his teacher Ivan Sutherland. This system was connected to a computer. Though it was too heavy for anyone to wear and even was secured and dangling from the ceiling.
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html

1971
1971

The first major hacking came in 1971, by a vietnam vet named John Draper. He figured out a way to make free phone calls. This was later called "Phreaking". http://plaza.ufl.edu/ysmgator/projects/project2/history.html#:~:text=The first major hacking came,was later called "Phreaking".
(Mark Castaneda)

1972
1972

americanhistory.si.edu
Magnavox Odyssey Video Game Unit, 1972
The Odyssey was manufactured by Magnavox. It was a home video game based on Ralph Baer's "Brown Box".

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1302004

(Paulina Flores)

June 1972
June 1972

Nolan Bushnell developed an arcade table tennis game. It was called "Pong" and is the first commercially successful video game.

http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/4007/Atari-PONG/

(Paulina Flores)

1973
1973

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/
Kenbak-1 was one of the earliest personal computers and was advertised for $750. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. It only sold 40 machines in 1973 before Kenbak Corporation shut down.

(Miguel De La Rosa)

April, 1973
April, 1973

aarp.org
The First Cell Phone Call Was Made 45 Years Ago
Martin cooper made the first held hand phone in New York.This phone did not use any wires and uses an antenna for service.
(Manuel Cruz)
https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/first-cell-phone-call.html

1978
1978

Space Invaders was a worldwide success. Engineer and game designer Nishikado Tomohiro and manufactured by Taito Corp.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Space-Invaders

(Paulina Flores)

1980
1980

IN 1980 Bill gates and Paul Allen started microsoft to develop software for the Altair 8800, an early personal computer.
They made a deal to provide the operating system for IBM’s first personal computer

https://news.microsoft.com/announcement/microsoft-is-born/

(Luis Carrera)

1980's
1980's

The slide rule is basically a sliding stick (or discs) that uses logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division.Slide rules evolved to allow advanced trigonometry and logarithms, exponentials and square roots.
(Rubi Campos Carmona)
https://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/units/history-of-the-calculator.php

1983
1983

history.com
Video Game History
In 1983, the video game industry in North America experienced its first "crash" due to the competion games and the low quality.
Lasting a couple of years, the crash led to the bankruptcy of several home computer and video game console companies.
The video game home industry began to recover in 1985 when the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), called Famicom in Japan, came to the United States. The NES had improved 8-bit graphics, colors, sound and gameplay over previous consoles.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games#section_3

(Samantha Ochoa)

September 21, 1983
September 21, 1983

https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/1108968911/
The first ever mobile phone , the
DYNATAC 8000X, was released on September 21, 1983 by Motorola. Also known as the "Brick", it was released with a starting price $3,995 and allowed for 30 minutes of concurrent talking with a 6 hour battery life. While nothing special by today's standards (especially the pricing) the 8000x can be thanked for the start of a new wave of technology with smartphones which are used by practically everyone around the world.
(Bryan Flores-Caballero)

1987
1987

The term "Virtual Realty" was first coined by a company that released these consoles by the founder of VPL Research Jaron Lanier.

The Fascinating History And Evolution Of Extended Reality (XR)
https://www.forbes.com › sites › bernardmarr › 2021/05/17

1987
1987

Hackers hijack two Chicago TV stations and broadcast a really strange message featuring a man in a Max Headroom mask. (Mark Castaneda)
https://www.redscan.com/media/History-of-Hacking-Infographic.jpg

1989
1989

sutori.com
Top 10 Events in Video Game History
The Gameboy was the third best selling video game console in history. The invention of this console got many people into video games and the consoles that play them. The gameboy was also the first video game console that was portable and able to be played anywhere.

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/top-10-events-in-video-game-history--7VqSQUe4X6PrRwAvJgKmSjmz

(Samantha Ochoa)

1992
1992

In 1992, IBM announced the birth of the first smartphone named The "Simon Personal Communicator." It was the first mix of a cell phone and a PDA personal digital assistant which gave it it's new name "smartphone". It was priced at $899 and you could send or receive faxes, emails and it also had a Notes function – back then it wasn’t called an app. It was available for purchase in 1994.

https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/10-biggest-events-that-changed-your-smartphone-forever/photolist/61737760.cms

(Angel Cortez)

1994
1994

sutori.com
Top 10 Events in Video Game History
Due to the popularity of graphic and violent games like Doom and Mortal Kombat, many game makers came together to start a rating system for games that is similar to movie ratings. This was a direct result of the negative press associated with game violence.

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/top-10-events-in-video-game-history--7VqSQUe4X6PrRwAvJgKmSjmz

(Samantha Ochoa)

1995
1995

history.com
Video Game History
In 1995, Sega released the first 32-bit console that played games on cds, rather than cartridges.The Playstation 2, which was the first console that used DVDs, went up against the Sega Dreamcast (released in 1999), the Nintendo Gamecube (2001), and Microsoft’s Xbox

(2001).https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games#section_5

(Samantha Ochoa)

1997
1997

vrfitnessinsider.com
Beat PTSD with VR

In 1997, they used VR to treat ten volunteers who were veterans that were sufferings from PTSD. These veterans had already tried multiple treatments and none seemed to be working. It was trial and was called Virtual Vietnam. They used VR to link it with prolonged exposure therapy.

(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)

1997
1997

In 1987, the National Science Foundation launched the NSFNET. It wasn't exactly social media. A decade later, in 1997, Six Degrees, the first actual social media platform was launched.
https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/#:~:text=In 1987, the direct precursor,social media platform was launched.
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

2001
2001

In 2001 Friendster was created, it introduced users to digital communication through email, bulletin board messaging, and real time online chatting. https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/

2001
2001

online.maryville.edu
The Evolution of Social Media: How Did It Begin and Where Could It Go Next?
In 2001 Friendster was created, it introduced users to digital communication through email, bulletin board messaging, and real time online chatting.
https://online.maryville.edu/blog/evolution-social-media/
Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah

2003
2003

https://www.alltopeverything.com/best-selling-mobile-phones-in-history/
The Nokia 1100 is the best-selling and most popular smartphone to date. Selling over 255 million units, it surpasses even the iPhone 6. With call and text, dust-proof and slip-proof technology, it was THE phone to have in the early 2000s. (Monika De Leon)

August 1 2003
August 1 2003

Myspace was created.
Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe made it.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Myspace

2003
2003

The big hacker group known as Anonymous is formed through the website 4chan. (Mark Castaneda)
https://www.redscan.com/news/a-history-of-hacking/

February 2004
February 2004

Facebook was created
#zuck made it in is sophomore year. Cool.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/facebook-launches-mark-zuckerberg
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

February 14 2005
February 14 2005

Youtube was created
https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-youtube-in-photos-2015-10
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

February 14, 2005
February 14, 2005

Youtube was originally created as a dating video site, however it did not do so well with that idea, and its users instead began uploading videos of all kinds.
As a result the co-founder transformed Youtube into a free video-hosting platform. December 2005 was when it launched officially out of beta
April 2006, google buys Youtube because of a video of two boys from China lip syncing to Backstreet boys convinced a google acquisitionist to invest in the platform. She is now the CEO of Youtube.

https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-youtube-in-photos-2015-10#april-2005-based-on-the-feedback-the-cofounders-transformed-youtube-into-a-free-video-hosting-platform-where-each-clip-has-a-unique-link-however-the-story-of-how-the-cofounders-got-to-this-point-is-a-much-contested-one-3
(Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah)

July 15, 2006
July 15, 2006

history.com
Twitter launches
Twitter was created, a short messaging service to groups of people to the public, that allowed short status updates with groups of people.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/twitter-launches
Ezekiel, Sergio, Victoria, Aliah

June 2007
June 2007

June 29, 2007 marks the day when the first Apple iPhone (now known as the first-gen) was released. It was the first phone to have touch screen technology, a stark contrast from the usual stylus or button based phones. It sold 6.1 million units, and changed the way cell phones were used.

2007
2007

Google brings us Street View through a virtually projected image towards your screen via satellite images.

https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/13/21020814/google-world-mapped-street-view-earth-square-miles

Victor Romero, Tabitha Garcia, Andrea Hernandez, Sem Jimenez Santos!

July, 2007
July, 2007

en.wikipedia.org
TI-Nspire series - Wikipedia
The TI-Nspire is thought to be one of, if not the most accurate graphing calculator ever made. It is a great demonstration of technology seeing that even this calculator looks like a phone with a lot of buttons.

(Emmanuel Estrada)

April 12, 2008
April 12, 2008

Steve jobs reveals the MacBook Air in 2008
In 2008, steve jobs revealed a revolutionary personal computer. It was the world's thinnest computer at the time. It's sleek and slim design was unbelievable when also considering the fact that it was also a high performance device. (Elliot Flores)
Apple.com
Computer Timeline

November, 2008
November, 2008

The Samsung Behold SGH-T919 was the first ever smart/touchscreen phone made from Samsung in 2008. This phone was the start of the rivalry between apple and samsung i terms of smart phones and innovations.

https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_t919_behold-2587.php

(Manuel Cruz)

July 7, 2009
July 7, 2009

The first Chromebook
The chromebook maker was Jeff Nelson it all began After being mad at firefox for being to slow. The first chromebook was shipped in june, 15, 2011.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook

(Luis Carrera)

2009
2009

cisco.com
3G networks became increasingly more available by the late 2000s. Companies like T-Mobile and Verizon began to roll out new plans to accommodate the rise of new mobile apps, like Twitter and Facebook. Cellphones started to become fully mobile with these fully functional networks. (Monika De Leon)

2010
2010

https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/11/calculating-firsts-visual-history-calculators
the First Color Graphing Calculator.
it was called CASIO PRIZM because of the inventor CASIO. it is to help understand the real-world applications of the work they’re doing on their graphing calculators. it as changed the world for calculators it is easier to graph and draw 3D graphs such as planes, cylinders and spheres.
-nadia molina

April 2010
April 2010

screenrant.com
When Did First iPad Come Out & How Much Was It?
In April of 2010, Apple basically released a bigger version of their iPhone. It was priced at $499 but Apple also released Wi-Fi + 3G models, priced $130 more than the Wi-Fi-only versions.

https://screenrant.com/first-apple-ipad-release-date-price-cost-compared/

(Angel Cortez)

October 6 2010
October 6 2010

Instagram was created
This dude Kevin Systrom made it cuz he liked photography. We really went from photos to political controversy and online war.
https://www.businessinsider.com/kevin-systrom-instagram-ceo-life-rise-2018-9
(Victoria, Aliah, Ezekiel)

July 8 2011
July 8 2011

thestreet.com
History of Snapchat: Timeline and Facts
Snapchat was created by Stanford students, Evan Spiegel, Reggie Brown, and Bobby Murphy. Brown originally came wth with the idea of making an app where you could post deleted videos. The other 2 liked that idea and urged him to make the code for it. They the kicked Brown out of the group and released Snapchat that same month.

https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-snapchat

(Ezekiel, Aliah, Victoria)

2012
2012

Oculus starts up a kickstarting making huge advancements towards the gaming and Virtual Reality industry

https://www.adroll.com/blog/growth-marketing/unrolling-oculus-from-a-kickstarter-campaign-to-a-billion-dollar-company

Victor Romero, Andrea Hernandez, Tabitha Garcia, Sem Jimenez Santos!

September 19, 2014
September 19, 2014

https://www.apple.com/newsroom/
The iPhone 6s is the most widely-sold phone sold by Apple to date. Supporting 5 different iOS updates, it was notorious for outliving many of its competitors. As the first iPhone to use 4G LTE, it revolutionized smartphone and social media culture worldwide. (Monika De Leon)

2016
2016

YouTube
How Google Deepmind AlphaGo works
Alpha GO created by Deep Mind beat world Go champion Lee Sedol over five matches

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/31/the-most-amazing-artificial-intelligence-milestones-so-far/?sh=4207df267753

Tyrone Bailey

britannica.com

britannica.com
Pascaline | technology
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pascaline

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal

(Sergio Zavala)

September 24 2021
September 24 2021

https://www.techradar.com/reviews/iphone-13

The iPhone 13, 13 Pro, and Mini release today on September 24, 2021. The new Smartphone coming from Apple hosts a new processor (A15 Bionic Chip), a substantially improved battery life and a new double camera system which is the best in the game. The iPhone 13 is a testament to not only how much technology can advance but how much it can improve in such little time seeing as the first iPhone released in June 2007.

2017
2017

https://venturebeat.com/2017/09/10/meeting-owl-is-a-smart-videoconferencing-master/
A 799 device that can be anywhere and can determine who is talking.

Tyrone Bailey

January 3, 1996
January 3, 1996

https://medium.com/people-gadgets/the-gadget-we-miss-the-motorola-startac-9bc12db9eedb
The Motorola StarTAC is considered to be the first ever flip phone and released on January 3, 1996. It was regarded by many to have amazing wearability and for it's weight for being light. Like the Motorola 8000x, it paved the way for other companies to make what we now know as flip phones today.

2021
2021

asme.org
10 Humanoid Robots of 2020 - ASME
The latest robot made is made by a Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics. The robots name is sophia and she is a social humanoid robot

Mordecai Frisby

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The first form of VR technology was invented by Morton Heilig in 1957. Though the device is called Sensorama so it was not considered or called virtual reality. The term virtual reality didn't come until 1987.
https://www.g2.com/articles/history-of-virtual-reality
(Andrea Hernandez Zambrano)
Group mates: Sem, Tabitha, VR

1958
1958

aps.org
October 1958: Physicist Invents First Video Game
In October 1958, Physicist William Higinbotham created what is thought to be the first video game. It was a simple tennis game, similar to the classic 1970s video game Pong, and it was quite a hit at a Brookhaven National Laboratory open house.

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200810/physicshistory.cfm#:~:text=In%20October%201958%2C%20Physicist%20William,Brookhaven%20National%20Laboratory%20open%20house.

(Samantha Ochoa)

1958
1958

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/31/the-most-amazing-artificial-intelligence-milestones-so-far/?sh=4f8e42f77753

a race for autonomous vehicles across over 100 kilometres of off-road terrain in the Mojave desert.

Tyrone Bailey

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the hot topic of the moment in technology, and the driving force behind most of the big technological breakthroughs of recent years.

In fact, with all of the breathless hype we hear about it today, it's easy to forget that AI isn't anything all that new. Throughout the last century, it has moved out of the domain of science fiction and into the real world. The theory and the fundamental computer science which makes it possible has been around for decades.

Since the dawn of computing in the early 20 th century, scientists and engineers have understood that the eventual aim is to build machines capable of thinking and learning in the way that the human brain - the most sophisticated decision-making system in the known universe - does.

Today's cutting-edge deep learning using artificial neural networks are the current state-of-the-art, but there have been many milestones along the road which have made it possible. Here's my rundown of those that are generally considered to be the most significant.
1637 - Descartes breaks down the difference
Long before robots were even a feature of science fiction, scientist and philosopher Rene Descartes pondered the possibility that machines would one day think and make decisions. While he erroneously decided that they would never be able to talk like humans, he did identify a division between machines which might one day learn about performing one specific task, and those which might be able to adapt to any job. Today, these two fields are known as specialized and . In many ways, he set the stage for the challenge of creating AI.
1956 - The Dartmouth Conference
With the emergence of ideas such as neural networks and machine learning, Dartmouth College professor John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" and organized an intensive summer workshop bringing together leading experts in the field.

During the brainstorming session, attempts were made to lay down a framework to allow academic exploration and development of "thinking" machines to begin. Many fields which are fundamental to today's cutting-edge AI, including natural language processing, computer vision, and neural networks, were part of the agenda.
1966 - ELIZA gives computers a voice
ELIZA, developed at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum, was perhaps the world's first chatbot - and a direct ancestor of the likes of Alexa and Siri. ELIZA represented an early implementation of natural language processing, which aims to teach computers to communicate with us in human language, rather than to require us to program them in computer code, or interact through a user interface. ELIZA couldn't talk like Alexa - she communicated through text - and she wasn't capable of learning from her conversations with humans. Nevertheless, she paved the way for later efforts to break down the communication barrier between people and machines.
1980 - XCON and the rise of useful AI
Digital Equipment Corporation's XCON expert learning system was deployed in 1980 and by 1986 was credited with generating annual savings for the company of $40 million. This is significant because until this point AI systems were generally regarded as impressive technological feats with limited real-world usefulness. Now it was clear that the rollout of smart machines into business had begun - by 1985 corporations were spending $1 billion per year on AI systems.
1988 - A statistical approach
IBM researchers publish A Statistical Approach to Language Translation, introducing principles of probability into the until-then rule-driven field of machine learning. It tackled the challenge of automated translation between human languages - French and English.

This marked a switch in emphasis to designing programs to determine the probability of various outcomes based on information (data) they are trained on, rather than training them to determine rules. This is often considered to be a huge leap in terms of mimicking the cognitive processes of the human brain and forms the basis of machine learning as it is used today.
1991 - The birth of the Internet
The importance of this one can't be overstated. In 1991 CERN researcher Tim Berners-Lee put the world's first website online and published the workings of the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Computers had been connecting to share data for decades, mainly at educational institutions and large businesses. But the arrival of the worldwide web was the catalyst for society at large to plug itself into the online world. Within a few short years, millions of people from every part of the world would be connected, generating and sharing data - the fuel of AI - at a previously inconceivable rate.
1997 - Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov
IBM's chess supercomputer didn't use techniques that would be considered true AI by today's standards. Essentially it relied on "brute force" methods of calculating every possible option at high speed, rather than analyzing gameplay and learning about the game. However, it was important from a publicity point of view - drawing attention to the fact that computers were evolving very quickly and becoming increasingly competent at activities at which humans previously reigned unchallenged.
2005 - The DARPA Grand Challenge
2005 marked the second year that DARPA held its Grand Challenge - a race for autonomous vehicles across over 100 kilometers of off-road terrain in the Mojave desert. In 2004, none of the entrants managed to complete the course. The following year, however, five vehicles made their way around, with the team from Stanford University taking the prize for the fastest time.

The race was designed to spur the development of autonomous driving technology, and it certainly did that. By 2007, a simulated urban environment had been constructed for vehicles to navigate, meaning they had to be able to deal with traffic regulations and other moving vehicles.
2011 - IBM Watson's Jeopardy! Victory
Cognitive computing engine Watson faced off against champion players of the TV game show Jeopardy!, defeating them and claiming a $1 million prize. This was significant because while Deep Blue had proven over a decade previously that a game where moves could be described mathematically, like chess could be conquered through brute force, the concept of a computer beating humans at a language based, the creative-thinking game was unheard of.
2012 - The true power of deep learning is unveiled to the world - computers learn to identify cats
Researchers at Stanford and Google including Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng publish their paper Building High-Level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning, building on previous research into multilayer neural nets known as deep neural networks.

Their research explored unsupervised learning, which does away with the expensive and time-consuming task of manually labeling data before it can be used to train machine learning algorithms. It would accelerate the pace of AI development and open up a new world of possibilities when it came to building machines to do work which until then could only be done by humans.

Specifically, they singled out the fact that their system had become highly competent at recognizing pictures of cats.

The paper described a model which would enable an artificial network to be built containing around one billion connections. It also conceded that while this was a significant step towards building an "artificial brain," there was still some way to go - with neurons in a human brain thought to be joined by a network of around 10 trillion connectors.
2015 - Machines "see" better than humans
Researchers studying the annual ImageNet challenge - where algorithms compete to show their proficiency in recognizing and describing a library of 1,000 images - declare that machines are now outperforming humans.

Since the contest was launched in 2010, the accuracy rate of the winning algorithm increased from 71.8% to 97.3% - promoting researchers to declare that computers could identify objects in visual data more accurately than humans.
2016 - AlphaGo goes where no machine has gone before
Gameplay has long been a chosen method for demonstrating the abilities of thinking machines, and the trend continued to make headlines in 2016 when AlphaGo, created by Deep Mind (now a Google subsidiary) defeated world Go champion Lee Sedol over five matches. Although Go moves can be described mathematically, the sheer number of the variations of the game that can be played - there are over 100,000 possible opening moves in Go, compared to 400 in Chess) make the brute force approach impractical. AlphaGo used neural networks to study the game and learn as it played.
2018 - Self-driving cars hit the roads
The development of self-driving cars is a headline use case for today's VR - the application which has captured the public imagination more than any other. Like the AI that powers them, they aren't something which has emerged overnight, despite how it may appear to someone who hasn't been following technology trends. General Motors predicted the eventual arrival of driverless vehicles at the 1939 World's Fair. The Stanford Cart - originally built to explore how lunar vehicles might function, then repurposed as an autonomous road vehicle - was debuted in 1961.

But there can be no doubt that 2018 marked a significant milestone, with the launch of Google spin-off Waymo's self-driving taxi service in Phoenix, Arizona. The first commercial autonomous vehicle hire service, Waymo One is currently in use by 400 members of the public who pay to be driven to their schools and workplaces within a 100 square mile area.

While human operators currently ride with every vehicle, to monitor their performance and take the controls in case of emergency, this undoubtedly marks a significant step towards a future where self-driving cars will be a reality for all of us.

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The Most Amazing Artificial Intelligence Milestones So Far

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the hot topic of the moment in technology, and the driving force behind most of the big technological breakthroughs of recent years. In fact, with all of the breathless hype we hear about it today, it's easy to forget that AI isn't anything all that new.