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Ang mga Sumerians ay naimbento ang pinakaunang sistema ng pagsusulat at tinawag nila ito Cuneiform.

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Kahit na unlikely na-naimbento ng mga Sumerian ang mga sasakyan na may gulong,most likely naimbento nila ang chariot,isang karwahe na minamaneho ng isang tao at hinihila ng mga kabayo.
Lei Abril CN 1

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Ang mga Sumerian ay naimbento ng mga sistema ng pagnunumero batay sa mga yunit ng 60, Ang kanilang imbensyon ay nakatulong sa paghahanap ng matematika sa mga darating na taon.

Anne Bermejo CN 5 7-Magbanua

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Ang mga Sumerians ay gumamit ng Cacao bilang unang pamalit ng kalakal.  Dahil dito, sila ang unang naka-imbento ng unang paraan ng pagpapalitan o pakikipagkalakalan.

CN#3 - Kate Gillian M. Banaag
7-Agoncillo

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Ang mga Sumerians ang nakapag imbento ng beer. Noong sinaunang panahon, ito ay tinatawag bilang "divine drink"

Lilianne Joy C. De Leon
7-Agoncillo
CN 9

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Mula sa pagkakaimbento ng mga Sumerian sa gulong, mas napadali ang pagbubuhat ng mga bagay at mas napadali ang paggawa. Sa pagkatuklas nila ng gulong, naimbento nila ang unang karwahe.

CN 10
Erin Sofia A. Demetillo
7-Agoncillo

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Sila ay magaling sa mga pagagawa ng gusali, bahay, at marami pang iba. Ang mga Sumer ay nakapagunlad rin nito. Ang halimbawa nito ay ang Ziggurat. Ito ay ang Simbahan ng mga Sumer.

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Ginawa ng mga Sumerian ang araro, ito ay tumulong sa kanila sa pagsasaka. Gumawa din sila ng mga instruksiyon na nagsasabi kung paano gamitin ang iba't ibang klase nito.

Andrea T. Badillo
CN 2
7 - Agoncillo

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Alyssa Angel V. Hernandez, CN 14
Sabi po nila halos madami ang na ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus katulad ng mga asa video na eto, https://youtu.be/m7XIr1iAREk

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AMBAG NG KABIHASNANG INDUS/KONTRIBUSYON NG INDUS/AMBAG NG INDUS/SINAUNANG KABIHASNAN/AP 7

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Pinaniniwalaan ng mga eksperto na ang mga mangangalakal ang unang gumamit ng pagsulat ng Indus. Gumamit sila ng "pictogram", pagbibigay ng representasyon sa isang bagay sa anyong larawan, bilang paraan ng pagsulat.

Kiara Easabela Gonzales
7- Magbanua
CN 14

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Ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus: Standard Money system (CN 18,)

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Ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus: Standard Money system (CN 18,)

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Standard Money system sa pamamagitan ng scales and weight sa pagtimbang ng mga grains

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scales and weights for measuring grains indus

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Ang Wikang Sanskrito ay isang sinauna at klasikong wika ng Indiya. Ang wikang ito ay pangunahing ginagamit sa liturhiya ng mga relihiyong Hinduismo, Budismo at Jainismo. Ito rin ay isa sa 22 dalawang opisyal na wika ng Indiya.

Reference:
https://prezi.com/frbykwg-fl0r/ambag-ng-kabihasnang-indus/

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Annika Rhian Sachi T. Dimayuga
CN: 11

Bronze Age civilization ay isang patunay na walang handog ang buhay ng isang sinaunang tao

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Kabihasnang Indus/Harrapa 'Ang panahon ng tanso' (Bronze Age Civilization)

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Ang Paring Hari ay natagpuan noong 1927, ang mga pari noon ay naging hari dahil sila ay may relasyon sa diyos. Upang makipag usap sa diyos ginagamit mga buto.

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#13 Akisha P. Gellado // 7- Magbanua

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Ambag ng Kabihasang Indus: Mga Selyo o "Seals"

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Ambag ng Kabihasang Indus: Mga Selyo o "Seals"

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Ang Indus ay kilala sa kanilang mga ukit ng selyo, na ginawa ang ilan sa mga una at pinaka masalimuot. Ginamit nila ang mga ito upang maayos na matukoy at maberipika ang pagiging lehitimo ng kanilang mga kalakal sa pangangalakal.

References:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations

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Ang unang stepwell na natagpuan sa Indus Valley ay tatlong beses na mas malaki kaysa sa sikat na Great Bath sa Mohenjo Daro. Natagpuan ito mga 5,000 taon na ang nakalilipas.

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Khailee Alexa N. Maglonzo
7-Kasilag
CN: 20

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Ang mga Indus ay kilala din sa advance at magaling  na drainage system. Madaming mga bahay at mga lugar noon ay may access sa tubig kaya ito ay madali.

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7-Agoncillo
Dana G. Gabriel
CN: 13

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Ang mga naninirahan rito ay bihasa sa pottery o paggawa ng mga palayok.

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Mohenjo-daro, group of mounds and ruins on the right bank of the Indus River, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Indus, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Sukkur. The site contains the remnants of one of two main centres of the ancient Indus Civilization  (c. 2500–1700 BCE), the other one being Harappa, some 400 miles (640 km) to the northwest in Pakistan’s Punjab province.
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mohenjo-daro
Maria Andrea F. Herrera
CN 15
7 - Agoncillo

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Ang Mahabharata ay isa sa dalawang pinakamahalagang sinaunangepiko ng India, bukod sa Ramayana. Tinipon sa sinaunang India ang Mahabarata. Pinaniniwalaang si Vyasa, isang rishi o taong paham, ang kumatha ng akdang ito. Nilalahad ng alamat na isinulat ito ng diyos na si Ganesh habang dinikta o sinambit naman ito ni Vyasa. Sinasabing ang Mahabharata ang pinakamahabang akda sa uri nito sa buong mundo.
Source:
https://prezi.com/frbykwg-fl0r/ambag-ng-kabihasnang-indus/?frame=603519c6d2cb06384d93e4b3fd252df89f909c9a
Angela Elise B. Lim
CN 17
7-Agoncillo

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Tansong Teknolohiya - Danielle Paz, CN 24

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Tansong Teknolohiya - Danielle Paz, CN 24

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Ang tansong dati sa Dinastiyang Shang ay inilalarawan bilang sign ng kapangyarihan at kayamanan. Ang tanso ay ginamit ng sinumang may antas ng kapangyarihan sa kaharian,  at ginamit ito bilang mga sandata o mga bagay na seremonyal.

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Ang oracle bones ay ang piraso ng mga buto o talukap ng pagong na ginagamit sa panghuhula kapag iniinit o binabasag. Ang seremonya ng panghuhula ng oracle bone ay isang paraan upang humingi ng patnubay mula sa mga diyos o mga ninuno.

Daniella Aliyah C. Tolentino
7- Magbanua
CN 32

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Ang mga Shang chariots ay karaniwang iginuhit ng isang pares ng mga kabayo, na mga maliliit na pandak na nilalang na kinokontrol ng isang tali at kagat, na nagbago sa mga bersyon ng katad at pagkatapos ay tanso. Ang mga karo ay may dalawang gulong, na maaaring hanggang 1.5 m (5 ft) ang diyametro na may 18 spokes ang pinakakaraniwang bilang.

Anna Margarita P. Panganiban
7-Magbanua
CN 23

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Ang magnetic compass ay pinakaunang compass na naimbento. Inimbento  ito noong 1100s at unang nakita ito sa kabihasnang Shang. Ito ay gamit na may magnetic needle na tumutuktok sa hilaga o sa timog ng di nag-laon ay ginamit ng mga eksplorador sa karagatan. Binubuo ito ng isang platong yari sa bronze at hugis kutsarang pantuno na may katangiang magnetiko. Kahit marami nang teknolohiya ang naimbento sa kasalukuyan, may mga mandaragat pa ring gumagamit nito upang malaman nila ang kanilang direksyon.

Rianne Ribas
7 - Magbanua
CN 28

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Ang calligraphy ay sistema ng kanilang pagsulat na nagsilbi taga pag-isa sa mga Tsino.

Ariahna Praia Recodo
CN 28
7 - Agoncillo

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Sa dinastiyang Shang at partikular sa Anyang, ang craft ng jade carving ay gumawa ng isang kapansin-pansing pagsulong. Ang mga seremonyal na armas at mga kasangkapan para sa mga sandatang tanso ay inukit mula sa jade; Kasama sa mga ritwal ng Jade ang mga simbolo ng bi, cong, at ranggo.

Dorothea Isabelle J. Ramos
CN 26
7-Agoncillo

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Ang Shang royal court at mga aristokrata ay nangangailangan ng napakaraming iba't ibang bronze vessel para sa iba't ibang seremonyal na layunin at mga kaganapan ng relihiyon. Isa sa mga layunin ng 'Ding' ay isang ritwal na sisidlan para sa lutong pagkain na may bilog na katawan at tatlong paa.

CN 25
Arianna T. Pocdalen
7-Magbanua

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Ang bronze spearheads ay nilikha at ginamit para sa pangangaso sa kabihasnang Shang. Sa paglipas ng panahon, ito ay ginamit bilang sandata para sa mga digmaan. Ang mga ito ay may iba't ibang hugis at haba.

Patricia Sese
7-Magbanua
CN 31

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ang sumerians nakabuo ng isang kumplikadong sistema ng sipnayan.

cn#4 ysabella kyneshi c. balbuena
7 - magbanua

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Ang mga taong Sumer ay gumawa ng kalendaryo na nakabatay sa pagbabago ng buwan sa kalangitan. Ito ay may labing-dalawang (12) buwan at tatlong daan at limampu't apat (354) na lunar cycles, ito ay niro-round up sa tatlong daan at anim napung (360) araw. Nagdaragdag silan ng isang buwan kada apat na taon, na tinatawag ngayon na leap year. Ang bawat buwan ay binubuo ng tatlumpong (30) araw.

Sources: https://www.livingwiththemoon.com/origins-of-the-calendar/
https://www.crystalinks.com/sumercalendars.html

CN4 Sophia Baeyens
7-Kasilag

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Maraming sibilisasyon ang gumagawa ng pottery ngunit mahirap ito dahil gawa ito pamamagitan ng kamay. Ang Sumerians ay gumawa ng "turning wheel" o umiikot na gulong. Dahil dito, naging mas-madali and paggawa ng pottery.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-
inventions-mesopotamia

CN 6 Ashley Burgos
7-Kasilag

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Ang bronze casting at pottery ng Chinese ay sumulong sa panahon ng Shang dynasty, na ang bronze ay karaniwang ginagamit para sa ritually makabuluhang, sa halip na pangunahing utilitarian, mga item. Hanggang sa c. 1500 BC, ang maagang dinastiyang Shang ay nakikibahagi sa malakihang produksyon ng mga bronze-ware na sisidlan at armas.

CN 23 , 7-Kasilag , Julia Mangahas

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9 na bagay na hindi natin alam patungkol sa kabihasnang Sumer 

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9 na bagay na hindi natin alam patungkol sa kabihasnang Sumer 

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1. Ang isang malaking siyudad sa panahong Sumer ay umaabot sa 80,000 na katao.
2. Isa sa mga namuno sa panahong Sumer ay isang babae.
3. Ang mga estado sa panahon ng Sumer ay madalas ang digmaan.
4. Mahilig sa beer ang mga Sumerians.
5. Ang panunulat ng Cuneiform ay  ginamit ng humigit sa 3000 na taon.
6. Ang mga mangangalakal na Sumerians ay mapaglakbay.
7. Ang mga sa epikong Gilgamesh ay maaring hango sa isang kilalang Sumerian.
8. Ang mathematikong Sumerian at mga pagsukat ay ginagamit pa rin hanggang ngayon.
9. Ang kasaysayang Sumerian ay natuklasan lamang pagdating ng ika-19 na siglo.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-ancient-sumerians

7-Kasilag
10 Caitryna De Asa

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1. One of the larger Sumerian cities may have had 80,000 residents.

The origins of Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia are still debated today, but archaeological evidence indicates that they established roughly a dozen city-states by the fourth millennium B.C. These usually consisted of a walled metropolis dominated by a ziggurat-the tiered, pyramid-like temples associated with the Sumerian religion.

Homes were constructed from bundled marsh reeds or mud bricks, and complex irrigation canals were dug to harness the silt-laden waters of the Tigris and Euphrates for farming. Major Sumerian city-states included Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash, and Kish, but one of the oldest and most sprawling was Uruk, a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and a population of between 40,000 and 80,000.

At its peak around 2800 B.C., it was most likely the largest city in the world.

2. The list of Sumerian rulers includes one woman.

One of the greatest sources of information on ancient Mesopotamia is the so-called "King List," a clay tablet that documents the names of most of the ancient rulers of Sumer as well as the lengths of their reigns. The list is a strange blend of historical fact and myth-one early king is said to have lived for 43,200 years-but it also includes Sumer's lone female monarch in the form of Kubaba, a "woman tavern-keeper" who supposedly took the throne in the city-state of Kish sometime around 2500 B.C.

Very little is known about Kubaba's reign or how she came to power, but the list credits her with making "firm the foundations of Kish" and forging a dynasty that lasted 100 years.

3. The Sumerian city-states were often at war with one another.

Even though they shared a common language and cultural traditions, the Sumerian city-states engaged in near-constant wars that resulted in several different dynasties and kingships. The first of these conflicts known to history concerns King Eannatum of Lagash, who defeated the rival city-state of Umma in a border dispute sometime around 2450 B.C.

To commemorate his victory, Eannatum constructed the so-called "Stele of the Vultures," a grisly limestone monument that depicts birds feasting on the flesh of his fallen enemies. Under Eannatum, Lagash went on to conquer the whole of Sumer, but it was just one of several city-states that held sway over Mesopotamia during its history.

The infighting led to several military advancements-the Sumerians may have invented the phalanx formation and siege warfare-but it also left them vulnerable to invasions by outside forces. During the latter stages of their history, they were attacked or conquered by the Elamites, Akkadians and Gutians.

4. The Sumerians were famously fond of beer.

Along with inventing writing, the plow, law codes, and literature, the Sumerians are also remembered as some of history's original brewers. Archaeologists have found evidence of Mesopotamian beer-making dating back to the fourth millennium B.C.

The brewing techniques they used are still a mystery, but their preferred ale seems to have been a barley-based concoction so thick that it had to be sipped through a special kind of filtration straw. The Sumerians prized their beer for its nutrient-rich ingredients and hailed it as the key to a "joyful heart and a contented liver."

There was even a Sumerian goddess of brewing called "Ninkasi," who is celebrated in a famous hymn as the "one who waters the malt set on the ground."

5. Cuneiform writing was used for over 3,000 years.

The Sumerian invention of cuneiform-a Latin term literally meaning "wedge-shaped"- dates to sometime around 3400 B.C. In its most sophisticated form, it consisted of several hundred characters that ancient scribes used to write words or syllables on wet clay tablets with a reed stylus. The tablets were then baked or left in the sun to harden.

The Sumerians seem to have first developed cuneiform for the mundane purposes of keeping accounts and records of business transactions, but over time it blossomed into a full-fledged writing system used for everything from poetry and history to law codes and literature. Since the script could be adapted to multiple languages, it was later used over the course of several millennia by more than a dozen different cultures.

In fact, archaeologists have found evidence that Near East astronomical texts were still being written in cuneiform as recently as the first century A.D.

6. The Sumerians were well-traveled trade merchants.

Since their homeland was largely devoid of timber, stone, and minerals, the Sumerians were forced to create one of history's earliest trade networks over both land and sea. Their most important commercial partner may have been the island of Dilmun (present-day Bahrain), which held a monopoly on the copper trade, but their merchants also undertook months-long journeys to Anatolia and Lebanon to gather cedar wood and to Oman and the Indus Valley for gold and gemstones.

The Sumerians were particularly fond of lapis lazuli-a blue-colored precious stone used in art and jewelry-and there is evidence that they may have roamed as far as Afghanistan to obtain it. Historians have also suggested that Sumerian references to two ancient trading lands known as "Magan" and "Meluhha" may refer to Egypt and Ethiopia.

7. The hero of the Epic of Gilgamesh was probably a real Sumerian historical figure.

One of the crowning achievements of Mesopotamian literature is the "Epic of Gilgamesh," a 3,000-line poem that follows the adventures of a Sumerian king as he battles a forest monster and quests after the secret of eternal life. While the poem's hero is a demigod with Hercules-like strength, most scholars believe he is based on an actual king who served as the fifth ruler of the city of Uruk.

The historical Gilgamesh appears on the Sumerian "King List" and is thought to have lived sometime around 2700 B.C. Few contemporary accounts of his reign have survived to today, but archaeologists have found inscriptions that credit him with building Uruk's massive defensive walls and restoring a temple to the goddess Ninhil. This suggests that he may have been a real ruler whose deeds were later repurposed as myth.

8. Sumerian mathematics and measurements are still used today.

The origins of the sixty-second minute and sixty-minute hour can be traced all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia. In the same way that modern mathematics is a decimal system based on the number ten, the Sumerians mainly used a sexigesimal structure that was based around groupings of 60. This easily divisible number system was later adopted by the ancient Babylonians, who used it to make astronomical calculations on the lengths of the months and the year.

Base-60 eventually fell out of use, but its legacy still lives on in the measurements of both the hour and the minute. The division of time into 60 units per hour and 60 seconds per minute can be attributed to this ancient system. Other remnants of the Sumerian sexigesimal system have also survived in the form of spatial measurements, such as the division of a circle into 360 degrees and the use of 12 inches in a foot.

9. Sumerian culture was lost to history until the 19th century.

After Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites and Babylonians in the early second millennium B.C., the Sumerians gradually lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a political force. All knowledge of their history, language, and technology-even their name-was eventually forgotten. Their secrets remained buried in the deserts of Iraq until the 19th century when French and British archaeologists finally stumbled upon Sumerian artifacts while hunting for evidence of the ancient Assyrians.

Scholars such as Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, Julius Oppert, and Paul Haupt later took the lead in deciphering the Sumerian language and cuneiform, providing historians with their first-ever glimpse of the long-lost history and literature of early Mesopotamia. The decipherment of Sumerian cuneiform opened the door to a wealth of information that had been locked away for millennia.

Since then, archaeologists have recovered numerous pieces of Sumerian art, pottery, and sculpture, as well as an astonishing number of clay tablets, estimated to be around 500,000 in total. However, the vast majority of these clay tablets have yet to be fully translated and studied, holding the potential for even more insights into the Sumerian civilization.

The exploration and ongoing study of Sumerian artifacts and texts continue to shed light on this ancient civilization and its significant contributions to human history.

Fact Check

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9 Things You May Not Know About the Ancient Sumerians | HISTORY

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Check out nine fascinating facts about one of the earliest sophisticated civilizations known to history.

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Ang oracle bones ay mga piraso ng mga buto o talukapang pagong na ginagamit sa panghuhula kapag iniinit at binabasag. Tipikal itongginamit sa mga ritwal ng dinastiyang Shang sa Tsina at pagkatapos, tipikal nanakasulat ang panghuhula, na kilala bilang kasultang butong orakulo 

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Ang oracle bones ay mga piraso ng mga buto o talukapang pagong na ginagamit sa panghuhula kapag iniinit at binabasag. Tipikal itongginamit sa mga ritwal ng dinastiyang Shang sa Tsina at pagkatapos, tipikal nanakasulat ang panghuhula, na kilala bilang kasultang butong orakulo 

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CN 31, 7-Kasilag, Cristine Louise Villado

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Isa sa mahalagang ambag ng mga Tsino ay ang telang seda.  Ang telang ito ay maganda at matibay na hanggang ngayon ay ginagamit para sa kasutan hindi lang para sa mga mayayaman kundi para sa mga taong nais ang komportable, maganda at matibay na damit.

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Isa sa mahalagang ambag ng mga Tsino ay ang telang seda.  Ang telang ito ay maganda at matibay na hanggang ngayon ay ginagamit para sa kasutan hindi lang para sa mga mayayaman kundi para sa mga taong nais ang komportable, maganda at matibay na damit.

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Calligraphy ang sistema ng kanilang pagsulat na nagsilbing taga pag-isa sa mga Tsino. Ginagamit na simbolo ng pagsulat ang mga oracle bone. Ang pagsusulat na ito ay naging mahalagang kulturang Tsino sa iniangat pa nila sa isang sining na pagsusulat na tinatawag na calligraphy.

Reference:
https://aralingasya.blogspot.com/2014/10/kabihasnang-shang-ang-shang-ay-dating.html
https://www.slideshare.net/

Marthena Olivia L. Velardo
7-Magbanua
CN 33

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Isang Ancient vase na nagpapakita ng pamamaraan ng paghahabi ng tela. Ang bulak ay hinahabi para maging tela. 

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21 Keisha Zhay B. Noble
7-Magbanua

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"Pictograph" ay isang sistema ng pagsusulat na ginamit ng mga taga-Kabihasnang Sumer. Ginagamit ito sa paraan ng pag guhit ng mga iba't ibang mga hugis na itinuturi nilang mga salita.

Source:
https://pagsulite.blogspot.com/2021/09/pictograph-ay-isang-sistema-ng-pagsulat.html
https://www.slideshare.net/ZemAndreiZamora/mga-kontribusyon-ng-mga-sinaunang-kabihasnan

CN 09, Precious Ashley Cuevas, 7-Magbanua

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Ang Kabihasnang Indus Valley ay tanyag sa pagkatuklas ng iba't ibang paraan ng pagluluto. Sa pagkakaroon ng iba't ibang pagkain tulad ng trigo, barley, sesamum, gisantes, at iba pang mga pulso, ang mga paraan ng pagluluto ay kailangang matuklasan upang lutuin ang mga ito. Niluto ang mga ito gamit ang underground at overground mud oven.

7-Magbanua
15 Miranda Jaeda D. Guevarra

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Kabihasnang Indus - Sistema ng Pagsusulat

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Kabihasnang Indus - Sistema ng Pagsusulat

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Ang sistema ng pagsulat na unang ginamit ng mga Indus ay pictogram. Mayroon itong simbolo at larawan ng mga hayop na nakaukit sa luwad. Ngunit ang kahulugan ng mga simbolong ito ay hindi pa alam. Naniniwala ang mga eksperto na ang ito ay konektado sa kanilang mga pangangalakal.

17 Lopez, Marguerite Isabelle V.
7-Magbanua

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Ang mga taong Sumer ay nag-diskubre nang systema ng pagsusulat.  

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Ang mga taong Sumer ay nag-diskubre nang systema ng pagsusulat.  

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CN8 Cass Cortez
7-Magbanua

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Madami po ang kontribusyon ng kabihasang indus pinapaliwagan din ang kontribusyon ng mga ibang kabihasnan. Pinapaliwanang ng mabuti at maayos sa video na ito.

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Mga Kontribusyon ng Sinaunang Kabihasnan (Sumer, Indus, Shang) ||Quarter 2 -Module 3

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Ang oracle bone ay buto ng pagong na ginamit sa China, ginamit ito para sa mga ritual at panghuhula  ("divination").

CN 24
Irish Nicole A. Manuel
7-Kasilag

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 This axe was used in hand-to-hand combat and was also a ritual object symbolizing power and military authority. The tomb it came from likely belonged to a man

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The influence of the Early Shang extended hundreds of kilometers away from the capital, and many of the Shang bronze techniques diffused over large areas.

start superscript, end superscript

The Shang in turn adopted skills, ideas, and even crops from some neighboring societies, such as wheat and axes, which may have come from Western Asia.

start superscript,  end superscript

However—because natural barriers like the ocean, mountain ranges, deserts, and steppes kept the Shang in relative isolation—the Shang dynasty as well as later dynasties evolved in unique and insular ways.

CN 25
Janine T. Medalla
7-Kasilag

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Ang mga bangka ay naimbento para dito upang mapalawak ang kalakalang Sumerian. Ginamit ang kahoy at papyrus sa paggawa ng magaan na mga bangka para madaling makagalaw sa tubig. Ang mga layag ay binigyan ng parisukat na hugis na gawa sa lino. Para sa labanan, ang mga platform ay itinaas upang ang mga arrow ay maitutok sa kalaban nang mas tumpak. Binago ng imbensyon na ito noong 1300 BC ang mukha ng kalakalan at digmaan, at nagawang isulong ng mga Sumerian ang kanilang ekonomiya at magbigay ng proteksyon para sa kanilang mga tao.

Source:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-10-sumerian-inventions-followed-many-civilizations/#5_The_Sailboat

CN 01 Gabrielle Agustin, 7-Kasilag

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Ang mga buto ng oracle ay mga piraso ng ox scapula at turtle plastron, na ginamit para sa pyromancy – isang anyo ng panghuhula – sa sinaunang Tsina, pangunahin

Amber Rawashdeh, CN27, 7 - Agoncillo

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Ang pagsusulat ng calligraphy ay mahalagang bagay sa kultura ng Tsino dahil na din ito ang nagsilbing tagapagisa sa mga Tsino sa kabila ng iba iba nilang wika.

CN 34
7-Magbanua
Sasha Victoria V. Yulo

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Nahihirapan magtanim ang mga magsasaka dahil hindi sila nagtutubo na magaling. Ito ay dahil hindi nag-uulan na malakas at wala silang mabuting “source” para sa tubig.

Pero nag-isip sila ng isang ideya. Tuwing tagsibol (spring) laging mayroon baha na nanggaling sa ilog ng Tigris at Euphrates, at itong baha ay nag iiwan ng panibagong lupa at mga “levees”. Numalaki nila ito na ang hitsura ay isang maliit na bundok o talampas.

Ginawa nila ito para ikontrolin nila ang daloy ng tubig.

sources:

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Irrigation-Systems-Ancient.html

https://sites.google.com/site/ishikag610/home/the-calendar-and-the-system-of-irrigation

Ariana Amorin CN: 1, 7-Magbanua

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Access Google Sites with a personal Google account or Google Workspace account (for business use).

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Ang pag inbento ng bronze work at ang pag craft nito ay mahalagang bagay sa unang panahon dahil maraming tao ay namumuhay sa pag benta nito hangang ngayon ang mga ganitong mga trabaho ay ginagamit pa din ang mga ibang mga trabaho ay nasa museum para makita ng tao kung saan nag simula ang metal works or bronze works.

CN 30
7- Kasilag
Lauryn Samonte

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Ang mga buto ng oracle ay mga piraso ng ox scapula at turtle plastron, na ginamit para sa pyromancy – isang anyo ng panghuhula – sa sinaunang Tsina, pangunahin noong huling bahagi ng Shang dynasty. Ang scapulimancy ay ang tamang termino kung ginamit ang ox scapulae para sa panghuhula, plastromancy kung plastron ng pagong ang ginamit. Ang mga oracle bones ay mahahalagang tuklas na may kaugnayan sa pagsulat at kasaysayan ng Tsino. Ang mga inskripsiyon ay maagang Chinese script na nakikilala bilang isang nakasulat na wika.

CN 28
7-Kasilag
Samantha Lorinne P. Rodriguez

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Natagpuan din sa Sumer and selyong Harappan na may pictogram na representasyon ng isang bagay sa anyong larawan. Dahil ditp, inaakalan ginamit ang selyong ito upang kilalanin ang mga paninda. Patunay lamang ang kalakalan sa pagitan ng dalawang kabihasnan noon pa mang 2300 B.C.E.

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"Algebra" prinsipyong ito ng matematika, ginamit ang sistema ng pagbilang na nakabatay sa 60, paghahati o fraction, gayundin ang square root.

Source: https://pt.slideshare.net/qwertyna_bananaaa/sinaunang-kabihasnan-ng-sumer/5

CN9 Simone Cruz
7-Kasilag

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Kabilang sa iba't ibang ginto, terakota, at mga pigurin na bato na natagpuan ay isang pigura ng isang pari-hari na nagpapakita ng balbas at may pattern na damit. Ang isa pang figurine na bronze, na kilala bilang Dancing Girl, ay 11 sentimetro lamang ang taas at nagpapakita ng isang babaeng pigura sa isang pose na nagmumungkahi ng pagkakaroon ng ilang koreograpong porma ng sayaw na tinatangkilik ng mga miyembro ng sibilisasyon.

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Ang kalendaryo ng Sumerian ay lunisolar, na ibig sabihin ay ang haba ng taon ay sinusubaybayan ang Araw, habang ang mga buwan ay sinusubaybayan ang buwan. Ang mga araw ay idinaragdag mula sa paglubog ng araw hanggang paglubog ng araw, sa halip na hatinggabi.

Source: https://www.theishtargate.com/calendar.html

CN 7 Julianna Canda
7-Kasilag

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Ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus: Sewage system at plumbing

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Ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus: Sewage system at plumbing

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ALothal_-_ancient_well.jpg&psig=AOvVaw0ssBlipJNkFiONFlbAJ5Fh&ust=1637373704992000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCPjJ4sOqo_QCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Ang mga tao galing sa Indus ay naggawa ang mg canal sa panahon nila. 21 Kasilag Mamaril Audrey

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Ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus: Harrapan Weight System

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Ambag ng Kabihasnang Indus: Harrapan Weight System

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Sa Indus Valley may nahanap silang mga bato na sinasabing gamit na pangtimbang. Kinakailangan ng weighing scale para magamit ito ng tama.

7 - Kasilag
CN 12

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Ang monarkiya ay isang sistemang pampulitika kung saan ang pinakamataas na awtoridad ay binigay sa monarch, isang indibidwal na pinuno na nagsisilbing pinuno ng estado. Ito ay karaniwang gumaganap bilang isang politikal-administratibong organisasyon at bilang isang panlipunang grupo ng mga maharlika na kilala bilang "court society."

Information source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/monarchy

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 a well-structured living area and housing

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Ang mga pabahay at ang mga lugar nila ay ginawa sa isang mahusay na istraktura. Gumamit sila ng pare-parehong laki ng baked brick at kalamansi para sa pagtatayo.

Ang pagpaplano ng lungsod sa panahong iyon ay may mga moisture-resistant na brick na ginawang maganda ang pagkakaplano sa mga bahay at sa buong lungsod.

Mahusay ang pagkakaplano nila sa mga lungsod sa Indus Valley. Ang mga lugar ng tirahan ay inilagay sa matataas na lupain, at ang paglalagay ng imbakan ng tubig ay ginawa sa mas mababang lupain.

Ang mga istrukturang perpektong pinananatili kasama ang mahusay na kalinisan at ang plano sa arkitektura ay ipinakita at ginagamit pangunahin sa mga pangunahing lugar tulad ng mga banyo. Ang mga drain ay direktang konektado sa gitnang conduit ng kalye, at maraming mga bahay ang may mga balon din.

-22 Raine Orquina 7-Magbanua

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house structures of the civilization of indus.PNG

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Ang Pinagsaping Lipunan - Cecilia Pante, CN 23

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Ang Pinagsaping Lipunan - Cecilia Pante, CN 23

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Ang Kabihasnang Shang ay gumamit ng pinagsaping lipunan at gobyerno. Ang mga tungkulin at trabaho ng mga tao ay dinalubhasa ayon sa ranko. Ang kanilang pag-ibento ng sariling sistema ng pagsulat ay tumulong sa kanilang pag-gobyerno sa tao dahil mas madaling i-dokumento ang tao, benta, lugar, at iba pa.

source:
https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/the_shang_dynasty_1600_to_1050_bce#:~:text=The%20Shang%20made%20many%20contributions,and%20bronze%20weapons%20in%20warfare.

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Selena Lai and Waka Takahashi Brown
November 2006
available in PDF format ( 180.78 KB )

Excerpt from Chinese Dynasties Part One: The Shang Dynasty Through the Tang Dynasty, 1600 BCE to 907 CE

The Shang Dynasty marked the middle of China's Bronze Age and was a dynasty that made great contributions to Chinese civilization. Scholars do not fully agree on the dates and details of the earliest Chinese dynasties, but most accept that the Shang Dynasty is the first one to have left behind written records and solid archaeological evidence of its existence. The Shang is the second dynasty of the Three Dynasties Period. Legends speak of the earlier Xia dynasty, but no written records from that time have been found to confirm this. Even though texts written later than the Shang Dynasty mention the Xia Dynasty, Western scholars argue that they are not enough to prove it truly existed. Therefore, most Western scholars regard the legendary Xia as an early civilization that existed between the Neolithic and Shang cultures. But many Chinese scholars firmly believe that the Xia did indeed exist even if written records have never been found.

Because the Three Dynasties' civilization occupied the Yellow River valley, this geographic area is often called the birthplace or cradle of Chinese civilization. While this is true in some regard, one must keep in mind that the Shang was but one of several contemporary civilizations in China. ¹ It may have been the only one with written records, but that does not mean it was the only one in existence. More recently discovered archaeological sites far away from the Yellow River valley reveal distinctly different cultures from the Shang, and scholars are now trying to determine how much these cultures influenced each other.

Oracle Bones

Before the discovery of the Shang oracle bones and the interpretation of their inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, scholars had no firm proof that the Shang Dynasty existed. Up to that point, Shang history had been based heavily on historical accounts written long after the Shang period ended. Shang bronze inscriptions were usually very short. With so little information, scholars questioned whether the dynasty even existed. The information and details inscribed onto oracle bones matched what was recorded in texts written centuries later, thereby providing the evidence scholars needed. The oracle bone inscriptions and the bronze inscriptions mark the beginning of written Chinese history.

The king or professional diviners hired by the king used oracle bones to make predictions about the future or to answer questions such as, "Will the king have a son?", "Will it rain tomorrow?", "If we send 3,000 men into battle, will we succeed?", or even "Is the long drought caused by ancestor X?" ² The scribe carved the question onto a bone (most often the shoulder bones of water buffalo or other cattle) or a tortoise plastron. ³ On the other side of the bone or plastron he would carve a number of small pits. He then inserted a hot metal rod into these pits until the bone cracked; and the king or diviner interpreted the cracks. Then, on the other side of the bone, the scribe carved the answer and the eventual outcome.

By analyzing oracle bone inscriptions, other artifacts, and archaeological sites such as tombs and ancient cities, scholars have been able to piece together many details of Shang civilization. They have confirmed the names of its kings, its style of government, its military history, its religious beliefs and rituals, and its society.

The Kingdom

According to legend, the Shang Dynasty was founded sometime around 1600 BCE by a virtuous man named Cheng Tang, who overthrew the evil king of the legendary Xia. The Shang Dynasty was a monarchy governed by a series of kings, 29 or 30 in total, over the course of almost 600 years. ⁴ The king was served by officials who held specialized positions of authority and function; and the officials belonged to a hereditary class of aristocrats, usually related to the king himself. ⁵

While the king lived in and ruled from a capital city, it wasn't always the same city. Although historical records mention many different Shang capitals, only a few have actually been confirmed with archaeological evidence. No one knows exactly why a king would move the capital but some scholars think it had to do with internal power struggles within the royal family.

Cheng Tang is said to have established the dynasty's first capital at a town called Shang (near modern-day Zhengzhou), but later kings moved the capital many more times, the last being a place called Yin (near modern-day Anyang). Archaeological evidence suggests that the town of Shang was the ancestral capital of the dynasty that remained in a fixed location throughout the dynasty. It was where the Shang kings kept their most sacred ancestral temples, tablets, and regalia. The political capital was where the kings lived and ruled from. While the political capital moved many times during the dynasty, the ancestral capital never moved. ⁶

The core of the dynasty was located in the northern part of modern-day Henan province, in a triangular area between the cities of Anyang, Luoyang, and Zhengzhou, the latter two of which are on the Yellow River. In addition to uncovering the remains of several Shang cities, archaeologists have found huge tombs of many Shang kings and their families. Even though the dynasty was centered in this area, its culture reached places much farther away.

As the oracle bones and other artifacts and records revealed, the Shang kings were constantly at war with outsiders near and far. Many of the oracle bones bore questions related to battles, such as the outcome of a future battle or how many men to send into battle. The king sent out armies of as many as 13,000 men to fight battles on behalf of the kingdom. Victorious armies brought back prisoners of war-as many as 30,000 at a time-who either became laborers or ritual sacrifices. ⁷ The armies also helped gain new territories and bring back precious resources for the kingdom.

Religion

The Shang worshipped the "Shang Di," who was the supreme god that ruled over the lesser gods of the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. ⁸ They also worship8ped their ancestors because they believed that although their ancestors lived in heaven after their death, they were still actively involved in the affairs of family and descendants. The kings communicated with their ancestors using oracle bones and made frequent sacrifices to them. As in many other societies, they sacrificed animals to royal ancestors and to various nature gods, ⁹ using sacrifices to ask the ancestors or gods for help and to feed the ancestors or gods to keep them strong. ¹⁰ They believed that if they failed to properly worship their ancestors, their family and the kingdom would experience many disasters.

Because the Shang believed in the afterlife and ancestor worship, they thought very seriously about burial and what was to accompany the deceased to his or her grave. The vast and elaborate tombs of the Shang royal family are signs of their strong beliefs. Among the many treasures buried in important people's tombs were the remains of many other people. Some were nameless individuals who had been captured during battle and used as human sacrifices at burials. Others were relatives or lower-ranking dependents of the deceased. This practice of burying lower-ranking people reflected the Shang's belief that those related to a king or lord by blood or service in life were expected to continue that relationship in death. ¹¹

Shang Contributions to Chinese Civilization

The Shang made many contributions to Chinese civilization, but four in particular define the dynasty: the invention of writing; the development of a stratified government; the advancement of bronze technology; and the use of the chariot and bronze weapons in warfare.

The Invention of Writing
The oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest known form of Chinese writing. By comparing and equating the inscriptions to modern Chinese characters, scholars have shown that the Shang had already developed all the principles of the modern writing system used today. In fact, Chinese writing has undergone relatively few changes since it was first developed 3,500 years ago.

Since Shang documents were originally recorded on strips of bamboo and silk that have long since decomposed, the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions bear the only written history from the Shang era. Since Shang bronze inscriptions were very short and did not say much, most of what is known about the Shang Dynasty is from the oracle bones. Toward the end of the Shang, writing was also inscribed on bronze objects.

A Stratified Government and Society
The Shang political system was organized into a hierarchy, meaning that it had many levels of rank and many specialized functions and jobs, all passed down within a noble family. Shang society was also hierarchical with many different levels of social rank.

The invention of writing had a profound effect on Shang government and its ability to rule. It increased the government's ability to organize on a large scale, whether it be to oversee a hierarchical administration; rule the state's many territories; organize the mining of large quantities of ore for bronzework; wage large military campaigns; construct city walls and palaces; or build elaborate tombs for themselves.

Bronze Technology
The Shang Dynasty existed during China's bronze age. At that time, bronze represented power, wealth, and luxury. By looking at the way bronze was used by the Shang, it is clear that only those with any degree of power in the kingdom had access to using bronze objects. Shang bronzes fall into two categories: weapons or ceremonial vessels for food and wine. By far, most of the pieces are ceremonial vessels and speak of a society and culture that valued rituals, such as rituals for burial, celebration, and worshipping gods and ancestors. Bronze was not used for common tools, such as hammers or hoes.

Archaeologists have dug up thousands of Shang bronze pieces, ranging from small objects to huge food and wine vessels weighing as much as 2,000 pounds. The artistry and workmanship of the bronze pieces reveal the Shang's mastery of bronze technology. The Shang perfected a technique known as piece-mold casting, a complicated process that involved creating a mold out of clay; carving a design into it; pouring molten bronze into the mold; cracking the mold away; and adding handles as a final step. The actual shape, design, and decoration of ritual vessels changed over time according to changing importance of rituals and belief systems.

The Use of the Chariot and Bronze Weapons in Warfare
The advancement of bronze technology and the use of bronze weapons gave the Shang military great advantage over their enemies and completely changed the way they fought wars. They used newly-developed weapons like the bronze-tipped halberd and spear, the compound bow; and most importantly, they used horse-drawn chariots.

The chariot, which had most likely been introduced from western Asia, completely changed the way battles were fought. Chariots allowed commanders to supervise their troops efficiently and across great distances. They also gave soldiers a significant edge over their opponents by making them highly mobile and fast. Since war was central to life during the Shang Dynasty, these developments in weapons were very important in allowing the Shang to maintain its military supremacy.

The End of the Shang

The Shang Dynasty ended in about 1050 BCE, when conquerors from the state of Zhou invaded the capital and successfully toppled the Shang Dynasty. The Zhou conquerors claimed to overthrow the Shang Dynasty for moral reasons. They said that the Shang king was evil and that heaven no longer wanted him to rule. They blamed the Shang's downfall on its king's excessive drinking, indulgent lifestyle, and immoral behavior. The downfall remained a cautionary tale to kings and emperors for years to come.

Notes

1. Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, editors, The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 14.

2. Charles O. Hucker, China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), 29.

3. David N. Keightley, Sources of Shang History: The Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978), 6.

4. Kwang-Chih Chang, Shang Civilization (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1980), 6; David N. Keightley, "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaugnessy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 232.

5. Hucker, 30.

6. Chang, 212.

7. Chang, 194.

8. Richard Hooker, "Ancient China: The Shang" (1996), , 1.

9. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History: China (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 25.

10. Ebrey, 25.

11. Keightley, "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty," 286.

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Selena Lai and Waka Takahashi Brown November 2006 available in PDF format ( 180.78 KB ) Excerpt from Chinese Dynasties Part One: The Shang Dynasty Through the Tang Dynasty, 1600 BCE to 907 CE The Shang Dynasty marked the middle of China's Bronze Age and was a dynasty that made great contributions to Chinese civilization.

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Ang kapangyarihan ng mga hari ng Shang ay nakasalalay sa kanilang kontrol sa produksyon ng tanso para sa pakikidigma. Ang dagger-ax, na nakalagay sa isang kahoy na baras, ay ang pangunahing sandata ng labanan. Iminumungkahi ng mga halimbawa ng pinong cast na nahukay mula sa mga libingan na ang mga bagay na iyon ay mayroon ding matinding ritwal na kahalagahan. Ang bilugan na puwitan ng ispesimen na ito ay naglalaman ng isang ibon sa mga nakataas na linya, na maaaring orihinal na nilagyan ng turquoise.

CN27
7-Kasilag
Amanda Reyes

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Ang salita ng mga Indus na ginagamit parin ng mga tao sa India

https://takdangaralin.ph/kabihasnang-indus/

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Isa sila sa mga naunang tao na gumamit ng tanso sa paggawa ng mga bagay, tulad ng mga sibat. Marami na ring sibli noon ang tanso, kaya lumikha sila ng mga likhang sining. Isa sa mga ito ay ang larawan na nakalagay sa itaas.

Sanggunian:
https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-inventions-mesopotamia#section_7

CN8_Kasilag_Julia Antonia P. Cortez

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Ang kompass ay isang instrumento na ginagamit sa paghahanap ng tamang direction. Mahalaga ito sa mga manlalayag upang matukoy nila ang tamang direksyon. Ito ay isa sa mga mahalagang kontribusyon ng mga sinaunang Asyano (Tsino). Hanggang sa ngayon, nagagamit parin ito ngunit marami ng modernong bersyon nito.

Pinagkuhanan ng larawan : https://www.collinsdictionary.com/images/full/compass_731613289_1000.jpghttps://www.collinsdictionary.com/images/full/compass_731613289_1000.jpg

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Ang period na ito ay ang “Bronze Age” ng Tsina. Sa kapanahunang ito umangat ang popularity ng tanso, dahil ito ang nagrerepresenta ng kayamanan, pagmamaluho, at kapangyarihan sa kanilang panahon.

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Ang kabihasnang Indus ay nag-imbento ng mga ukit ng selyo. Malamang na ginagamit upang isara ang mga dokumento at mga naka-package na produkto.

Cara Isabella M. Lucindo
7- Kasilag
CN: 19

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ginamit nila ito para sa dekorasyon. Ginamit ng mga Sumerian at iba pang kultura ng Mesopotamia. Simula noong ikatlong milenyo BC,mtinutukoy din ang mga ito bilang dedikasyon o pundasyon na mga pako o cone, palagi silang hugis-kono na mga pako na gawa sa luwad, may nakasulat na cuneiform at nakadikit sa ang wall para magsilbing ebidensya na ang templo o gusali ay ang banal na pag-aari ng diyos kung kanino ito inialay.
source
https://www.artemissionblog.com/about-sumerian-dedication-foundation-cones/

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Gumamit ang laro ng apat na tetrahedral dice na may pitong marker at binubuo ng dalawang set, isang puti at ang isa ay itim. Ang orihinal na mga panuntunan ay hindi alam, at ang format ng laro ay muling naimbento sa paglipas ng panahon, tulad ng nakikita sa isang cuneiform tablet na itinayo noong humigit-kumulang 177 BC. Naniniwala ang mga mananalaysay na, katulad ng sinaunang larong Egyptian na Senet, ang Royal Game of Ur ay isang laro ng karera, at posibleng isang pasimula sa backgammon.

Source:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-10-sumerian-inventions-followed-many-civilizations/

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Ang wikang Sanskrito ay isang sinauna at klasikong wika ng Indya. Ang wikang ito ay pangunahing ginagamit sa liturhiya ng relihiyong Hinduismo, Budismo, at Jainismo. Ito rin ay isa sa 22 dalawang opisyal na wika ng Indiya.

#20 Frizbellah Eunina T. Mendoza
7 - Magbanua

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Ginamit ng mga Indus noong 2000 BCE para sa mga pagdiriwang.

12 - Claryce Darlynne D. Garcia
7-Magbanua
https://historyten.com/indus-valley/indus-valley-civilization-inventions/

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Ang Cuneiform ay isang paraan ng pagsusulat ng stylus at clay o luwad na lapida. Ang ibigsabihin ng Cuneiform sa Latin ay “wedge-shaped”.
Source:
https://www.slideshare.net/xe0nahq0h/kabihasnang-sumer-48932553
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jR2vClh--VU/WhHaQHkR4RI/AAAAAAACFwE/SLxZMJ06c0IDZabIc2_ei_jYJzLi0LiTwCLcBGAs/s1600/Assyrian.png

CN2 Mariane Andrea M. Amoncio
7-Kasilag

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Ang mga tanso ay isa sa mga mahahalagang ambag ng kabihasnang shang. Ginagamit ito sa mga espesyal na okasyon noong panahon. Ginagamit ito ng kaharian dati.

24 Kathryn Papasin
7 Magbanua

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Isa sa mga unang gulong noon.                           Ginawa noong 3500 B.C 

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Kristyana G. Sacdalan, CN 29

Ang kabihasnan ngayon ay hindi gagana kung walang gulong. Ang unang ebidensya ng gulong ay nahanap sa Sumerian pictogram noong taong 3500 B.C.
Isa sa mga unang paraan na nagamit ang gulong ay para sa mga oxen-pulled wagons upang makapag dala ng kalakal.

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Eto ay ang isang Pictogram gumagamit eto ng Luwian symbols, eto ay natagpuan noong 3000 BC at 2400 BC sa itaas ng pader ng isang bahay, templo at iba pa. Ang pictogram ay ginamit pang mensahe o pang guhit ng mga kababayan noon.

https://kesslershand.wordpress.com/tag/harappa/