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"The cause of the eruption of Mount Semeru"
Volcanic eruptions are events that occur due to magma deposits in the bowels of the earth which are pushed out by high pressure gases. This event is related to the rising magma from the bowels of the earth. The activity of magma that has a very high temperature in the bowels of the earth is trying to get out so that cracks and shifts in the earth's crust can occur. Magma that comes out of the belly of a volcano is a volcano that is erupting or volcanism.
Magma is an incandescent liquid found in the layers of the earth with a very high temperature, which is estimated to be more than 1,000 °C. Liquid magma that comes out of the earth is called lava. The temperature of the released lava can reach 700-1,200 °C. Volcanic eruptions carrying rock and ash can erupt up to a radius of 18 km or more, while lava can flood up to a radius of 90 km. The types and forms of volcanoes vary because the degree of viscosity and depth of magma that forms volcanoes varies.
Volcanoes erupt, occur because magma deposits in the bowels of the earth are pushed out by high-pressure gases. It is from this eruption that a volcano is formed. The results of volcanic eruptions are: volcanic gases, lahars and sand as well as hot rock flows, lahars, landslides, earthquakes, ash eruptions, hot clouds. Eruptions carrying ash and rock can erupt violently up to a radius of 18 km or more, while lahars can flood an area up to a radius of 90 km. Volcanic eruptions can cause great loss of life and property up to thousands of kilometers away and can even affect the rotation of the earth's climate.Not all volcanoes erupt frequently. Volcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.

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How does Rain Fall?

Rain is one of the main sources of fresh water for almost all people in the world. It provides suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems. It is also used as hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. But, do you know how rain happens?

The rain’s phenomenon is actually what we often call as “water circle.” The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. Then the water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow bigger and heavier and fall to the earth as precipitation.

However, not all rain can reach the surface of the earth. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is what we call as “virga”, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

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FERDIAN YUHANDIKA ADI SAPUTRA-XII MIPA 3 16

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FERDIAN YUHANDIKA ADI SAPUTRA-XII MIPA 3 16

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Volcanic Eruption

A volcanic eruption is an event that occurs as a result of magma deposits in the bowels of the earth being pushed out by high-pressure gas.  This event is related to the rising magma from the bowels of the earth.  Bursts of lava emerged from the Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma in the afternoon and descended the mountainside after several hours without an eruption, according to Reuters witnesses, quoted September 28, 2021.
The pause and new eruption came eight days after lava began flowing from the mountains of La Palma, which has a population of 83,000 and neighboring Tenerife in the Canary Islands off the coast of North Africa.  After the new vents opened on Sunday, Reuters drone footage showed rivers of red hot lava flowing down the crater's slopes, past houses, and swaths of land and buildings being swallowed by the slower-moving black lava.
No fatalities or serious injuries were reported, but about 15% of the island's banana crops could be threatened, eliminating thousands of jobs.  Since September 19, black lava has slowly flowed down the west side of the volcano towards the sea, destroying more than 500 homes as well as churches and banana plantations.
Local airline Binter, which had planned to resume flights to and from the islands on Monday afternoon, said conditions were still unsafe and all flights would be canceled until Tuesday.  About 300 local residents in the coastal areas of San Borondon, Marina Alta and Baja and La Condesa have taken shelter in their homes because the moment of contact between the lava of the Cumbre Vieja volcano and the ocean is likely to trigger an explosion and emit a cloud of chlorine gas.

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Fire Tornado

A fire tornado is a tornado or vortex that appears or passes over a burning area. The tornado can roll up anything in its path as well as burn it so that the temperature at the center of this fire tornado can reach more than 1000 ° C. The phenomenon of fire tornadoes occurs on dry land and hot weather that can cause fires, in grasslands or forests that experience fire. prolonged drought or moderate burn. It can also occur around buildings that are on fire.

The process of a fire tornado is the air above the burning land will heat up and move up, cooler air and the surrounding area without filling the empty air. Meanwhile the hot winds are constantly being recycled and are moving upwards at an astonishing speed. Upward winds can reach a trigger point that can create a firestorm, at that point fires on land will be sucked up as well as houses, cars, and other objects that are on the ground because of this hot wind, then the flames that flew in the air were sucked in. Hot winds will burn debris and flying objects creating a very hot and powerful tornado.

Once in the form of a fire tornado it will be difficult to extinguish, the only way is to wait for all the air to be sucked in and finally extinguished and the fire tornado will create black rain. Furthermore, this debris will be thrown in all directions by the wind and is very dangerous for humans if it is far from the location. In simple terms, however, a fire tornado occurs when a fire or fire forms land and the wind spins in the air, the wind blows and a violent fire causes a fire and rotates it to spin a long fire that can reach 30 meters.

Because we can't prevent the tornado, we can learn from it we can evacuate to a safer place before disaster strikes and hits us. In addition to Brazil, Indonesia also exists, this fire tornado occurs because of the cause of El Nino

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Beggars

Beggars are people who earn income by begging in public in various ways and reasons to expect mercy from others. This social phenomenon is starting to be seen as a serious problem, especially with the increasing number of socio-economic and political problems it causes. Modernization and industrialization are often blamed as triggers, among several other triggers, the rapid development of urban areas invites urbanization and then slum communities or slum areas which are synonymous with urban poverty.

There are several basic factors that cause the occurrence of beggars. These factors include the fact that the person concerned is completely powerless to do other work due to physical disability, uneducated, not having a permanent home or being homeless.

The existence of these beggars will also have an impact on our environment and will overall affect the pace of nation development. Impacts that arise such as disturbing the beauty of the environment, creating a bad image for the nation, disturbance of security and order.

Thus, what we can do to reduce the presence of beggars is to not give them money and tell others not to give even though they feel very sorry. If no one gives them money, then the beggars will not exist.

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Selindion Octa Viendra Hartono-XII MIPA 3 31

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Selindion Octa Viendra Hartono-XII MIPA 3 31

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Sexual abuse of minors

Child abuse is a form of child abuse in which an older adult or adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activity, providing indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, and showing a child adult videos or images.

The abuser is more likely to be a relative or acquaintance of the victim than a complete stranger. In general, more violations are committed by men than women, although the percentage varies. In the case of abuse, there is the term “pedophilia” which means it refers to the persistent feeling of attraction in older adults or adolescents for prepubescent children.

A person who performs this act is called a pedophile. In law enforcement, the term “pedophilia” is generally used to describe those accused or convicted of abusing minors.
However, not all perpetrators of child abuse are pedophiles who commit all abuses of children.

In Indonesia, perpetrators of abuse can be punished with various articles, one of which is the article on abuse regulated in Article 351 of the KUHP feelings (suffering), pain, or injury to children. In addition, the provisions of Article 80 paragraph (1) of the Child Protection Law also specifically regulates child abuse.

It is the role of parents to be more vigilant to keep their children from becoming one of the victims of violence and abuse that is currently happening. Also of course so that the children can take good care of themselves. So that the nation's generations can achieve their goals in the future.

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Street children

When we hear the term street children, usually what will come to our mind are children who live on the streets and beg at red lights, then dress like punk children. In addition, they usually work by selling food, cleaning vehicles at red lights. or whatever it is to earn money.

The environment is one of the factors causing this social problem. Most street children experience problems in their family environment or what we are more familiar with as a broken home. Intercourse and the environment around them also affect them. Because they live where they shouldn't be, with similar people (pickpockets, bad people, beggars, etc.).

So that makes them lack of education and finally choose the path to become street children. To overcome this, various efforts need to be made and all parties must be willing to contribute to dealing with this problem. Such as disbandment, rehabilitation, and even coaching.

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Amanda Rizki Wahyuningtias XII MIPA 3 05

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Amanda Rizki Wahyuningtias XII MIPA 3 05

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Mammatus Clouds

Mammatus comes from the Latin mamma which translates to “udder” or “breast”. Their striking appearance is most visible when the sun is low in the sky and their pouches are framed by the sunlight. This supplementary feature is a firm favourite with many meteorologists as well as cloud and photography enthusiasts.

Mammatus clouds are some of the most unusual and distinctive clouds formations with a series of bulges or pouches emerging from the base of a cloud. The shape of mammatus formations can vary widely; from the classic protruding shape, to a more elongated tube hanging from the cloud above.

Mammatus clouds are usually formed in association with large cumulonimbus clouds. Typically, turbulence within the cumulonimbus cloud will cause mammatus to form, especially on the underside of the projecting anvil as it rapidly descends to lower levels. This reverses the usual cloud-forming process of upward growth, making for an uneven cloud base.

Mammatus often forms in association with Cumulonimbus clouds, which in turn bring thunderstorms due to their huge mass of unstable air. Mammatus cloud generally form in the most unstable cumulonimbus, meaning that there is also a chance of hail, heavy rain and lightning in the vicinity, and if the air is cold enough during winter they can produce snow. Sometimes mammatus may form on other cloud types which produce no rain, though this is far less common.

Mammatus usually form on the base of a cumulonimbus anvil, but they have also been sighted to form on other cloud types, such as stratocumulus, altostratus and altocumulus. Mammatus have also been observed to form on the underside of volcanic ash clouds.

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How Self Confidence Formed?

A sense of self-confidence will make someone easy to adjust to the new environment, have a strong grip on life and be able to contribute their potential. He is also capable of learning and working hard to achieve progress and full of confidence in the role he lives.
How does self confidence form?
When childhood self-confidence is formed by the attitude of acceptance, appreciation, and affection and family. But this htil doesn’t stop there, because children experience adolescence and adulthood. At each of these times, the environment and problems faced also change and contribute to the development of one’s personality.
The process of forming self-confidence begins with an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses that are owned to be able to generate positive reactions, and use all the advantages that exist in the individual to create self-confidence, because self-confidence is the source of our own strength to can get along with the social environment. People who have confidence will act decisively and have an optimistic attitude, life motivation is more meaningful and has high self-esteem.

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Why People Easy to Believe With Fake News?
Fake news or false information is news, stories, or hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Usually, these stories are created to either influence people's views, push a political agenda or cause confusion and can often be a profitable business for online publishers. False information can deceive people by looking like trusted websites or using similiar names and web addresses to reputable news organisations.
What the reason make most people easily believe false new?
First, misinformation or limited informations, some person aren't stupid, but they are lack of informations. Second, popularity of information, informations that always circulating can make closed truth. Third, interest. Mostly of us more interested to fake informations, cause the topic is unique and interesting.
Here a few simple actions we can all do to take control of informatiom in our own lives and reduce the impack that  fake news can have in the real world:
[1] Learn how to spot disinformation and the intent behind it.
[2] Take responsibility and critically evaluate the information we receive
[3] Empathize with people who don't share our own beliefs

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CLIMATE CHANGE

We are now experiencing a natural phenomenon which is climate change. Climate change is due to an increased concentration of carbon dioxide gas and other gases in the atmosphere that cause the effect of greenhouse gases.

Climate change is directly or indirectly caused by human activity so that it changes the content of the global atmosphere and the variability of the natural climate in comparable time periods. Basically, climate change or global warming could result from human activities that are less concerned about the environment. Human activities that are causing climate change: fossil-fuel use, illegal logging of trees, electronic devices that produce greenhouse gas, industrial gases, and so on. The effects of climate change are the precipitation of high rainfall, the long dry seasons, the melting of ice in the north and south poles, new diseases, and so on.

Climate change is not just a matter for one region or one country only, climate change is a problem for the whole world. We must together protect the earth from climate change in a way.
1. Conserving fossil fuels.
2. Using alternative fuels.
3. Doesn't burn the garbage.
4. Planting trees.
5. Implementing recycling, reuse and recycling in everyday life.
So, we must together keep the earth from the dangers of climate change.

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Astiti Kusumaningtyas Nugraha - XII MIPA 3 - 07

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Astiti Kusumaningtyas Nugraha - XII MIPA 3 - 07

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Waste

Waste is unwanted residual material after the end of a process.  Waste is divided into two types, namely organic waste and inorganic waste.  Organic waste is waste that comes from the rest of living things that are easily decomposed naturally without human intervention processes to decompose, for example vegetable residues, dry leaves and others.  Meanwhile, inorganic waste is waste that is difficult to decompose, such as plastic bottles, drink cans, plastic bags and others.

Currently, waste is a phenomenon that we often encounter in the community.  At first, garbage is usually seen scattered around us, but without realizing it, this garbage that is thrown carelessly will cause many negative impacts.  For example, garbage that is thrown carelessly into the river will make it difficult for river water to flow which will eventually overflow and cause flooding.  This flood will bring various diseases, such as diarrhea, dengue fever and others.  In addition, heavy flooding can cause landslides.

Therefore, we must not litter and must manage waste properly. One way to manage waste is to do 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle). Reuse means reusing waste that can still be used for the same function or other functions. Reduce means reducing everything that causes waste. And Recycle means reprocessing (recycling) waste into useful new goods or products.

So, by not littering and managing waste properly, we will avoid negative impacts such as floods and so on. The environment will also be kept clean and well maintained.

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Flooding in Batu

Flooding is a condition where an area is inundated by large amounts of water.  Floods can occur due to rainfall or water flow.  As we know, Thursday 4 November 2021 Batu, Malang, East Java experienced flash floods.  Which causes damage.

After the flood, various parties researched to find out the main cause.  Finally, a meeting point can be found that the flood occurred due to several things.  Among them are the destruction of catchment areas, the occurrence of land shifts, and indeed some areas are experiencing high rainfall.

The flash flood resulted in several things, including:  There are 600 families to be exact 1050 people affected by the flood.  In addition, 7 houses were damaged, 2 houses were swept away by the current, and 174 houses were submerged in mud.  Now 400 people have been displaced.  Currently, the flood-affected areas have begun to be cleaned.  I hope things get better.

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Theft

Theft  is a common form of crime in society. The economic state of those involved in criminal theft often emerges from the background of someone committing a criminal act of theft. Abusers are often without steady employment, or even without a job at all oran unemployed person. The sheer economic imperative is to address the needs of the family.

And over time, the act of stealing has also improved. The problem of theft of motor vehicles is the type of crime that invariably leads to disruptions and order in society. The crime of theft of motor vehicles is a common type of theft. Theft of valuable items such as money and electronic devices is also common in society.

The solution citizens can address this phenomenon of theft is like installing safety alarms on vehicles, storing valuable items in a safe place, such as in cabinets or creating hidden places to lay the items.

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Memories

Memories are things that stuck in the memory. whether it's a happy thing or a sad thing, they can be called memories. Memories are created from an experience in the past. Memories can remind us of what happened in the past.

Often we want to always remember our memories in the past. but sometimes it makes us confused, how to keep those memories stucks in memory for a long time. Especially the sweet memories that have been created with family, friends, or girlfriend/boyfriend.

The solution that might be able to overcome it is to always take photos or capture the moment. By capturing moments and taking photos we can print them and put them in albums, so we will continue to remember those memories. Especially now that there are many technologies that can be used, such as Polaroid cameras and handhones. Of course it will make the moments of togetherness remain immortalized and remembered.

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Why Are You Lazy to Read?

Laziness is a condition when someone avoids work that should be done with the potential and energy they have. Indonesian society is classified as a society with low reading interest. In fact, reading is a bridge of knowledge. Maybe most people will think that books are boring, so they are very lazy when it comes to reading.

Basically, many people think that reading is a futile activity and a waste time. there are several reasons why someone is lazy to read, namely:
1. The image of the book is not very good, they will think all books are boring.
2. Always busy with other activities.
3. There are social media and online games that fill spare time.
4. From the start, didn't have any interest in reading books.
5. The price of the book is quite expensive.
This phenomenon has been going on for a very long time and is getting more serious from time to time. Therefore, the government and all segments of society must begin to act and work together to solve this problem.

Reading does not bring money today, but reading is an investment in the filed of information. In this age, information holds the key of everything. The more information we have, the brighter the future we have as well as the present life. This is what we expect from society. The habit of reading will from a bright and successful future.

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Cisilia Irda Ayu Handini (XII MIPA 3) (08)

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Cisilia Irda Ayu Handini (XII MIPA 3) (08)

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Flooding
Hearing the word flood is already familiar to our ears. Flooding is a natural phenomenon that originates from rainfall with high intensity and long duration in watersheds. Floods can occur due to nature and human actions. Natural causes of flooding are erosion and sedimentation, rainfall, physiographic/geophysical effects of rivers, river capacity, land drainage, and tidal effects. The causes of human-caused flooding are cutting down trees carelessly, throwing garbage in the wrong place, and dense settlements along the river.
In Indonesia, flooding is very common in Jakarta and recently there was a flash flood in Batu City.  Floods in Batu City hit 5 hamlets and 4 sub-districts and damaged several houses.  There were 12 people who were reported missing.  A number of residents in Batu City were forced to evacuate because their houses were flooded.
Floods are indeed one of the disasters that cause great losses to humans.  The greatest damage occurs when flooding occurs in residential areas, dragging and destroying everything in its path.  Therefore, we must always be vigilant and prepare for this disaster.  And also dispose of garbage in its place so as not to clog waterways and so on and not cut down trees carelessly.

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Bullying Case

Bullying is an action or behavior that is to hurt either in the form of verbal, psychological or emotional and can also be in physical form. Bullying is a pattern of behavior, not an occasional incident. Children who bully usually come from a higher social status or position of power, such as Children who are older, more powerful, or are considered popular so they can abuse their position.

Bullying can happen either in person or online. Cyberbullying often happens via social media, SMS/text or instant messaging, email, or online platforms where children interact. Parents may not always follow what their children are doing on these platforms, making it difficult to know when a child is being affected.

Bullying can have harmful and long-term effects on children. Besides the physical effects of bullying, children can have mental and emotional health problems, including depression and anxiety, which can lead to drug abuse and decreased achievement in school.

Therefore, efforts to prevent bullying in children must be carried out in a comprehensive and integrated manner involving all parties. Starting from the childself by reconciling when bullying happens, through the family by strengthening parenting patterns, through schools by designing "anti-bullying" programs, and through the community by building community groups that care about child protection. So that cases of bullying in children never happen again.

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Social Inequality

We live in a world where not everyone has the freedom to do as they wish. Many people live in fear of being who they are because of the consequences they might face. Social inequality is a issue in the environment around us. Social inequality is a social imbalance that exists in the community that causes a significant difference in society. Social inequality is characterized by differences in opportunities or benefits that exist in society even though they are in the same social status.

Some popular factors of social inequalities are gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, age discrimination, immigration, income and health, health and mental health and education. One of these is the social inequality of rich and poor, this can occur due to the difference in income benefits and rewards from the community. In this gap usually the rich will be much viewed as high compared to the poor.

The negative impact of social inequality is social jealousy which can then have an impact on security, economic and political issues. There are also positive impacts such as a more equitable division of job, there job are only done by low-income people and otherwise.

Social inequality can be minimized if the whole community gets a good education, adequate facilities, and the availability of jobs so as to improve their ability to earn a decent income. In addition, eradicating KKN (corruption, collusion, and nepotism) can improve the welfare of the community.

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Aldino Mirza Salsabia (XII MIPA 3) (04)

Clouds are formed when moist, warm air rises and expands in the atmosphere. In simple terms, clouds are formed due to the evaporation of water from the sea, lake, or river. When the water vapor cools, the low temperature of air lowers its capacity to hold water vapor.

Cloud formation involves a series of processes that cause water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere to form into clouds. Cooling of air is a part of these processes. Warm air is capable of holding more water vapor than cool air, which means that extra water vapor starts to condense into liquid water droplets when air starts to cool.Water vapor typically needs a condensation nuclei, such as dust and pollen. Eventually, water vapor condenses upon these condensation nuclei to form a cloud. The droplets that comprise a cloud are extremely tiny, and they are light enough to float in the air. When the cloud becomes too heavy, water droplets fall down to the ground in the form of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet and hail.Clouds have various shapes and sizes, from thin wispy clouds to large and dark clouds.

The factors that generally influence the size of clouds include heat, bodies of water, mountain ranges, seasons and volcanic eruptions. Clouds rarely form in the desert, because there is not enough water to evaporate and form clouds. On the other hand, clouds frequently form in coastal regions, because there is adequate moisture from surrounding waters.

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Hanifah Nafiunnisa
XII MIPA 3/18

Tornadoes are associated with large (supercell) thunderstorms that often grow to over 40,000 feet. A column of warm humid air will begin to rise very quickly. How Do Tornadoes Form?
1. Air Rotates Because of Wind Shear.
How the column of air begins to rotate is not completely understood by scientists, but one way the rotation appears to happen is when winds at two different altitudes blow at two different speeds creating wind shear. For example, a wind at 1000 feet above the surface might blow at 5mph and a wind at 5000 feet might blow at 25mph. This causes a horizontal rotating column of air.
2. Faster Spin Makes a Funnel Cloud.
If this column gets caught in a supercell updraft, the updraft tightens the spin and it speeds up (much like a skater’s spins faster when arms are pulled close to the body. A funnel cloud is created.
3. The Funnel Rotates and Touches Down.
The rain and hail in the thunderstorm cause the funnel to touch down creating a tornado.Tornado
Tornadoes are associated with large (supercell) thunderstorms that often grow to over 40,000 feet. A column of warm humid air will begin to rise very quickly. How Do Tornadoes Form?
1. Air Rotates Because of Wind Shear.
How the column of air begins to rotate is not completely understood by scientists, but one way the rotation appears to happen is when winds at two different altitudes blow at two different speeds creating wind shear. For example, a wind at 1000 feet above the surface might blow at 5mph and a wind at 5000 feet might blow at 25mph. This causes a horizontal rotating column of air.
2. Faster Spin Makes a Funnel Cloud.
If this column gets caught in a supercell updraft, the updraft tightens the spin and it speeds up (much like a skater’s spins faster when arms are pulled close to the body. A funnel cloud is created.
3. The Funnel Rotates and Touches Down.
The rain and hail in the thunderstorm cause the funnel to touch down creating a tornado.

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Angela Kartika Emilia Susanto (XII MIPA 3/06)

Everybody likes honey. Even, it can be a medicine for most deseases. How is Honey Made?
Honeybees use nectar to make honey. Honeybees take nectar from many flowers. Nectar is almost full of water with some complex sugars. In fact, if you have ever pulled a honeysuckle flower out of its stem, nectar is the clear liquid that drops from the tip of the flower.
In North America, bees get nectar from flowers like clovers, dandelions, berry bushes, and fruit tree blossoms. They use their long tubelike tongues like straws to suck the nectar out of the flowers and they store it in their “honey stomachs”.
Bees actually have two stomachs, their honey stomach which they use like a nectar backpack and their regular stomach. The honey stomach holds almost 70 mg of nectar and when full, it weighs almost as much as the bee does. Honeybees must visit between 100 and 1500 flowers in order to fill their honeystomachs

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How Can Toxic Parents Happen?

In psychology, there is a bad parenting pattern called toxic parents. In this day, toxic parents are no stranger to teenagers especially. Toxic parents are a type of parenting in which parents always want their children's wishes and desires to be obeyed without thinking about their feelings and not respecting the child's right to opinion. In fact, it is not uncommon for toxic parents to verbally abuse children by saying words that should not be accepted by children. So, how can toxic parents happen?

Toxic parents can happen due to psychological problems, trauma or stress, and old wounds that can't be contained in these parents. In addition, of course there are several other triggers to watch out for. When things haven't healed yet, parents can hurt their children in the same way they have been. As a result, the child will be hurt mentally and emotionally.

The solution that can be done to deal with toxic parents is to write positive things about yourself. Write in a journal at least one good thing about yourself each day. Then look for activities outside the home. This can be done by pursuing a hobby or learning something that has never been done before. In addition, do not force to change the behavior of parents and accept parents as they are.

There are no perfect parents in this world. But every parent must try to give the best for their children. Although sometimes toxic parents often hide behind reasons of affection for their children, of course this toxic parenting is not a good thing to do. Because children need full and sincere affection and love from both parents.

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Ni'matul Isya (XII Mipa 3/27)

Gotong royong is an Indonesian culture that has been passed down from generation to generation. Both in rural and urban environments.
Gotong royong contains various social values, including togetherness, harmony and tolerance.

Initially, mutual cooperation activities were carried out since the first royal period. But at that time, the participants were only ordinary people. The nobility did not participate. Meanwhile, now this has changed. All levels of society participate in gotong royong. So that the sense of family can be felt even more. Especially if it is supported by mutual cooperation regulations.

Mutual cooperation activities will have a good impact. In addition to making the environment cleaner, people will also become healthier and feel more comfortable.

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Eka Nanda Fitri Anggraeni Utomo

XII MIPA 3 / 11

Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims. Then, do you know the process of how flood happens? Pay attention to the following explanation.

The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land. Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.

On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged. This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.

We as humans should be able to take care of the surrounding environment so that flooding does not occur again. The way to deal with flooding is to not throw garbage anywhere, clean ditches or dumps that have been blocked, hold a plastic recycling movement, open a waste bank so that everyone who wants to throw garbage doesn't carelessly, doesn't cut down forests carelessly. Hopefully with this flood will not inundate our area again.

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Adela Nydia Cahyani (XII MIPA 3) (01)

Hurricanes often also called tropical cyclones. It is a disorder that occurs in extreme weather in the atmosphere and in particular affect the surface of the Earth. The usual onset of symptoms starting with strong winds that arise in conjunction with the lightning, Thunder, andlightning. In addition, the rain came down in dense and continuous accompanied by wind or ice chunk that crashed also are some of thesymptoms that can be controlled.
The storm formed when there is low air pressure in the Middle areas of high air pressure.

The combination of two mutually contradictory forces that generated the vortex of wind that can form from kumulonimbus. Clouds that form over the ocean surface moves follow the wind direction with a speed of 20 km/h. However, when it reaches the Mainland, the hurricane brought clouds with a large force of up to 250 km/h and potentially damaging of any that existed before him.
The storm that swept an area can jeopardize the safety of the soul nor possessions. Heavy rain accompanied by wind can led to flood which caused dozens of houses damaged and hampered transportation. In addition, lightning and lightning could potentially trigger a fire or disruption of electricity and communications wave. Generally speaking, the storm impacted a great loss either in material or non-material.

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How does Rain Fall?

Rain is one of the main sources of fresh water for almost all people in the world. It provides suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems. It is also used as hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. But, do you know how rain happens?

The rain’s phenomenon is actually what we often call as “water circle.” The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. Then the water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow bigger and heavier and fall to the earth as precipitation.

However, not all rain can reach the surface of the earth. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is what we call as “virga”, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

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Tsunami

In Indonesia, we are very familiar with the word " Tsunami ". This natural disaster has ever killed thousands of lives in Banda Aceh a few years ago. Indonesia mourned, the world mourned. Then, how the Tsunami happens? Here is a brief explanation of the process of how the Asian tsunami happens.

Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth. However, 90% of tsunamis is the result of underwater earthquakes.

Vertical movement in the Earth's crust in the bottom of the ocean causes a sudden up or down movement of sea floor which then causes the water balance disorders above it. This disturbance causes the occurrence of the flow of the massive sea water energy, that once it reaches the shore, it becomes huge waves resulting Tsunami.

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Nova Astrina Rachmadani (XII MIPA 3)(28)

Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic eruption is a natural phenomenon that occurs due to deposition of magma in the earth and flushed out by gas that has strong power. Volcanic eruption is one of a very powerful disasters. Almost all of the volcanic activity relate to the zone of active seismicity because it is directly connected with the plate boundary of the earth.

The volcanic eruption begins with the activity at plate boundary of the earth that sustains a significant change in pressure and temperature. So, it can make the rock material around it melted which we usually called as incandescent liquid or magma. Magma formed through exreme hot temperature in the earth bowels. At a relative depth, a very high temperature can make the entire material in the earth bowels melted.

When these materials melted, it produces gas that will mixed with with the magma. Magma that will be released by volcanic eruption formed at a depth of approximately 60 to 160 KM below the earth’s surface. Then the magma that contains gas will be under the pressure of solid rocks that are around the crater. This pressure causes the magma erupted and move out towards the earth’s surface.
The magma and the gas burst at the same time and create a hole which is called the main hole. Most of the magma and other volcanic materials spurted through this main hole. After the bursts stopped, the crater that resembles a bowl usually formed at the top of the volcano. Meanwhile, the main hole is in the bottom of the crater.

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Della Marshella Anugraeni (XII MIPA 3, 09)

Almost everyone likes a natural phenomenon called rainbow. To the extent that a lot of people create an art work like song, cake, and the other work after seeing the beautiful colors of the rainbow. But, do you know how the phenomenon of the appearance of the rainbow happens?

Rainbow occurs because of the refraction of light. The sunlight that shines in between the rain drops is refracted by the rain drops. This process separates the white light of the sunlight into a spectrum of different colors.

The spectrum of colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Or what we often memorize as the abbreviation "mejikuhibiniu.” Then the colors reflect in the back drops of rain, resulting the light which looks arched and becomes the rainbow.

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Najwa Kayla Gading S
XII MIPA 3

why are so many people still littering?
Trash is stuffs that can’t be used anymore, that its existence is very annoying. Trash at first looks normal scattered around us, but it will caused many bad impacts if it is ignored continuously by the people. Trash can harm our health.
Besides bringing disease, trash can also bring disaster such as flood. Trash that dumped into the river by the residents continuously will make the water on the river can not  flow, and over time the water will overflows with heavy rains that continue to flush. If flood occurs, it will make people can not do their activities like usual.
Lots of negative impacts caused by trash, for that reason we must keep our environment clean from the trash. We can start by doing a small thing such as throw trash in its place.