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George Eastman the founder of Kodak created cameras to broaden its use in the public.

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Kodak's original camera, the Brownie, was created in 1900. It was a small solid camera with very few controls, it had a fixed shutter speed camera with no aperture control or focusing abilities. It was a very cheap camera making it accessible for most of the public, at just the price of 1.00$.

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With mass distribution of Kodak's newly cheap camera it allowed the people to capture a hux of life for the public - connected people together who were separated by distance

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In 1908 Kodak also helped share a new cheap way of sending photographs to friends and family.

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The postcard fulfilled the function of Newspaper photographs to family and friends and it covered family events, mass events, society situations, community events, etc. to people not in your community. It was a ble to pave a way for photo montage.

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In 1905, National Geographic magazines were losing money and Gilbert Grosvenor was under pressure to increase circulation. He found some pictures of Lhasa in Tibet so  Gilbert decided to publish them on magazines.

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the ability to print photographs directly onto a page helped mass producing images to the world. It allowed people to see places they weren't able to go to.

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Due to the process of halftone, it was easy for Grosvenor to print the pictures on the magazines. Although the society’s conservative board members objected, the general public loved it. It gave the public the opportunities to witness the wonders of the world.

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In the early part of the century Edward Curtis focused on documenting the lives of the Native Americans. He'd drag around a trunk full of clothes just in case Indians didn’t look the way he wanted them too

Gave non-Indians an image of a world that they wanted intact

Every Indian in North America has a Curtis photograph on their wall

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Published a 20-volume set of documentary photographs

Document the lives of Native Americans

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Gave non-Indians an image of a world that they wanted intact, as beautiful and romantic. Almost every Indian in North America had a Curtis photograph on their wall.

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During 1902 Alfred Stieglitz started the Photo-Secessionist movement. He felt that people should recognize photography as another branch of art.

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The Pictorialists would either, smear Vaseline on their lenses, scratch the negative afterwards while in a dark room, or paint chemicals on their prints to simulate brushstrokes. The aim was to make photography a handmade process, like the other arts

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Critics have argued that photography couldn’t be compared to painting and drawing, making photography a handmade process, like other arts. Photography needed human intervention in order to really become art.

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Early in the century Frank Bunker Grilbreth developed motion and fatigue studies, he questioned why he was being taught severest different methods for laying bricks. His interest in finding the best method led to his development of motion and fatigue studies.

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Used photographs to break a workers every action into the smallest units. He studied the fastest workers, in order to reach maximum efficiency to everyone.

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Some accused Gilbert of turning skilled workers into robots but the bosses loved his techniques. He brought his technique to his family and made his own kids hate him, making seek revenge on him.

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During 1906 he was hired by the National Child Labor Committee and was inspired by Jacob Rills’s work. He set out to educate the American middle class public about the need for legislation .

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His purpose was to show, the children who worked so hard would be used up, and would not provide America with an intelligent working class

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Hines assembled his pictures into exhibitions and slide shows, which criss-crossed the country. His photographs reached a huge audience - people who had never seen these kinds of images before, were both moved and outraged.

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He brought in a portfolio of prints for Stieglitz. Stieglitz proposed that Strand created a new and great modern art.
(1915)

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He realized the camera had a unique ability to capture shapes and forms simply, directly, and in sharp focus

He pioneered a modernist movement called, “straight photography”

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Straight Photography became the aesthetic of the twenties

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America entered World War One and the camera became and important weapon of war, it would unleash a massive media campaign to rally the country.

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It would raise the troops morale and the morale of the folks and used to rally the country. Boosted the morale of the troops and the people

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The Daily News is the oldest tabloid newspaper, since 1919. It had a lot of photographs telling the story.

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That camera went every place and brought the news singing back to you. It assembled all the photos and stories together for the public, focusing on one specific story to share with them.

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It was hard not to have a good news day in the 1920s really, which just happened to be the great period of time of the tabloid wars.

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Photographers like Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrell invented a new school of publicity photograph that was instantly recognizable. They didn’t merely photograph stars, they created stars.

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All could become famous, as long as they looked good in pictures it added a new dimension to fame. Hollywood studios are selling a belief that ordinary people can somehow enter into that world and inhabit that world with their favorite stars.

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The Associated Press, Rockefeller Center, New York City. Each day, thousands of photographs come in from around the world. They arrive via telephone line and satellite link, minutes after they are taken in the field.

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On January 1, 1935, the first transmission -- a dramatic photo of a plane crash. That story sealed the success of the wire photo because it became clear that there were a lot of interesting pictures out there.

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He was a photographer of the Associated Press. He captured pictures of the Hindenburg coming down. Just as he held up the camera, it exploded and he hit the trigger. He got the first puff of explosion on the Hindenburg.

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Murray Becker was using a Speed Graphic. Now a Speed Graphic is a large camera that’s held with two hands. With a maximum speed of 1/1000 sec. that could be achieved with the focal plane shutter.

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This is one of the worst catastrophes in the world. The day the Hindenburg went down, the image eclipsed the words.

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Black and white street photography in New York. They haunted the crime and fatality scenes of New York, capturing often disturbing images

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People want to see pictures of horrible things. People want to see the explosion, people want to see the murder, people want to see the carnage, people want to see death, people want to see all the things

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On November 23, 1936, a new magazine appeared on news stands. Publisher Henry Luce gave Americans something they had never seen before -- a glossy, large-format news magazine which used photographs to tell its stories.

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The biggest mass market hit in the history of publishing. It spoke in a language that everybody could understand. Pictures. On life magazine there were politics and there’s fashion and there’s movies and there’s advertising and there’s cars and there’s food and there’s homes and there’s tragedy and there’s happiness

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To introduce his new magazine to the world, he wrote an essay which described the many powers of photography. "To see life. To see the world. To watch the faces of the poor, and the gestures of the proud. To see strange things. Machines, armies, multitudes, and shadows in the jungle. To see, and to take pleasure in seeing. To see and be instructed. To see and be amazed..."

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During The Great Depression, Roosevelt attempted to deal with the economic crisis proposing a multitude of new government programs. As part of the Farm Security Administration, the government established an organization unique in peace time, a propaganda agency that would use the power of photographs to sell Roosevelt's programs.

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FSA photographers took a quarter of a million photographs. They were made available free of charge and were widely used in newspapers, magazines, exhibits and books.

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Dorothea Lange was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the FSA. Lange's photographs influenced the development of documentary photography and humanized the consequences of the Great Depression.

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Roy Stryker put his camera on a shelf and caught the many acts of discrimination. From the reactions of people that the camera could be a very powerful instrument against discrimination.

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In the early 1940s a young photographer, Gordon Parks, got a call to come to Washington, With the success of the FSA, its role was being expanded. Roy Stryker showed Parks how things really worked on the streets of the nation's capital.

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Adams photographed mountains and peaks, but people thought they were about geography or geology. But he really was photographing the weather. He made pictures unlike anybody else

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Adams was doing his best work everyone thought it was irrelevant. Beautiful pictures of little pristine little lakes in the high Sierras. Later after the Great Depression and WWII, the world became concerned with ecological issues, allowing Adam to become more relevant.

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A photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer.

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In the early 1940s, the photograph had completed its conquest of America. With these technical innovations, photography had immense power to shape public opinion. The war would be a fought on many fronts -- an astounding global story which both the military and the press were determined to record in pictures.

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To win World War II it wasn’t enough to tell the American public what they were fighting for, it was necessary to drive home what they were fighting against.

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World War II produced many famous photographs, one of those were but of a young woman’s back. 50,000 servicemen a month were asking for this picture. Which helped the move for photographs called Pin-Up Girls.

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Every magazine and newspaper editor in the country knew that D-Day would be their biggest story. Life Magazine sent John Morris to London, in late 1943, to get photos of the first invasion

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One of the great photo icons of all time, possibly the greatest, is a picture that Joe Rosenthal made of the flag raising on Iwo Jima on top of Mt. Suribachi. It had been a bloody, bloody course, and then along comes this picture that says victory.

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Pictures of events that change our lives and Auschwitz and other concentration camp photos are in that category. The concentration camps seemed exaggerated -- unbelievable, but with the help of photographs they were believable.

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Our sense of our clothing at all times is essentially pictorial. In order to look better in the camera eye this kind of self-contained slim unit has to come into existence. What the camera influences right there the camera is influencing how people wished to look.

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An American fashion and portrait photographer. He worked for Harper's Bazaar and Vogue, specializing in capturing movement in still pictures of fashion, theater and dance.

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These photographs created the way we wanted to look. It permeated all aspects of ourselves, certainly ourselves as women in the world.

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It was a fusion of carefully selected photographs and captions, all to support the concept -- mankind is one. It included five hundred photographs, from sixty-eight countries around the world.

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It featured groups of related pictures that moved the viewer from images of lovers meeting, to pictures of marriage, to birth, and finally to universal concerns of food and shelter.

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Street photography is photography conducted for art or enquiry that features unmediated chance encounters and random incidents within public places.

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In a mid 1950s, a new generation of photographers led by Robert Frank, this photography is about this mass of misconnections and people uncertain of where they’re going, and people colliding and cultures colliding and people not seeing each other.

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In a South where violent racism was commonplace, photographs showing the violence and racism were published in the Black Press.

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Emmett Till’s murder may have gone un-noticed, except for this photograph. Published only in the black press, it showed his young face beaten beyond recognition.

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The photo of Emmet Till's face was seared in many's heads and remain there to this day. Some were enraged and felt powerless at the same time and vowed that one day they were going to get even.

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Social Reform Photography become Civil Rights Photography

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Social Reform Photography become Civil Rights Photography

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The summer of '63, all across the South, the South was on fire. It was really the peak of the Civil Rights movement and some people have said that I photographed the golden age of the Civil Rights movement. Danny Lyon wanted to make photographs of that because it was just a compelling subject. There were terrible beatings and brutalities, many had to run to the hospital.

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He found the movement headquarters, there were thousands of segregation signs and people. Very few people were photographing the movement, so Danny Lyon stood up.

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The pictures of the war had a much greater impact on American readers than the television did. There was no censorship in Vietnam of any kind, photographers had greater access to that war then they did either Korea or World War II. It would look like, to see a monk burning to death, but the actual image there, sort of in the flesh, has a different impact.

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The 4 photographs, all taken at the time of the war, impacted many due to it's uncensorship and exposure to violence. Many were outraged, disgusted, and sorrowful.

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The photo captured by Malcolm Brown, caught something very unusual sight. The huge crowds of Buddhist monks and nuns who had gathered in the pagoda, many of them weeping. Tic Quang Duc then lighted a match that he had in his lap and set fire to himself. Seeing a monk burning to death, but the actual image there, sort of in the flesh, has a different impact.

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Eddie Adams' picture of General Loan executing a suspect on the street of Saigon, appeared first on television and the next morning in the front pages of the paper, people were stunned, because they had never before seen this moment of death.

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The famous photograph, captured by Nick Ut, of a young Vietnamese girl running down the road after having been napalmed by the American Army. You can get some idea. But what you can't get is the emotional force.

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The John Filo photograph of the murdered student at Kent State. It happened May 4, 1970. The students at Kent State were protesting governmental actions. And they were slaughtered for it by the National Guard.

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Life Magazine: During the Vietnam war, we covered the war endlessly, week after week after week and we decided, you know what we should do, why don't we run just the faces of a week's dead. Just the faces...
Life Magazine: And the entire nation mourned those soldiers. You know, you could hear it on the news, you could be inundated with it. But until you saw those faces, that's what brought it home to everyone. And I think that's what changed everyone's mind...

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Stewart Brand: I just started thinking, well, you know, if we had the photograph of earth from space people would change their mind about the infiniteness of the earth, and realize it's very finite.
"why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole earth yet?"

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On Christmas eve, 1968, astronaut William Anders was circling the moon. Along with his fellow astronauts in Apollo 8, Anders saw and photographed an even more astounding sight. The half-lit planet earth rising over the bleak landscape of the moon. It was the first real occasion where people saw earth.

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Deborah Willis: In terms of memory in photographs, I think that that's where we all as families, and as individuals, began to find out where we are.

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Contemporary photographers today are actually reflecting on, and looking at the history of images of black subjects. Redefining from the caricatures and the stereotypical images that were made earlier, about African Americans in photography.

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- The photograph began to be used very early in crime detection and the solving of crimes.
- The position of the body, and all other physical details of the crime, are photographed by the police for further study, and later use in court.
- You can’t take a picture of something that is not in front of the camera. You can fiddle with the picture afterwards, you can develop it, but we implicitly know that there had to be something in front of that camera, we tend to believe it since we tend to believe our eyes.
- One of the ways that prosecutors win cases, is that they also affect the sympathy, hearts as well as the minds, of the jurors.

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- An innocent snapshot photograph of a potential presidential candidate
- American presidents, of any real intelligence, have always known the power of the photograph.
- It is not a way of propaganda but it can cause humiliation for a politicians and even ruin their reputation.

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David Turnley:
- "The photograph is a moment depicting the medics just having placed this body bag in the helicopter, and the soldier on the left of the frame understanding for the first time that this was his best friend who had been killed."
- "if people are going to send their brothers, and their sons, and their children, and their relatives to war they should at least know what the reality of war is."
" And I essentially went AWOL,...I discovered an elite MASH unit, which is what put me in a position to then be on a Blackhawk helicopter on the last day of the war in which I made a photograph which become very memorable."

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The handling of pictures digitally has brought with it a great benefit and there are also some problems. The problems are the pictures can now be manipulated a great deal. The US Postal service seamlessly transformed the painter, Jackson Pollock, into a non-smoker. Newsweek printed the photograph exactly as they received it. Time Magazine changed it digitally. The alteration caused enormous controversy.

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The digital manipulation of photographs has an important new application -- finding missing children. Cheryl Morrien was seven years old when she was kidnapped by a stranger. Steve Loftin is a forensic artist with an unusual skill. He can alter a photograph to produce an image of how Cheryl's face might have aged. He uses a picture of her sister as a guide.

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Rauschenberg rips out a picture from a magazine, burns the ink and stamps it onto a piece of paper, saying he made has made a drawing.

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Andy Warhol gets completely fascinated with photographic images and how they work. He takes pictures and he drops out the detailing, and makes them abstract and kind of spacey looking.

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Artists, who were perceiving that photography had so completely infiltrated our perceptions that there was no way to create a great work of art without a photographic aspect. Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol tried to get direct overlays of the photographic interpretation of the world, which is how we see the world now, into the very substance of their art. 20th century, artists are clearly aware of photography as always manipulated. No matter what it is, if it's a perfectly straight photograph, it is a version, of a truth.

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How has photography progressed into the 2000s? 

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How has photography progressed into the 2000s? 

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Photography is a way of remembrance, without it we wouldn't know how our past selves and ancestors looked. It brings us together and connects us with one another. It's what relays history, brings the people together, and a way so share and spread one's culture and beliefs.

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We use photography as a window of a new reality. We take pictures of anything and everything. A landscape of the sun in the background, friends or family going out, taking picture of what they are doing or eating. We share our comfort with one another through photography, and express another side of our personalities.