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Drug abuse brings great harm to individuals, families and society. If effective measures are not taken to prevent and control, drug abuse and its related diseases will soon spread all over the world, and any country is in such danger. In the early 1970s, the Asian continent, where there was no drug threat, has now become one of the concentrated areas of drug abuse and drug production. In the 1980s, drug abuse directly caused 100,000 deaths worldwide.
Drug abuse can quickly destroy a person, a family, or even a small social circle. Mental addiction is dependent and extremely reversible. For your own sake, do not abuse drugs.

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Differential diagnosis of dementia, delirium and depression

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Differential diagnosis of dementia, delirium and depression

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Delirium, dementia, depression, cognitive symptoms and depressive symptoms are not always in order. Most of the cognitive symptoms first have cognitive symptoms, then depression and depression, and then cognitive symptoms are awake or unconscious or ups and downs Great changes, clear consciousness (unless to the end), clear consciousness (unless severe stiffness), complaints about memory problems, trance or obvious memory problems, often conceal their cognitive impairment, often emphasize or exaggerate their cognitive impairment, answer questions incorrectly, often Nonsense often gives wrong answers, but it is close to the correct answer and often answers "I don't know". The manifestations of memory impairment are immediate, short-term, and long-term memory impairment in the early stage of the disease. Most diseases are early, but only the recent memory impairment is mild or moderate. Hallucinations of memory impairment appear at the beginning or early stage of the disease. Most diseases have no hallucinations in the early stages of the disease (except for Lewy body dementia). Delusions appear when the disease is severe. Most of them have no delusions (except for Lewy body dementia). Commonly, they are stolen or mistaken as delusions. The reversibility or substantial improvement of cognitive or psycho-behavioral symptoms occurs only when the disease is severe. The cognitive or psycho-behavioral symptoms can be in one day. Internal ups and downs, with sunset syndrome irreversible; moderate or severe conditions are prone to sunset syndrome; degeneration that can be delayed by drugs or non-drugs is generally reversible, no sunset syndrome onset is rapid or acute (a few hours to several days) ) Slow onset (months to years) faster onset (several weeks)

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10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia

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10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia

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Dementia is a general term for a group of symptoms. These symptoms usually include problems with memory, thinking, problem solving, language, and perception. For people with dementia, these symptoms are severe enough to affect daily life. Dementia is not a disease in itself, nor is it a natural part of aging. In contrast, the symptoms of dementia are caused by different diseases that affect the brain, including Alzheimer's disease. Dementia is caused by the loss of nerve cells. This is a gradual condition, which means that symptoms will gradually get worse. This is because when a nerve cell dies, it usually cannot be replaced. As more and more cells die, the brain begins to shrink.

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10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia

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10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia

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Depression is the most common type of mental illness. It is characterized by continuous and long-term bad mood. It is the most important type of mental illness in modern people.
Clinically, it can be seen that the mood is bad and the real life is unhappy, the mood is low and depressed for a long time, from the first gloomy to the final grief, inferiority, pain, pessimism, and world-weariness, I feel that every day I live is desperate Torture yourself, passivity, escape, and eventually even suicide attempts and behaviors. The patient suffers from somatization pain, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. I just want to lie on the bed every day and don't want to move anything. There is obvious anxiety. In more severe cases, psychotic symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, persecutory delusions, and multiple personality may occur.
Each episode of depression lasts like a year, lasting at least 2 weeks, one year, or even several years. Most cases of depression tend to have repeated episodes

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10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia

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10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia

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Delirium is a state of confusion caused by acute brain failure due to multiple factors. At present, the actual mechanism of delirium is still unclear. The current possible causes: abnormal regulation of neurotransmitters, inflammatory conditions, acute stress, or brain neuron damage, etc.
The reason why delirium is easily overlooked is that some symptoms are similar to depression or mental disorders.

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Both 10.1 and 10.2 hit on the fact that not every patient is a "one size fits all" when it comes to mental health . . . especially not older adults. Biological forces can lead to normative cognitive decline in the frontal lobe, life style forces can lead to very justifiable depression, and other forces can have similar effects. Diagnosing the symptoms rather than diagnosing the person happens far too often and leaves older adults feeling confused and scared when the role of healthcare providers is to do the exact opposite.

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10.2 Developmental Issues in Assessment and Therapy

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10.2 Developmental Issues in Assessment and Therapy

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This is a quick video on how a Mental status exam is performed. This helps to visualize what really goes on and how to perform an exam. Having a trained professional perform this exam on older adults regularly can help to establish a baseline to base the patients cognitive health from. It's important to treat the patient as an individual and recognize the individual variability in these exams. Preconceived notions about how a patient can lead to misdiagnosis.

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How to do the Mental Status Exam | Merck Manual Professional Version

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10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns

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10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns

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Alcohol Use Disorder: Alcohol use disorders is when a drinking pattern that results in significant and recurrent consequences that reflect loss of reliable control over alcohol use. Based on the DSM-5, people are asked in the past year have they: had times when they ended up drinking more or longer than intended, more than once wanted to cut down or stop drinking, spent a lot of time drinking, wanted a drink so badly they couldn't think of anything else, found that drinking often interfered with caring for their home or family, continued to drink even though it was causing trouble, given up or cut back on activities that were important to drink, and found that the effects of alcohol were wearing off? Treatment for alcohol use disorder has three goals, stabilization and reduction, treatment of coexisting problems, and arrangement of social interventions. There are also three main options for treatment, mutual-support groups, behavioral treatments, and medications. Mutual-support groups are the most commonly used treatment because they provide peer support to stop using certain drugs or alcohol.

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10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns

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10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns

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Psychotic Disorders: Forms of psychopathology, called psychosis, are when a person loses touch with reality and the disintegration of their personality. Belief systems that are not based on reality and hallucinations are two common behaviors that occur when one has psychosis. It is uncommon for older adults to develop new cases of psychosis, but the behaviors presented in psychotic disorders are usually caused by other disorders such as delirium or dementia. Schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder. The onset occurs most often between the ages 16 and 30. Older adults who have schizophrenia often show less thought disorder and less flattening of their emotions. However, studies show that the natural course improves over time. The most common form of treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication, which is believed to effect the dopamine system. It is very difficult to treat schizophrenia with psychotherapy because of the severity thought disturbances and their extreme suspiciousness.

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10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns

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10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns

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Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety can be an issue throughout a persons life. It includes feelings of severe anxiety for no reason, phobias of specific things of places, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is common in all ages, but is twice as more common in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. Symptoms of an anxiety disorder can include feeling on edge, dry mount, sweating, dizziness, upset stomach, diarrhea, insomnia, hyperventilation, chest pain, choking, frequent urination, headaches, and a sensation of a lump in the throat. An important thing to remember when looking an anxiety is that it can be an appropriate response to a situation. Many older adults who show anxiety have underlying health concerns. However, these issue may make it more difficult to diagnose an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can be treated with medication or psychotherapy. Medication must be monitored carefully in older adults because the amount to treat is much lower and the risk of side effects is great. The better treatment for older adults is psychotherapy, specifically cognitive behavioral or relaxation therapy.

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Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults - BroadcastMed

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Anxiety disorder is explained and treatment is discussed. The correlation of age and anxiety is also explored.

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Defining Mental Health and Psychopathology

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Defining Mental Health and Psychopathology

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Many researchers believe that people who are mentally healthy have a positive attitude toward self, an accurate perception of reality, a mastery of the environment, personality balance, and growth and self-actualization. These characteristics refer to Birren and Renners classic argument on mental health. However, it is more difficult to define abnormal behavior in older adults. This is because of physical, financial, social, and health reasons, they also do not always have access to master their environment. The important part to defining mental health from psychopathology is that we must consider what else is happening and how the behavior fits a situation.

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When looking at mental health, it's important to account for all the different forces coming into play at any specific time. A person may be experiencing hardships in a variety of these areas and something like depression might be a completely normal response to these forces and not an example of mental illness/ pathology.

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10.1: Mental Health and the Adult Life Course

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10.1: Mental Health and the Adult Life Course

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Equifinality:  a given state can be reached by many potential means.
The beginning of the chapter talks about how tricky it can be to define where mental health ends and psychopathology begins. This slide I found used the word equifinality which I defined above. Equifinality helps to explain why it is so important we use a multidimensional approach when looking at psychopathology . . . just because two patients are showing the same symptoms does not mean that they got to that point the same way. There are many different factors and these factors start to look different as we age.