# data[].attributes.body
Punch was an indentured servant when he ran away. When the judge sentenced Punch to lifelong servitude in response, he set a new precedent: rather than working off their servitude, people could now be indentured for life.

# data[].attributes.headline
Body Drumming Established in Response to a ban on Drums

# data[].attributes.subject
Body Drumming Established in Response to a ban on Drums

# data[].attributes.body
The storytelling of this music, passed down through history, provides a glimpse into the lives of enslaved people within America. https://youtu.be/v8r5wxpa3hg

# data[].attributes.body
Equiano wrote the first slave narrative. He was a writer, one of the first to share his experience as a slave.

# data[].attributes.body
The two-volume series The Interesting Narrative of Life of Odulah Equiano set a new narrative around slavery. Through his honest writing, Equiano showed white people slavery through a former slave's eyes. This challenged the narrative that Black people like to be enslaved.

# data[].attributes.body
Banneker was a mathematician, the inventor of the clock. He wrote to Jefferson about the hypocrisy of his fighting for freedom while still enslaving people, and received a response.

# data[].attributes.body
Jackson was a Southern Democrat and military hero. He reigned President of the United States from 1829 until 1837. His work is celebrated by white supremacists today due to the racially discriminatory legal systems that he established.

# data[].attributes.body
Slave owners can legally track down escaped enslaved people and they must undergo a legal process to prove that the person that they have captured is enslaved.

# data[].attributes.body
Jacksonian Democracy established the two party system. Previously, state legislators elected the governors and president. In an effort to gain the support of lower-class white men, Jackson gave voting rights to all white men. He shifted the former barrier surrounding suffrage, financial and land status, to race. Now, no matter how much money or how much land a Black man had, they no longer had any say in the country's governance.

# data[].attributes.body
"Some times I feel like a motherless child" reflects the experiences that many enslaved people went through. The separation of families was a common experience throughout slavery. The honesty of this music, passed down through history, provides insight into the lives of enslaved people. https://youtu.be/KiJx1Hbn_KM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child-Paul Robeson

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible singer, movie star and much more. His father was born in slavery but escaped to the north via the underground railroad, at age 15!

# data[].attributes.body
The planter-based economic system that the United States had developed was challenged by freed Black peoples' labor. In an effort to protect America's planter-based economy, the American Colonization Society was established. Presidents Madison and Jackson attended the first American Colonization Society meetings. At these meetings, their mission was established: to transport freed Black people to the area south of Sierra Leone. Over 3,000 people were killed due to the boat-ride, disease, and other factors.

# data[].attributes.body
The abolitionist movement leading up to the Civil War shared a variety of different perspectives. Many of those advocating for the emancipation of slaves did not have slaves' best interests in mind. They opposed the South's planter-based economy, advocating instead for the North's industry-based economy. Many abolitionists did not support integration. Some, like the American Colonization Society, wanted Black people to leave the United States. The rhetoric of "Go back to your country" was created.

# data[].attributes.headline
John Coltrane: Song of The Underground Railroad

# data[].attributes.subject
John Coltrane: Song of The Underground Railroad

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTBQBtxJa6w

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
John Coltrane - Song Of The Underground Railroad

# data[].attributes.body
Garrison believed in self-defense over anything. He was an anti-racist. He led a magazine, the Liberator. The press was integral to spreading information and organizing movements.

# data[].attributes.body
Douglas was a leader of the abolitionist movement. He published Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas, An American Slave. Slave narratives were integral to the abolitionist movement due to the stories they told and the people they reached.

# data[].attributes.headline
Lucrietta Mott Excluded From World Anti-Slavery Convention

# data[].attributes.subject
Lucrietta Mott Excluded From World Anti-Slavery Convention

# data[].attributes.body
Although her work was monumental in the abolitionist movement, Mott was excluded from the World Anti-Slavery convention. This shows two things: the existence of a World Anti-Slavery Convention proves that abolition was a common, known, advocated for, concept. This also demonstrates that the abolition movement had its flaws, its sexism one of them.

# data[].attributes.headline
1844: Oregon Established As A State. The First Black Exclusion Law In The Nation Is Published Within Oregon's Constitution

# data[].attributes.subject
1844: Oregon Established As A State. The First Black Exclusion Law In The Nation Is Published Within Oregon's Constitution

# data[].attributes.body
In an effort to postpone the inevitable Civil War, congress created a compromise to please the South. After the Liberty Act, Slave Holders Can Kidnap Black People Without Having to Prove Their Enslavement. Police Were Established As Slave-Catchers. This is significant because this is how law enforcement was created. The police force's roots are the capturing of Black people and the upholding of white supremacy.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Emancipation Proclamation Published (1863) 

# data[].attributes.subject
The Emancipation Proclamation Published (1863) 

# data[].attributes.body
After a 3-year civil war, Lincoln published the Emancipation Proclamation. This stated that all enslaved people "henceforward shall be free".

# data[].attributes.headline
The 13th Amendment Enacted (December 6, 1865)

# data[].attributes.subject
The 13th Amendment Enacted (December 6, 1865)

# data[].attributes.body
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. However this Amendment, in its line "except as a punishment for crime", created today's prison industrial complex. This established the precedent that the United States could force unpaid labor through arresting people.

# data[].attributes.body
The Freeman's Bureau was created to help formerly enslaved people become self-sufficient. It had four goals: food, shelter, clothing, and education. This bureau helped establish the first Black schools.

# data[].attributes.headline
Organized Groups Form in Opposition to Reconstruction

# data[].attributes.subject
Organized Groups Form in Opposition to Reconstruction

# data[].attributes.body
In 1865, organized groups began to form in response to the recent Reconstruction Amendments. These groups included the KKK, White League, and Knights of White Camelia. Their objectives were to destroy reconstructive government. Their tactics were violence. They intimidated Black People, as well as the White people in power. They hoped to restore White Supremacy. Law Enforcement did not stop their violent acts. When Law Enforcement did not protect people participating in reconstruction, this set the precedent that racist groups can be violent without Law Enforcement repercussions. This established the precedent that hate groups were outside of the law.

# data[].attributes.headline
The 14th Amendment Enacted (July 9, 1868)

# data[].attributes.subject
The 14th Amendment Enacted (July 9, 1868)

# data[].attributes.body
Formerly not granted citizenship, the 14th Amendment was monumental in its guarantee of rights under the Constitution to Black people. By giving slaves citizenship, Jacksonian Democracy was eliminated.

# data[].attributes.headline
The 15th Amendment Enacted (3 February 1870)

# data[].attributes.subject
The 15th Amendment Enacted (3 February 1870)

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th Amendment allowed Black people to vote. The third of three reconstruction amendments, it stated that no man can be denied a vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

# data[].attributes.body
Black codes imposed a list of restrictions on Black people. They restricted freedom, labor, and the movement of freed slaves through banning vagrancy, preaching, unemployment, large groups, drinking, miscegenation, and made finding housing very difficult.

# data[].attributes.body
The first university for Black people was founded in Cheney, Pennsylvania. It was called the Institute for Colored Youth. The first High School for Black youth was founded in Washington DC in 1870. It was called The Preparatory High School for Colored Youth. The education that these schools provided was integral to future Civil Rights wins as these schools raised the writers, lawyers, and scholars that would further the Civil Rights movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Plessy v Fergusen coined the phrase "Seperate But Equal" when the Supreme Court ruled that Black people and White people could legally be segregated, the facilities for Black and White people just had to be equal.

# data[].attributes.body
Dubois and Washington's viewpoints clashed in their 19th century debates. The two disagreed on the best path to equality for Black people: whether they should obey by the rules that the White men had detailed, and this rule-following will show that they are respectable members of society deserving of equality; or if they should rebel and fight against these rules to claim equality for themselves. Both opinions were well respected and supported.

# data[].attributes.body
The first terrorist attack in US history, the Tulsa Massacre  took the lives of over a dozen people. After decades of intimidating witnesses and others to not investigate these crimes, mass graves are just beginning to be excavated.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to how dangerous the South was, many Black people chose to migrate North.

# data[].attributes.body
Tensions grew among White people after an increase in Black people migrating from the South. This culminated into violent KKK lynchings, including a weekly entertainment event among the white people where they would lynch a Black man every Saturday night. Thousands of White people would come, bringing their children and popcorn.

# data[].attributes.body
Expression bloomed in the 1920's, with artists such as Billie Holiday, Langston Hughes, and Effie Lee Newsome. Their work spoke of their experience being Black, of their struggles, joys, and experiences.

# data[].attributes.body
Strange Fruit was composed by Abel Meeropol and sung by Billie Holiday. "Strange Fruit" was a metaphor for the lynchings of Black people. The song discussed these topics, saying "Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze".

# data[].attributes.headline
Brown V Board of Education (17 May 1954)

# data[].attributes.subject
Brown V Board of Education (17 May 1954)

# data[].attributes.body
Brown v Board of Education set the precedent that segregating schools was unconstitutional. It began to unravel "separate but equal" doctrines.

# data[].attributes.headline
Montgomery Bus Boycott (5 December 1955-20 December 1956)

# data[].attributes.subject
Montgomery Bus Boycott (5 December 1955-20 December 1956)

# data[].attributes.body
Boycotting Montgomery's busing system, for over a year, shocked Montgomery's economy. This nonviolent form of protest let to the ruling that segregation on public transit is unconstitutional.

# data[].attributes.body
Protesters rebelling against racism in the United States were met with violence. Nevertheless, they persisted.

# data[].attributes.body
Busses filled with both Black and White people trained in non-violence traveled through the South. They were met with violent mobs throughout their protest, and law enforcement allowed these mobs to attack them.

# data[].attributes.body
Originating in Oakland, the Black Panther's Free Breakfast Program fed over tens of thousands of children in a mass coordinated effort that expanded through multiple states. Our current free breakfast program is due to the Black Panther's work.