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1.1 Explain the structure and function of the urinary system.

1.2 Explain the microanatomy of the kidney.

2. Understand the maintenance of water and salt balance.

2.1 Explain the role of the kidneys in maintaining blood volume, blood pH and osmolality.

2.2 Discuss how this balance can be influenced by environmental factors.

3. Understand common diseases of the urinary system.

3.1 Analyse how common diseases affect the function of the urinary system.

3.2 Discuss the wider effects of kidney disease on the human body.

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Kidney Structure | Cambridge (CIE) A Level Biology Revision Notes 2023

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Revision notes on Kidney Structure for the Cambridge (CIE) A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.

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Fluid Balance (Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH)

Hormone involved: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland)

Process:

1. Stimulus: Blood water levels decrease (e.g., dehydration) or blood osmolarity increases.

2. Receptor: Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the change in blood osmolarity.

3. Control Centre: The hypothalamus triggers the release of ADH from the pituitary gland.

4. Effector: ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water by increasing the permeability of kidney tubules (collecting ducts).

5. Response: Blood water levels increase, osmolarity returns to normal, and ADH secretion decreases (negative feedback).

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Biology - How the Kidneys Work - (Kidneys Part 1/3)

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Biology - Structure of the Kidneys - (Kidneys Part 2/3)

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Biology - Kidney Failure (Kidneys Part 3/3)

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Kidney disease - The role of the kidneys in homeostasis - WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structure of the excretory system including the kidney and the nephrons. How can dialysis or transplantation help when our kidneys fail?

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The kidneys - The role of the kidneys in homeostasis - WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structure of the excretory system including the kidney and the nephrons. How can dialysis or transplantation help when our kidneys fail?

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The nephron - Higher tier only - The role of the kidneys in homeostasis – WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structure of the excretory system including the kidney and the nephrons. How can dialysis or transplantation help when our kidneys fail?

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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - The role of the kidneys in homeostasis – WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structure of the excretory system including the kidney and the nephrons. How can dialysis or transplantation help when our kidneys fail?

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How a dialysis machine works - Higher tier only - The role of the kidneys in homeostasis - WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structure of the excretory system including the kidney and the nephrons. How can dialysis or transplantation help when our kidneys fail?

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Kidneys and homeostasis test questions - WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structure of the excretory system including the kidney and the nephrons. How can dialysis or transplantation help when our kidneys fail?

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What do the kidneys do?

The kidneys are highly complex organs that control substances in the blood, blood pressure, and the amount of fluid in the body. They also keep the blood clean and chemically balanced.

Acting as very efficient and specialised filters, they work to rid the body of waste and toxic substances and return vitamins, amino acids, glucose, hormones and other vital substances into the bloodstream.

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What the kidneys do - Kidney Research UK

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What do the kidneys do? The kidneys are highly complex organs that control substances in the blood, blood pressure, and the amount of fluid in the body. They also keep the blood clean and chemically balanced. Acting as very efficient and specialised filters, they work to rid the body of waste and toxic substances and...

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List of kidney conditions

Information on the most common kidney conditions, types of kidney disease and symptoms to look out for. Each section includes information about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, useful links and related research we're funding.

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Types of kidney conditions | List of kidney symptoms

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Find out about common kidney conditions and the signs and symptoms to look out for to spot kidney disease.

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Afferent - 'leading in'

Efferent - 'leading out'

Medulla - 'inner part of the organ'

Proximal - near the main 'body'

Distal - far from the main 'body'

Convoluted - intricately folded, twisted or coiled.