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1. Firefighters are often unaware of the depth of the water where they are doing water rescues.

2. Some of their equipment are not designed for water rescues situation.

3. Drainage systems may create underwater whirlpool to trap the firefighters.

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Response: Diversion/Mitigation

To reduce the occurrence of drowning, you can transfer the risk responsibility to a professional water rescue team or set up a monitoring system in the relevant area to ensure that there are professionals responsible for the safety of the water.

Install safety signs and warnings to clearly mark swimming areas and dangerous waters to reduce accidents.

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Vehicle Collision during the emergency response

1,Fire trucks responding the emergency are required to go through intersections at high speed.

2,Due to the urgency, drivers usually overlook other emergency responding fire trucks and people.

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1. Vehicle collision during emergency response

Response: Mitigation/Containment

Drivers should have rigorous driver training as well as meet driving standards before getting behind the wheel. Safety devices can be installed in the vehicle to avoid accidents.

After the accident way, emergency response routes can be planned to avoid more accidents.

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Overconfident

Being overconfident in handling some daily missions may leads to misjudging risks.

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In the face of drowning risks in water rescue, a more radical risk avoidance solution is to assign all high-risk water rescue tasks to dedicated water rescue teams, which should be equipped with specialized equipment, such as underwater breathing apparatus, sonar detection equipment, and life-saving robots, to ensure that rescuers are equipped to deal with complex water environments.

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Response: Avoid

Through training and education, remind employees or team members to remain cautious and avoid overconfidence and risk-taking behaviour. Simulated scenarios or case studies can be used to help them realise the possible consequences of overconfidence.

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Mental Health Risks

1, Some firefighters are working under strong stress. Emotional and physical stress can take a toll on firefighter’s mental health, which may cause that firefighters lost in mental health struggles

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Safety Culture Risk

1, Many firefighters refused to wear seatbelts because they believe it slowed them down.

2, Some leaders did not strictly enforce safety rules.

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Security Culture Risks

Response: Mitigation / Containment

To improve and reinforce the safety culture, establish clear safety policies and standards, conduct regular safety training and drills, and ensure that team members understand and comply with safety regulations.

Provide a continuous safety monitoring and evaluation mechanism to encourage employees to report safety hazards or non-compliance with safety standards, and ensure that safety issues are resolved in a timely manner.

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Mental Health Risks

Response: Mitigation / Containment

To reduce mental health problems, regular mental health check-ups can be provided to encourage employees to speak up about stress, anxiety, etc. and take timely interventions.

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Safety Culture Risks

In order to improve the weak safety culture in the fire brigade, a comprehensive approach of risk avoidance and transfer can be adopted. Introduce a third party safety regulator to independently inspect the implementation of the fire station safety system and ensure that all members strictly follow safety procedures, especially basic operations such as wearing seat belts. The team members who violate major safety regulations shall be "immediately suspended" and required to complete retraining before they can return to their posts. At the same time, intelligent safety management systems, such as seat sensing and alarm devices, are used to ensure that the vehicle cannot be started when the seat belt is not fastened, so as to technically eliminate safety hazards and further strengthen the implementation of the safety culture.

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Mental Health Risks

In order to solve the mental health problems of firefighters, we can integrate mental health services into the employee health insurance system through a combination of risk transfer and avoidance, and cooperate with professional psychological counseling institutions to provide all-weather psychological intervention and support.

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In order to effectively prevent firefighters from ignoring potential risks due to overconfidence, we can strengthen the professional awareness of "safety first" through risk avoidance strategies. Specific measures include establishing a "zero accident" incentive mechanism, awarding and rewarding team members who strictly implement operating procedures and avoid illegal behaviors, and enhancing their recognition of safe behaviors. At the same time, risk behavior self-assessment was carried out after each task to promote team reflection and summary and strengthen risk awareness. Regularly invite people who have witnessed the accident to speak out, remind the team members of the harm of overconfidence with real cases, and guide them to stay alert and cautious from the psychological level.

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Mental Health Risks

Conduct mental health training to enhance employees‘ or team members’ mental toughness and ability to cope with stress.

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Mental Health Risks

Establish an anonymous psychological service hotline to ensure that team members can call for help in times of stress or distress. For team members who have been in high-risk positions for a long time, a mandatory mental health assessment and post rotation policy will be implemented, and rest and psychological treatment will be arranged when necessary. At the same time, the "peer support program" is promoted to train key members to become mental health volunteers, help timely detect and intervene in the psychological abnormalities of team members, and build a team culture of mutual care.