# data[].attributes.body
MLA Work Cited Citation

Ziemelis, Karl, and Charles Wenz. "Formula 1 racing: Science in the FAST LANE." Nature, vol. 431, no. 7010, 14 Oct. 2004, pp. 736+. Gale OneFile: Health and Medicine, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A186288251/HRCA?u=anon~86474315&sid=googleScholar&xid=24af0f33. Accessed 31 Oct. 2023.

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["“My last three PhD stu-
dents all went into Formula 1,” says Bearman,
whose department has now provided about
40 engineers for the industry. One of his cur-
rent students, Jonathan Pegrum, is clear
about what attracts him to Formula 1.“I want
to use what I have learned,” says Pegrum, “in
aerodynamics, it is hard to think of another
industry that is at the cutting edge."]

p.737

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Bussen, Abby. "Rally Car Racing/Surfing/Skateboarding…." School Library Journal, 22. 2022, p.1. Ebsco,

https://research.ebsco.com/c/l2s4it/viewer/html/li2dufmnzr

# data[].attributes.body
["And despite the secretive nature of the

Formula 1 industry, the flow of information

from aeronautics to racing is beginning to

reverse."]

p.738

# data[].attributes.body
["Rally car races have always included hazards on normal roads, but the roll cages and driver safety gear was not always standard."]

# data[].attributes.body
M. Imani Masouleh and D. J. N. Limebeer, "Optimizing the Aero-Suspension Interactions in a Formula One Car," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 1, May 2016, Google Scholar.

10.1109/TCST.2015.2475396.

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["The year 2009 [5] saw the introduction of Hybrid Powertrain system in F1 with the term Energy Recovery Systems (ERS) being coined. The ERS consists of a motor generator unit which recovers energy during braking, Control Electronics (CE) to transfer the energy and a battery to store and use this energy. This was termed as Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS)."]

p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
: Bopaiah, K. and Samuel, S., "Analysis of Energy Recovery System of Formula One Cars," SAE Technical Paper 2021, p.1. Google Scholar,

https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0368.

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["the hybrid system in current Formula-One cars, the technical regulations state that fuel mass flow rate for the internal combustion engine (ICE) must not exceed 100 kg/h and the maximum power for the Motor Generator Unit – Kinetic (MGUK) is limited to 120 kW. In Formula-E, this appears as restrictions on the output power out of a car’s Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS), which may vary for different events (e.g. qualifying, race, etc.) and restrictions on the amount of energy that can be delivered to the Motor Generator Unit (MGU)."]

p. 1

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Abbas Fotouhi, Auger J. Daniel, and Xuze Liu. "Optimal Energy Management for Formula-E Cars with Regulatory Limits and Thermal Constraints" 2020, pp 1-2. Google Scholar

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113733

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"The history of the origin of karting once again clearly illustrates the common sentiment that everything ingenious was invented either out of laziness...Then no one could imagine that after a few years this entertainment would turn into a popular motorsport."

p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
Chaldanbayev, Y. (2022). STAGES OF KARTING FORMATION AS ONE OF THE POPULAR AUTOSPORT. International Journal of Advanced Logistics, Transport and Engineering, p.1. Google Scholar,

https://ijalte.alt.edu.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/34

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Driving at large angles of sideslip does not necessarily indicate terminal loss of control, rather, it is the fundamental objective of the sport of drifting.

# data[].attributes.body
["The appeal of drifting lies in the challenge of maintaining control and a desired trajectory amidst large variations in the handling qualities and stability of the vehicle, both of which are partly dependent on the sideslip angle"]

p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
["Drifting is a technique used for maximum performance vehicle control in low traction environments."]

P. 2

# data[].attributes.body
Abdulrahim, Mujahid. "On the Dynamics of Automobile Drifting", 2006, p.1-2. Google Scholar,

https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1019

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"In contrast to the
sedentary pace of university research, devel-
opment of a Formula 1 car takes place at a
breakneck speed. “What I am working on
right now could appear on the car in a race or
two,”"

p. 739

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"s. Professional racing drivers in NASCAR heavily utilise slipstreaming by forming vehicle platoons and following closely among one another, benefitting themselves with reduced overall drag and higher fuel efficiency."

p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
["On the other hand, side drafting is also greatly utilised to slow down leading opponents in NASCAR racing."]

p.1

# data[].attributes.body
["This is extensively used by drivers as they position themselves at the quarter panel of their respective leading opponents and displace large amounts of air from their front fasciae onto their leading opponents"]

p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
Gan Junn Chern Edwin, Fong Mikhail, Ng Luon Yee. "CFD Analysis of Slipstreaming and Side Drafting Techniques Concerning Aerodynamic Drag in NASCAR Racing." Archives, vol. 12, no 7. 2020, p.1. Google Scholar,

https://www.akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/cfdl/article/view/3262

# data[].attributes.body
["While NASCAR race cars are mechanically able to achieve greater top speeds at wide-open throttle, the use of tapered spacers is imposed to limit their top speeds...forces drivers to resort to aerodynamic techniques in racing, especially since aerodynamic drag accounts for roughly 90% of the total resistance at top speed"]

p. 2

# data[].attributes.body
["High-speed cornering is a technique used especially in rally racing, during which the vehicle is driving at high sideslip angles while cornering to shave off excess speed."]

'p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
[".Velenis in modeled a form of high-speed cornering maneuver called trail braking and showed that trail braking can be generated as the solution of a minimum-time or a maximum-exit velocity cornering problem subject to appropriate boundary conditions"]

p.1

# data[].attributes.body
["r, drivers compete along a Rally-like closed track, adapting their behaviour during abrupt friction transitions (e.g. from tarmac to gravel) and stabilising the vehicle at high body slip angles along tight track segments."]

p.1

# data[].attributes.body
M. Acosta, V. Ivanov and S. Malygin, "On Highly-Skilled Autonomous Competition Vehicles: An FSM for Autonomous Rallycross," 2019 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM), Ilmenau, Germany, 2019, p.1, 10.1109/ICMECH.2019.8722840.

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G. M. Hoffmann, C. J. Tomlin, M. Montemerlo and S. Thrun, "Autonomous Automobile Trajectory Tracking for Off-Road Driving: Controller Design, Experimental Validation and Racing," 2007 American Control Conference, New York, NY, USA, 2007, pp. 1. Google Scholar.

10.1109/ACC.2007.4282788.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Autonomous Automobile Trajectory Tracking for Off-Road Driving: Controller Design, Experimental Validation and Racing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This paper presents a nonlinear control law for an automobile to autonomously track a trajectory, provided in real-time, on rapidly varying, off-road terrain. Existing methods can suffer from a lack of global stability, a lack of tracking accuracy, or a dependence on smooth road surfaces, any one of which could lead to the loss of the vehicle in autonomous off-road driving.

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["The KERS provided the ICE an additional
400kJ of energy which corresponds to 80 bhp of extra power for 6.6
seconds per lap"]

p.1

# data[].attributes.body
["Aerodynamics influences play a major role in the per-
formance of Formula One cars. It is important for high-
performance car designers to minimise drag, while simulta-
neously seeking to maximise down force effects in order to
improve road holding and tire performance"]

p.1

# data[].attributes.body
[" “Research in the aerospace
sector is static in comparison, with typical
development times of 10 to 15 years,” he says.
“This is much more exciting.”"]

p. 738

# data[].attributes.body
["This investigation highlights the strategies used by different drivers and
the effect of driver to driver variation on their ERS performance during
qualification"]

p. 1

# data[].attributes.body
["keen interest has been put into optimisation of ERS in order to maximize the PU output to achieve a competitive edge against other rival teams"]

p.1

# data[].attributes.body
["It has been said that a modern Formula 1

car has more in common with a jet fighter

than an ordinary road car. But few would

think of racing car aerodynamics as being

more complex still."]

p.738

# data[].attributes.body
["According to Xin Zhang,

an aerodynamicist at the University of

Southampton, UK, Formula 1 has pushed the

science and engineering expertise in some

areas “to a level higher than that of aerospace

engineering”."]

p.738

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opposite counterclaim 0-sources but need supporting details for rebuttal

oppistion paragraph - other side of story but evidence to show your argument is correct can come from one source

intro- establish the agrument establish each sides opionion

conclusion - shows relevence of article why