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Nervous system

Is responsible for controlling everything, in your body, including hormones, thoughts, movements, pains, and emotions.

There is also involuntary and voluntary. Involuntary is what we don't control, and voluntary is what we control.

The nerves connect to the brain, all parts of the body

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As we already learned nervous system is one of the most important parts of our body, one example, is if you break a part of the spinal cord you can be paraplegic. Also, the nervous system connects to the whole body and is also called a ''second brain'', because the nervous system, is so important this is why is considered as a ''second brain''( Li , Duan, 2020).

[Unique characteristics of “the second brain” - The enteric nervous system]. (2020, June 25). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32572435/#:~:text=Enteric%20nervous%20system%20(ENS)%20is,second%20brain%22%20or%20gut%20brain

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Connection between the nervous system and the digestive system

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Connection between the nervous system and the digestive system

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The nervous system is made of neurons that send information to other neurons. So starts on the brain, the brain sees that you will start eating, so then sends the information to the nervous and until gets to the digestive system that will start working.

Example 1: You just finished eating. Your brain will send the information to your motor neurons, so then the small intestine will start absorbing the food and will get the nutrients that your body won't need and transform them into feces, which will pass to the whole large intestine until getting the anus.

Example 2: I am watching one video of a person eating something, and my brain will think that I am going to start eating, so then will send the message to the nervous system, which will pass this message to the salivary gland that will make saliva to our mouth. Also, your digestive system will start working (like?), thinking that is coming foods.

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Connection between the nervous system and the respiratory system

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Connection between the nervous system and the respiratory system

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The autonomic nervous system controls our respiration. The autonomic nervous system means involuntary movement and our respiratory system is involuntary. This nervous system stays on the bulb that is the brainstem. This place is responsible for contracting the respiratory system. (G. 2014, November 15).

Example 1: Imagine you are in a forest, and appears a tiger in front of you, because of the nervous system, you will have

adrenaline, which means that your respiratory system will demand more oxygen because you are going to run or fight the tiger. We need more oxygen because will produce more energy. The brain will send the message to the diafragment, that will make you breathe more oxygen.

Example 2: I am eating my favorite food, and I am eating very fast, then I get a bite and the food stays stuck in the larynx, in the same way, your brain will process that there is no air going to your lungs, then your nervous system will act. that and will liberate despair. Then the brain will send the motor neurons to the defragment that will make you cough.

Source of the explanation: Ricardo, G. (2014, November 15). CURSO DE NEUROMETRIA APLICADA: CONTROLE DA RESPIRAÇÃO FUNCIONAL. Neurometria. https://neurometria.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/neurometria.com.br-apostilas-cna-respiracao-funcional.pdf

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Connection between the nervous system and the cardiovascular system

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Connection between the nervous system and the cardiovascular system

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The autonomic nervous system controls our cardiovascular system because autonomic means that is involuntary. The connection between the cardiovascular system and the nervous system is that the nervous system influences the way that the heart beats. ( Chaccur, 2020).

Example 1: Imagine you are going to a final soccer game, and when you are in the locker room preparing for the game you are very nervous, so your heart will start beating faster. The nervous system will liberate this emotion, and at the same time, the heart will start beating faster.

Example 2: I am in a marathon, and I am running, then my heart will start beating faster because needs to flow more blood to the body, so your body can have more energy, When you are running your brain sends a message to the motor neuron, that will go and sends this message to the heart, saying that needs to beat faster.

Chaccur, P. (2020). Cérebro e coração: você sabe como eles se relacionam? OUL. https://www.uol.com.br/vivabem/colunas/paulo-chaccur/2020/08/02/cerebro-e-coracao-voce-sabe-como-eles-se-relacionam.htm#:~:text=O%20sistema%20nervoso%20libera%20subst%C3%A2ncias,de%20manter%20o%20equil%C3%ADbrio%20emocional.

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Connection between the nervous system and muscular system 

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Connection between the nervous system and muscular system 

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The muscular system is made of tissues, more specific filaments. Fibers or muscle cells are responsible for allowing movements and contraction. The muscle fibers are controlled by the nervous system, and it is in charge of receiving information, from the muscular system, and the reply the information with the solicitation movement. ( Diana, 2021).

Example 1: Imagine you are in a bodybuilder tournament, and the judge says double biceps pose, your brain will process this information, and pass the message to the nervous system, that goes and responds to the information by contracting the biceps.

Example 2: Imagine you are talking to your friend, and you start saying look my six packs, are very strong. Then you say to him punch your six packs that will not hurt. Then when your friend prepares to punch, your muscles will need to contract, so the nervous system will act, by responding the signal and contracting the muscle.

Diana, J. (2021, February 15). Sistema muscular. Toda Matéria. https://www.todamateria.com.br/sistema-muscular/#:~:text=Os%20m%C3%BAsculos%20s%C3%A3o%20tecidos%2C%20cujas,la%20realizando%20a%20a%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20solicitada.

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Connection between the nervous system and hormones/puberty.

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Connection between the nervous system and hormones/puberty.

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When teenage boys and girls, are passing through puberty is very normal for to them have their mood swings... The nervous system and hormones are very related because when we have more hormones, happier we are, and the nervous system is responsible for feeling some emotions, such as nervousness, anxiety, adrenaline etc.(Saúde, F. M. E. 2019, October 3). But what actually causes mood swing? Mood is caused when have a big increase or decrease in hormone production.

Hormones are sent by the blood flow, being sent by the whole part of the body, however, they just work in target tissues and organs. The nervous system and the endocrine system are responsible for controlling a lot of things in our body. (Santos, V. S. D. n.d.).

Example 1: Imagine one day a teenage male wakes up happier, eats breakfast, and does his morning routine before going to school. He is in the car happier, at this time his hormones are on top, so he is very excited. In the afternoon he is in class, and for no reason he starts being stressed, and sad. This happens because at that time his hormones decrease, meaning that he is not with too many hormones. Hormones also produce neurotransmitters this is why when you are getting older in your puberty you stay smarter.

Example 2: Puberty starts with the hypothalamus producing the GnRH. Passes to the pituitary gland, then produces LH/ and FSH, after passes to the bloodstream, then goes to the testes, the least but not least producing testosterone in males.

Saúde, F. M. E. (2019, October 3). O corpo em transição | Revista Fleury Ed. 35 › Notícias | Fleury Medicina e Saúde. Fleury Medicina E Saúde. https://www.fleury.com.br/noticias/o-corpo-em-transicao-revista-fleury-ed-35#:~:text=Testosterona%2C%20estradiol%20e%20progesterona%20s%C3%A3o,f%C3%ADsicas%20em%20meninos%20e%20meninas.&text=Como%20a%20produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20hormonal%20da,que%20s%C3%A3o%20t%C3%ADpicas%20dessa%20fase.

Santos, V. S. D. (n.d.). Sistema endócrino: função, glândulas, resumo. Mundo Educação. https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/biologia/sistema-endocrino.htm#:~:text=Os%20horm%C3%B4nios%20s%C3%A3o%20lan%C3%A7ados%20na,de%20diferentes%20atividades%20do%20organismo.

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The main function of the nervous system 

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The main function of the nervous system 

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The main function of the nervous system is to control the human body, for example, the brain sees what needs to be done, and sends it to the nervous system, because it sends the information to the organ. Imagine you just finished eating, the brain will go and send the information to the nervous system, and then he goes and sends this information to the digestive system to start working.

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This is a photo of a neuron, so one neuron passes the information to another. The dendrites will receive this information. Then will pass on the information electrically to the axon, which will pass the information also electrically to the synaptic end.

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FFF: The neuron has this shape because imagine the dendrites are the head, so get all the information, the axon is the wire that gets the information electrically and passes it to the synaptic end, the synaptic is the tail, which will branch the information and pass to another neuron.

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The red blood cell is a cell that stays in our blood, and contains a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin ''sticks'' oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red blood cells' function is to pass oxygen to our body. Also, transports carbon dioxide back to our lungs.

Red blood cells pass oxygen to your whole body, so then you can make for example your toe movements.

FFF: the shape of the red blood cell is called a Biconcave shape and has more surface area. But how the red blood cell has a surface area? Red blood cell has surface area because Biconcave doesn't have organelles, meaning that can fold, which also allows the red blood cell to squeeze and go through the blood vessels.

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The main function of the white blood cell is to protect your body from infection. One example is, imagine you stay sick, the cell that will go and kill the bacterial is the white blood

cell.

FFF: The white blood cells don't have a specific shape, because the cells function to protect your body from infection. So this cell needs to pass through the whole body, meaning that it doesn't have a specific shape.

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The sperm comes from males, and it is used, more when is happening a sex act. The sperm's function is to make the woman get pregnant. What happens is when the man liberates the sperm in the woman's vagina, the sperm's objective is to go to the egg cells. When the sperm get in the egg cell their head pierce the egg cell, so they can enter. With this, the women will get pregnant.

FFF: The shape of a sperm is, the head function is to pierce the egg cell, also, sensor to ''chemicals, and enzymes. The tail's function is to swim forward. Also, there is the Mitochondrion, the function is to give energy to the sperm.

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Neurotransmitter, with dopamine of dopamine

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Neurotransmitter, with dopamine of dopamine

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The function of the Neurotransmitters is like a messenger in the human brain. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances/ brain cells that help one neuron communicate with another. When a neuron needs to send a message to another, it releases this chemical substance, that transports the message from one neuron to another. Allowing body work and, your brain.

Example of a neurotransmitter with dopamine: Imagine one day you pass your day working really hard. And when you get to your house you are very tired, so you decide to get your cell phone and watch videos on social media. When you are watching videos on social media liking, and sharing, your brain will release dopamine. This makes you feel rewarded and happy. So this will make you get addicted over time and will make you want to watch more videos.

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Inside the mitochondria, there is ATP, which means energy, the neuron needs energy so the message can get to the synaptic end.

How ATP is created: Oxygen + Glucose ---chemical---reaction--- > carbon dioxide

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different types of neurons and their function

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different types of neurons and their function

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sensory neuron, receptor cell: sensing. Sensor is who says to your body for example the pain until it gets to your brain. Also, sensory neurons receive information from the receptor, which is part of the peripheral nervous system, then convert this message into electrical impulses.(McLaughlin, 2020)

McLaughlin, K., PhD. (2020, June 14). Sensory neuron. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/sensory-neuron/

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Relay is what think, and connects motor and sensory neuron. The relay neuron receives information from one neuron, and passes this information to another neuron, so for example, the relay neuron receives the information from the sensory neuron, and sends this information to the moto neuron

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The motor Neuron is who act. The motor neuron is responsible for example our movements. So the brain sends the information to the motor neuron, so then the movement can happen. For example I want to contract my leg, then the brain will send the information to the motor neuron that will go there, and make the leg be able to contract.

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Step-by-step - how the neuron sends information to another neuron.

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Step-by-step - how the neuron sends information to another neuron.

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1. The receptor cell (sensory neuron) will trigger.

2. The sensory neuron will electrically send the information through. The axon to the synaptic end,

3. The sensory neuron will release neurotransmitters from the synaptic end.

4. The neurotransmitters will connect to the dendrites of the next neuron.

5. Steps will repeats until it reaches the brain.

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There are two types of reward workful reward and easy reward. The workful reward is when you really put effort into something, so for example had a really difficult assignment in school, you really put effort in this assignment, then is it reward, because you release dopamine with an accomplishment.

Now easy reward. The easy reward is like, alcohol, all types of drugs, vaping, etc. This are easy reward because releases dopamine without any effort and is also addictive. Also, the easy reward is make for people getting addicted, because it makes people feel good, in an easy way.

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How social media usage is related to the reward system and dopamine

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How social media usage is related to the reward system and dopamine

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Social media is something addictive, and based on the classes we already learned that. Talking about how social media is related to the reward system and dopamine, social media is the easy reward, because is not difficult to open your cell phone and watch for example TikTok. Furthermore talking about social media dopamine, what the platforms do, is the algorithm. So when you open your TikTok will appear videos, with a topic that you like, meaning that will liberate dopamine, and will make you stay addicted.

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Cognitive bias is when your brain gets the information of your experience or personal likes. One cognitive bias is Attentional bias, which is when you think that something is true, but you don't have contra arguments. One example is, you go into your TikTok and start appearing just videos, that say why vaccine is bad, and then you put in your head that vaccine is bad just because you saw videos, that say this. However, you don't have a contra argument that is saying why vaccines are good for us, and didn't see data about it.(Gillis,2023).

Gillis, A. S., & Bernstein, C. (2023, April 27). cognitive bias. Enterprise AI. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/cognitive-bias#:~:text=Cognitive%20bias%20is%20a%20systematic,large%20amounts%20of%20information%20quickly.

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Algorithm bias is when the app starts sending you videos based on your age, gender, and stereotype. So for example a male teenager downloads TikTok, and then the app will send him like soccer videos, cars, and ''masculine'' videos. Also, TikTok will not send like ''female'' content. This is related to the buckets, which are the content that the app will send you. For example, in my TikTok appears a lot of soccer, videos. Here are the buckets that TikTok sent me, and what they know.

Male

Brazilian

Like to travel

Soccer

Videogames

Speak English

Gym

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Connection between cognitive bias and social media.

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Connection between cognitive bias and social media.

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One problem that social media have, is fake news. Fake news is very related to cognitive bias because people think that some information is true, just because they saw a video, that they agree with, and this person said what he also thinks. However, the person who is watching the video didn't see the true news, so he thinks that what he saw is true, and this video appears all the time in social media.

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Based on the reward system they can be bias, because for example you are watching TikTok, and the app know that you are corinthiano, so then they are going to send you a lot of videos saying that Corinthians is much better than Palmeiras. So what is happening is that the app, already know a little about his personal like, so then they will make this person conclude 100% his opinion, that Corinthians is better than Palmeiras, but actually this person didn't saw any contra argument. So this is bias because they see already this person personal like so they can believes in things wisly.

The true thing: Everyone knows that Palmeiras is much better than Corinthians

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What are some of the bias that probably exists in my social media algorithm (Advanced)

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What are some of the bias that probably exists in my social media algorithm (Advanced)

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Some bias that exists in my social media is ''male''content and ''female''content. Based on summative 2, there was bias between male and female content. What happened is that in the experiment that I did, there were a lot more videos of car racing than makeup. Remembering that I got two types of videos that don't appear on my foryou page.

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How Apple and Nike have branded your brain | Your Brain on Money | Big Think

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How Apple and Nike have branded your brain | Your Brain on Money | Big Think

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The way that you dress up, tells a lot about people identity, and the way that other people's see that person. There is an idea in the marketing, that shows that human relate to brand in the same way as they relate with people. Like you love this brand, or you hate this brand. There were an experiment that they did that was apple, samsung, and galaxy costumers, to know how their brain works, when is related to brand. In the first experiment said that one empathy brain would treat the apple in a similar way as a person from the person family. Samsung didn't show any good or bad news, just showed was reverse empathy for apple. Meaning that is apple headline was negative their brain reflected a positive response.

Some tips that can be done, so this improves, is before you by a product, reflect a little, for example, why I am buying this product.

Summary: Based on the video what they are passing is, how fan the customer can be with a brand, and the companies are studying the human brain so they can make their commercial more interesting. One example is Apple, every year there is a new cellphone, so then they make a presentation explaining why this new phone is so innovative. So what is happening is that the customers are getting ''addicted'' to the brand, meaning that they are always trying to defend the brand.

Big Think. (2021, July 27). How Apple and Nike have branded your brain | Your Brain on Money | Big Think [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eIDBV4Mpek

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Targeted Ads: The Dark Side of Divulging Your Data

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Targeted Ads: The Dark Side of Divulging Your Data

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There are a lot of people who think that cell phones hear their conversations, but actually, this is not true. Advertising is all about demographics and dividing people into different categories. This means that when a company has more information about you, the more specific they make the adverts you see. So one example is when you download an app, like Instagram, the first thing they will ask is, your email, birthday date, and some personal information. Just with this information they put you in demographics boxes, which are the buckets. On Instagram, you may post things that you like, for example, hobbies, things that you like to do, etc. Also maybe you can join some groups, TV shows, and films that you like. All of this information the app is getting from you is why your social media shows things that you also like. Also, apps are getting your location, this is why when you travel to a different country, show videos of people over there. They also get information based on the videos that you share with your friends etc. talking about friends, instagram knows your information and your friends, so they also know what you have in common.

Summary: Based on the video, what is happening is that the social media app is getting your information without you noticing. For example, Instagram, when you download the app they will make you, put your email, birthday date, maybe some interest, etc. Just with this information they already know a little about you. When you are using this app, they will get the information that most interest you, like famous people, the type of things that you watch, and maybe groups of TV show, and films that you enters. With this, they separate you into buckets, which is the type of content that will appear for you.

iluli by Mike Lamb. (2021, June 1). Targeted ads: The dark side of divulging your data [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVwKQqbMw-c

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 How target advertisements on social media works

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 How target advertisements on social media works

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Target advertisements on social media works like this, have a lot to do with algorithms. For example you download YouTube, the first thing that you do when you enter the app is ask, for your email, birthday date, and maybe some of your interests. Just with this little information, that they get they already know a little information about you. Also, they see what types of people you follow, and maybe post, videos that you like, share, and comment on. Then they started to separate the buckets. Which will be the type of content that will appear to you.

iluli by Mike Lamb. (2021, June 1). Targeted ads: The dark side of divulging your data [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVwKQqbMw-c

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Some dangers of target advertisement, for example, cookies. A lot of people don't know but when you enter a site, they ask to accept cookies, and you accept. They are getting your ID, and what they do is, sell it for other companies. This is why a lot of time when you are in a different country videos, of people that live over that. Or that appears commercial in your social media, of people in that country.

If you are on Facebook, and see an ad, you can go why can you see this ad. Facebook often shows the brought target attributes from ads. This is dangerous because all these tools can be advertised to anyone on Facebook.

Summary: If you are on Facebook and see an ad, you can go in why you see this ad, and like your interest. However, the concern is that these tools can be advertised to anyone on Facebook.

VICE News. (2018, April 13). All The Hidden Ways Facebook Ads Target You [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EM1IM2QUYjk

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Why teenagers and kids are more in risk than adults

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Why teenagers and kids are more in risk than adults

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Talking about how this relates to social media, teenagers, and kids are more at risk than adults because as we learn in class, this generation is getting addicted to social media. For example, question 8 of the guided notebook, says that 5-10% of internet users are unable to control how much time they spend online. When they are on social media, activate the reward system which is the same as drugs. Furthermore, if you use too much social media, can control emotional processing, attention, and decision-making.(ASAP science channel)

This can happen to adults, kids, and teenagers, but why do kids and teenagers have more risk?

Kids and teenagers have more risk because of the pre-frontal cortex, which is not 100% disinvolved, and social media can impact decision-making, and kids and teens already have these difficulties, because of the pre-frontal cortex. So the more time they spend on social media, the more will impact their decision making.

This is the first generation that has social media, meaning that the less ones didn't have social media and social media is something that scientists are until studying how can affect our brains.

Link: DW Planet A. (2021, June 18). Neuromarketing: How brands are getting your brain to buy more stuff [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkDVC_izIV0

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What are the risks that teenagers are undergoing when using social media? 

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What are the risks that teenagers are undergoing when using social media? 

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Some risks that social media has, with teenagers are for example easy reward, because is something really easy that releases dopamine and has a feeling good. Also, there are cyberbullying, is a very dangerous thing that the internet does, and teenagers' brains are more sensitive, meaning that they worry a lot about the opinions of each person.(PLLC, 2023, September 18).

Beauty standards, are also a problem, because there are a lot of people saying what types of things make a person pretty, and as was already mentioned teenagers worried a lot about the opinion of each person, and they see videos of beauty standards can be also a problem, with their mental health. (Learned in class)

Also, one problem is cognitive bias, because teenagers can agree with something that is not true, and their pre-frontal cortex is not fully done, meaning that maybe what they think is true is not. Cognitive bias influences people to believe that their thinking is right. However, they don't research anything to understand better the topic.

Link: Social Media Victims Law Center PLLC. (2023, September 18). Effects of Cyberbullying | Social Media Victims Law Center. Social Media Victims Law Center. https://socialmediavictims.org/cyberbullying/effects/#:~:text=Teenagers%20who%20are%20victims%20of,%2C%20anxiety%2C%20and%20suicidal%20thoughts.

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To start, the nervous system is responsible for controlling the body's movements. It starts with the brain sending information to the spinal cord, which is the place where all the nerves pass. Nerves are very important in the human body because are connected with everything, such as the brain, organs, muscles, and the whole body part. Nerves are made by neuron cells, and neurons generate electrical signals, which is how the part of the neuron passes the information, for example, dendrites get the information and pass electrically to the axon, and the synaptic end. These electrical signals are called neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is dopamine, which is in charge of feeling good, pleasure, and reward systems.

There are two types of reward systems: workfull and easy reward. Worfull consists of a person that could maybe complete a goal, summarizing when they are proud of themselves. For example, imagine you want to be a soccer player, and you spend years dedicating a lot to this sport, and the one club invites you to enter their professional team, you are going to be very happy. Now Easy reward, is related to addiction, like drugs, alcohol, etc. A lot of people don't know, but social media is related to this, and feels, like an easy reward system, because makes you happy without any effort, and just by you watching videos.

Social media release dopamine while people are using them, but this also causes some effects such as the unable to control how much time some people spend online. The reward system is related to this, because of social media algorithms, that put types of content, of your likes. However, this can be a problem because maybe you believe in something that is not true, for example, cognitive bias, which means that, they send information that you agree with, but you don't see any contra argument to understand better the topic, one example is the vaccine, imagine one person are against the vaccine, and in their social media just appears videos against the vaccine, and this person starts thinking more that this is the true news. This can be a problem because because just start relying on news that they agree with, and sometimes, don't believe in true information.

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Some possible solutions around this problem

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Some possible solutions around this problem

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Some possible solutions that could be analyzed, is forbiding a babies and children to use social media, and just be allowed for example 10 years old. Also I think that education would be also a possible solution for example, when they start using social media, the schools could teach them a little about what we saw in the project, and how harmful social media can be. Or also a good way, is making a social media for kids and teenagers, for example studying the human brain to make a website less addicted to kids and teenagers. Which would maybe don't have a specific algorithms, so have a lot of topics, even though you don't liked, because can make kid and the teenager don't spend a lot of time on social media.