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Italy was brought together by Neapolitan as he fought many others.

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Between 1810 and 1821, Mexico fought a long battle for independence against Spain.

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Mexican War of Independence | 3 Minute History

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Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic in 1889.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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Romanticism

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Romanticism

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Realism

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He became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century.

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Victor Emmanuel II, (born March 14, 1820, Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Sardinia-died January 9, 1878, Rome, Italy), king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.

Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an Austrian archduke. After the Revolution of 1848, when war broke out with Austria, Victor Emmanuel was given command of a division. In the luckless campaign that followed he proved a brave soldier but an indifferent general.

Ascending the throne on his father's abdication, he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left and paying an indemnity to Austria, which brought him considerable opprobrium in Italy. In November 1852 he made the momentous decision to turn the government over to the able, determined Count Cavour, whose skillful manoeuvres over the next few years made him king of Italy. At the decisive battles of Magenta and Solferino, he commanded the Piedmontese corps in person, and following the armistice of Villafranca, he exercised a valuable restraint on Cavour, who wanted to continue the war alone. The following year Victor Emmanuel secretly encouraged Garibaldi in the conquest of Sicily and Naples; he then led his Piedmontese army into papal territory to link up with Garibaldi in the face of an excommunication by Pius IX.

Following Cavour's death in 1861, Victor Emmanuel played a more direct role in government and despite setbacks achieved two notable triumphs: the acquisition of Venetia through war on the side of Bismarck's Prussia in 1866, and of Rome after the withdrawal of the French garrison in 1870. The occupation of Rome as the national capital so antagonized Pius IX that he refused all overtures toward reconciliation, and no meeting ever took place between the two sovereigns; nevertheless, on Victor Emmanuel's death in 1878 Pius permitted his burial in the Pantheon.

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Victor Emmanuel II | Unification of Italy, Risorgimento, Savoy Dynasty

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Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy. Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an

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He was one of the leading generals who fought against Spain during the Mexican War of Independence.

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Texas Institute for the Preservation of History and Culture

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Vicente Guerrero, "Mexico's Greatest Man of Color"

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Jimena Duran Castellanos is a native of Hidalgo, Mexico and a junior in the PVAMU School of Architecture. She researched and wrote this essay as a project during her 2019 summer internship with the TIPHC. Jimena is also a student-athlete as a member of the Panthers' women's tennis team.

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He was the second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil.

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Pedro II: Pedro II, second and last emperor of Brazil (1831-89), whose benevolent and popular reign lasted nearly 50 years.