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Zimbabwe does the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) because the World Bank put pressure on them changing socialist policies to to more market-like policies.

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The Zimbabwean dollar lost 74% of its value in a single day in November 14, this day was the reason the term “Black Friday” is a thing.

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Agricultural production goes way down, which leads to food insecurity and unemployment, especially for farm workers. Approximately 400,000 farm workers moved, creating internal migration pressures.

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⁠Operation Murambatsvina ("Clean up Filth") destroys informal urban settlements, displacing an estimated 700,000 people.

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⁠Inflation reaches 89.7 sextillion percent by November 2008, this causes bad food shortages and public services turn basically inaccessible and inexistent. South Africa becomes the primary destination, all this combined with the largest Cholera outbreak in Africa’s history, which forced people out of their homes.

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Hyperinflation decreases very temporarily because the currency of the country was stopped from being printed, and other currencies were used. Emigration is slowed thanks to the stabilization, that Zimbabwean’s hoped would last long.

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The Mnangagwa regime comes to an end, after a 37-year rule, this gave Zimbabwe brief period of optimism before continued decline.

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The storm, or rather, cyclone Idai destroys eastern Zimbabwe, creating approximately 60,000 internally displaced persons. This same year, the return to hyperinflation and reintroduction of Zimbabwe dollar makes economic conditions even worse.

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COVID-19 pandemic makes the government decide to close the border, trapping immigrants, but other 200,000 immigrants had to go back to Zimbabwe due to the decay of countries they were working in.

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Inflation goes up further than 250%, further driving economic migration, besides, the Chinese presence in Zimbabwe grows for mining and construction, which is a great support for the economy, but creates worry regarding climate and working practices.

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South Africa changes their migration controls including ending the Zimbabwe Exemption Permit (ZEP) program, which affects many people legally residing in South Africa.

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Economy does not get any better, Zimbabwe introduces the Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG), a new currency, introduced in April 2024 as the latest attempt at monetary stabilization and preventing further migration.

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1. 89.7 sextillion percent: Zimbabwe and inflation. (n.d.). https://truflation.com/blog/89-7-sextillion-percent-zimbabwe-and-inflation

2. Black Friday. (n.d.). Pindula. https://www.pindula.co.zw/Black_Friday/#google_vignette

3. “Clear the Filth”: Mass evictions and demolitions in Zimbabwe: background. (n.d.). https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/africa/zimbabwe0905/4.htm

4. Cuneo, C. N., Sollom, R., & Beyrer, C. (2017, December 1). The Cholera Epidemic in Zimbabwe, 2008–2009: A review and critique of the evidence. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5739374/#:~:text=The%202008%E2%80%932009%20cholera%20epidemic,in%20the%20history%20of%20Zimbabwe.&text=The%20initial%20outbreak%20was%20notable,protracted%20duration%20(10%20months).

5. Denhere, E. (2025, January 8). Chinese-owned gold mine stirs controversy in eastern Zimbabwe. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-owned-gold-mine-stirs-controversy-in-eastern-zimbabwe/7927141.html

6. Holland, L.B. (Friday 15th 2019). House of Commons Library. Zimbabwe: The Mnangagwa regime. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/zimbabwe-the-mnangagwa-regime/

7. More than 200,000 People Return to Zimbabwe as COVID-19 Impacts Regional Economies. (2021, April 21). https://zimbabwe.iom.int/news/more-200000-people-return-zimbabwe-covid-19-impacts-regional-economies#:~:text=Harare%20%E2%80%93%20More%20than%20200%2C000%20Zimbabweans,officials%20conduct%20COVID%2D19%20tests.

8. Nyoka, S. (2025, April 10). Zimbabwe’s white farmers to receive first compensation payments over land invasions. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq5wwp5eelxo

9. Potts, D. (2006). City Life in Zimbabwe at a Time of Fear and Loathing: Urban Planning, Urban Poverty, and Operation Murambatsvina.

10. Saunders, R. (1996). Economic Structural Adjustement Programme (ESAP)'s Fables II. Volume 2, Page 8. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/economic-structural-adjustment-programme.pdf

11. The history of monetary collapse in Zimbabwe | River Learn - Bitcoin markets. (n.d.). River. https://river.com/learn/history-of-monetary-collapse-in-zimbabwe/

12. Tras la tormenta: un año después del ciclón Idai  | Oxfam International. (2022, May 25). Oxfam International. https://www.oxfam.org/es/tras-la-tormenta-un-ano-despues-del-ciclon-idai

13. Zimbabwean exemption Permit | Work Permit South Africa. (2024, September 26). Work Permit South Africa. https://www.workpermitsouthafrica.co.za/zimbabwean-exemption-permit/

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“I hereby affirm that I have done this activity with academic integrity”

Sofia Hinojosa, Sofia Montemayor