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Imagine a place deep, deep under the sea where sunlight never reaches.
It’s always freezing cold and completely dark.
People can’t live there without special machines.
But some amazing sea animals can!

In this deep ocean world:

·       There is no sunlight, so plants can’t grow.

·       It’s very cold—almost freezing!

·       It’s pitch black, so animals need special ways to find food and stay safe.

·       There isn’t much food, so animals must be clever to survive.

Your Task:

Students will design a new deep-sea creature that has special features to help it live in the cold, dark, and deep ocean. They can draw on a piece of paper, label the parts, and upload their design to Padlet. They can also use a drawing app on the iPad to draw.

Difficulty Level:

Level 1
Their deep-ocean creature has special adaptations to:
• Hide from or scare away predators.

Level 2
Their deep-ocean creature has special adaptations to:
• Find or catch food in the dark
• Survive the cold
• Hide from or scare away predators
• Find a mate or reproduce

Level 3
Students need to think about how their creature might sense food without light, how it stays warm without blubber, or how it avoids predators without hiding behind plants.

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How The Archerfish Guns Down Spiders With Spit

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Adaptation In Fennec Fox | Adaptation In Animals | Science For Kids | Science Adaptation For Grade 4

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The spectacular sight of an Emperor Penguin laying her egg | Penguins: Spy in the Huddle - BBC

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Baby Emperor Penguins Emerge from Their Shells | Nature on PBS

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The humps on camels' backs contain fats which help the camel to survive for up to 3 weeks without food. This helps them survive as they live in the desert without food.

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The fish has a special organ called gills which are made of filaments that are rich in blood vessels. This helps the fish to breathe in the water as they take in water through their mouth as well as the dissolved oxygen in the water. The dissolved oxygen then gets absorbed into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide is released into the water through the gills.

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The archerfish has a special groove in its mouth that enables it to shoot water through a tube by snapping the gill shut rapidly, compressing the water to shoot out of the tube to obtain its prey.

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The feathers help to keep the penguin warm and the egg warmth.

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fish have gills to take in dissolved oxygen in the water and give out carbon dioxide.

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(structural)

The fish has gills to help them to breath under water. The mouth will take in the water, then the gill will take in the dissolve oxygen. The heart will pump blood rich in oxygen that will be transported to the tissues. Therefore the fish will survive.

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Camels have humps to store water and fat so they do not have to drink water for a long time. Camels also have feet that are shaped for the desert and they also have layers of eyelashes to protect their eyes from the sand

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The archerfish shots water from a hole in their body and shoots water to the prey, making it fall into the water and eat it

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behavoiural adaption:

-The penguins sit on their eggs to keep it warm

-When the young starts to hatch, the penguin will use their beaks to help break the outer layer of the shell

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To make sure the penguins don't get extinct, the mother lays an egg that the father will take care until the penguin hatches.

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There is fats weighing 35kg stored inside a camels' hump and their feet are like natural hiking boots.They drink 100l of water

Camels have 3 layers of eyelids and 2 layers of eyelashes to prevent sand from entering their eyes

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The archerfish guns down spiders by using lighting quick calculations, and by compressing its tongue next to a groove in its mouth to funnel water. A special flap over its gills quickly snaps shut, forcing the water out of its mouth with lightning quick speed, Allowing it to spray any prey six feet above it into its grasp.

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The Archerfish has a 6 foot range to shoot down its prey using the groove in their ,mouth to force water out of the mouth at high speeds to knock down animals outside its aquatic domain.

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Tons of fats that weigh about 35kg is stored in the camels hump. Camels can drink about a 100 litres of water in 15 minutes so they can last a long time without water. Camels also have long eyebrows, 3 sets of eyelids and 2 sets of eyelashes to prevent sand going into their eyes during a sandstorm.

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Fishes have effective mechanism to extract oxygen in water. They have special structures called "gills". Gills are made up of feathery organs called filaments. This helps the fish to breathe underwater.

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Humpback Whales:

These marine mammals use baleen plates, which are like comb-like structures hanging from their upper jaw, to filter large amounts of krill and small fish from the water.

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Whales And Seals Devour BILLIONS of Krill | Blue Planet | BBC Earth

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Birds:

Birds have a unique unidirectional airflow through their lungs and air sacs, which allows them to extract more oxygen from each breath, crucial for their high energy demands during flight.

This system is highly efficient and enables birds to breathe rapidly and efficiently, even at high altitudes.

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Birds Don't Have Lungs Like We Do - They Have Something WAY Better!

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Snakes:

Snakes use capillary action, a phenomenon where a liquid moves against gravity through a narrow space, to drink. They drink by soaking their bodies, and the water is drawn in through their skin.

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Hammerhead sharks reproduce through internal fertilization and are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. Fertilization occurs when the male shark uses his claspers to transfer sperm to the female. The female shark then carries the developing embryos inside her, nourishing them through a placenta-like structure called a yolk-sac placenta. After a gestation period, which can be 7 to 12 months, the female gives birth to a litter of pups.

Here's a more detailed look:

Mating:

Hammerhead sharks mate through internal fertilization, with the male using his claspers to deposit sperm into the female's cloaca.

Gestation:

The female shark retains fertilized eggs within her body and carries them for a gestation period of 7 to 12 months.

Viviparity:

Hammerhead sharks are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young.

Litter Size:

Litters can range from a few to as many as 40 pups, with the great hammerhead often having larger litters.

Post-birth:

The young sharks are born fully developed and are able to swim and hunt independently shortly after birth.

Asexual Reproduction:

In some cases, female hammerhead sharks have been observed to reproduce asexually through a process called parthenogenesis, where they can produce offspring without the need for a male.

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Hammerhead Sharks' Complex Mating Rituals | BBC Earth

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rogs can breathe through their skin, a process called cutaneous respiration. This is due to the thin, moist skin that allows for the diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Frogs have a well-vascularized skin, meaning it's rich in blood vessels, facilitating the exchange of gases between the blood and the environment.

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Desert animals primarily obtain water from their food, either succulent plants, seeds, or the tissues and blood of their prey. Some also have specialized adaptations to conserve water, such as efficient kidneys that produce concentrated urine and conserve moisture. Additionally, some animals may drink directly from water sources like pools or from dew collected on vegetation.

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Hitchcock Project for Visualizing Science

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Animals utilize diverse and fascinating methods to obtain food, ranging from hunting and gathering to specialized feeding mechanisms and even using their senses to locate sustenance. Some animals rely on their physical attributes, like sharp teeth or long sticky tongues, to catch prey or reach food sources. Others collaborate with their group or use sophisticated techniques like echolocation to find food.

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10 Fascinating Ways Animals Get Their Food

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When mating, the female seahorse deposits up to 1,500 eggs in the male's pouch. The male carries the eggs for 9 to 45 days until the seahorses emerge fully developed, but very small. The young are then released into the water, and the male often mates again within hours or days during the breeding season.

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How Male Seahorses Evolved to Give Birth

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Darkling beetles in dry areas of Africa have a behavioral adaptation that helps them find moisture in their extremely dry environment.  In the evening when fog may roll in, the beetles lie on their bumpy backs with their abdomens pointing up.  The fog or dew settles on their abdomens and then the beetles tilt just enough so that the moisture trickles into their mouths.

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How to Beetles get water in the desert | The Bumps can make water!!

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The leaves at the top of trees contain more nutrients and more water than the grasses and bushes on the ground.  The long neck of a giraffe is a successful adaptation that allows it to find plenty of nutritious food high in the treetops.

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The mosquito larvae] must come to the surface at frequent intervals to obtain oxygen through a breathing tube called a siphon.

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Mosquito larvae – you can see the breathing tube piercing the water surface

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Bowerbirds perform a courtship dance as part of a broader mating display to attract potential mates. The dance, often accompanied by the display of collected objects, is a key component of their elaborate courtship ritual.

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The Bowerbird's Grand Performance! | Life Story | BBC Earth

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How Do Polar Bears Stay Warm? [3 Methods Explained]

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Fungus Farming:

Leafcutter ants and ambrosia beetles are known for their unique "farming" practices. They collect leaves or wood, then cultivate fungus on them, which they then consume.

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Leafcutter Ants Slice Leaves for the Colony | A Real Bug's Life | National Geographic

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Amazing facts of Ambrosia beetle | Interesting Facts | The Beast World

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Thorny Devils:

Thorny devils, a type of lizard, have grooves on their skin that channel water from dew or rain directly into their mouths.

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The Thorny Devil of Australia | Out There With Jack Randall

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Fennec foxes have large ears that helps them keep cool. They hunt for food at night when is cooler. They dig underground tunnels to escape the heat from the sun while they are sleeping. Their sandy fur helps to reflect heat, and also provides excellent camouflage. Fennec foxes have thick fur on their feet, helping them to insulate against the hot sand. This are how Fennec foxes adapt to the hot weather.

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They also adapt to their environment through burrowing which provides a cool humid refuge.

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Snakes:

Rely on the Jacobson's organ to sense the scent of their prey, such as amphibians, mammals, and fish.

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Bats:

Use echolocation (senses sound) to find insects, their primary food source.

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The Northern hairy nose wombat have poor eyesight and uses their nose to search for food. They have soft fur and broader muzzle fridge with fine whiskers, long pontier ears as well as broad nose. They also live in dark areas like soil to dig a burrow underground. This cute creatures can run up to 40 km per hour and can be about 1 metre in length.

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Turtles:

Some turtles can absorb a significant amount of oxygen through their cloaca (the opening of their digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts), according to American Lung Association. This process is called cloacal respiration.

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How do turtles breathe underwater? | Surprising Science

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Snakes:

Snakes typically have only one lung, with the other lung reduced or absent.

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HAVE YOU EVER WATCHED A SNAKE BREATHE?//HOW DO SNAKES BREATHE?//WATCH THIS BROWN SNAKE BREATHING//

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Sand Grouse:

Male sand grouse have specialized feathers on their chests that can absorb water. They fly to a water source, soak the feathers, and then fly back to their young, who can drink the water from the feathers.

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Namaqua Sandgrouse (Bird Carry Water in Its Feathers)

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Kangaroo Rat:

These rodents can live without drinking water by converting the seeds they eat into water.

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How do kangaroo rats conserve water? | Surprising Science

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Desert Beetle:

The exoskeleton of these beetles has a unique micro-design that allows dew to condense on its back, which they then drink.

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How This Beetle Could Help Solve Our Water Crisis | Evolutionary Tech

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Marbled Crayfish:

These crayfish can also reproduce asexually by cloning themselves.

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Self-Cloning Marble Crayfish | All About

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New Mexico Whiptails:

These all-female lizards reproduce through parthenogenesis

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Why are whiptail lizards all female? | Surprising Science

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Honeypot ants:

Store nectar in their abdomens, which swell to resemble honey pots.

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From Ants to Storage Jar: How Honey-Pot Ants Adapt to Survive

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Green iguanas:

Climb trees using sharp claws and long fingers to reach leaves.

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Green Iguana Facts: Everything You Need to Know

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Shrews:

Have a high metabolism and constantly hunt and eat, with some species having unique adaptations for catching prey.

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How much does the tiny common shrew have to eat? | Surprising Science

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Salamanders:

Some salamander species lack lungs altogether and breathe through their skin and the roof of their mouth.

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So, how do turtles mate?

Well, turtles use their mating organs found beneath their tails. The cloaca houses their organs. The cloaca is their waste and reproductive organ. The male turtle has to reach his tail beneath the backside of the turtle’s shell to reach the female’s reproductive organ, after which they can mate for several hours.

Turtles will only come together when they are stacking or when they are mating. Before mating, the male has to court the female turtle, and if the female turtle does not get away, they will mate. They will mate until the female has enough sperms for the clutches all season.Turtles will mate both on land and in the sea. Most of the time, when it is mating season, the female and the males will migrate to the ground where they can nest. It is up to the females to ensure that their eggs hatch. They, therefore, have to get to the land and dig a hole for nesting her eggs. The work of the male turtles is to help fertilize the eggs, and their work is complete.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMq0QRiRiME

The Drinking Process of Giraffes

Giraffes drink water by bending their long necks down to reach the ground or water source. To drink, a giraffe will splay its front legs out to the sides, lowering its neck and head towards the ground. The giraffe’s tongue is also incredibly long, measuring up to 18 inches in length, and is prehensile, meaning it can wrap around objects and grip them. This allows the giraffe to easily wrap its tongue around leaves and branches to pull them into its mouth, and also to lap up water like a scoop.Risk of Predation: When giraffes drink water, they remain in a position that can render them susceptible to attacks by predators, such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, and hyenas. They stand with their legs spread apart and their necks bent down to reach the water source, which can make them an easy target for these carnivorous animals.

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Unlike humans, insects don’t need noses. Much of the sensory work that is usually carried out by the nose has been handed over to their antenna, as these appendages are able to pick up chemical signals, helping them to detect anything from romance to where to grab a bite to eat. Breathing Structure Description

Spiracles: Small openings along the dragonfly’s abdomen that allow air to enter the tracheal system. Tracheae: Fine tubes that extend throughout the dragonfly’s body, delivering oxygen to tissues.Air Sacs: Enlarged sections of the tracheal system that store air and help regulate oxygen levels. Gills (Nymphs)Elongated: structures found in the nymphs’ abdomen that extract oxygen from water.

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A polar bear’s diet primarily consists of ringed seals. These seals are essential to the polar bear’s survival, providing the high-fat content needed to sustain them in the frigid Arctic. Moreover, they are easily accessible through breathing holes in the sea ice. Packed with fat, ringed seals provide the energy polar bears need to survive the harsh Arctic conditions. Polar bears often focus on the blubber and fatty parts, which are crucial for their energy needs.

One of the primary polar bear feeding habits is ambush hunting. Polar bears wait by sealing breathing holes (called aglu) in the ice. They use their keen sense of smell to locate these holes and then wait patiently. When a seal surfaces, the polar bear lunges and captures it with powerful jaws and claws. This technique is a waiting game, but it pays off with a high-calorie meal.

Another ambush strategy in the polar bear’s diet involves waiting near the edges of sea ice, where seals haul out to rest and molt. Polar bears take advantage of seals’ need to come out of the water, making this method particularly effective during spring and early summer when seal pups are vulnerable.

Still-Hunting and Stalking

Still-hunting is one of the polar bear’s most common hunting techniques. They crouch motionless beside a hole in the ice, with their entire being focused on the moment a seal pops up for air.
When a seal surfaces to breathe, it lunges and grabs the seal with its powerful forelimbs. This method is energy-efficient and effective in areas with dense seal populations.

Have you ever tried sneaking up on someone to scare them? Now imagine doing it on a field of cracking ice. Another fascinating aspect of polar bear eating habits is stalking. They stalk seals resting on the ice, using ice ridges and other natural features to conceal their approach. They move with great stealth, and once close enough, the bear charges quickly to catch the seal before it escapes. Polar bears use snow drifts and ice ridges like natural camo, all to get within striking distance of an unsuspecting seal.

Swimming, Diving and Pursuit

Polar bears are adept swimmers who cover significant water distances. They may swim after seals or use ice floes as platforms to ambush seals when they surface. They have been documented swimming long distances, with some recorded swims covering up to 687 km over nine days. Observations indicate that polar bears may also use a dive-hunting technique to catch birds and fish, showcasing their behavioral flexibility to exploit different prey types.

They have been observed using a dive-hunting technique to capture flightless birds, such as greater snow geese, by submerging themselves and approaching underwater.

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What Do Polar Bears Eat - Polar Bears Diet in Wild and Captivity

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The huge ears up to 6 inches long help dissipate heat and keep them cool, and also give them excellent hearing to detect prey underground and have thick fur that insulates them from the cold desert nights and protects them from the hot daytime sun.

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Fennec Foxes have big ears to help it hear if predators are coming or help them hear if any prey is around and also help them keep cool by releasing heat. There is a thick layer of fur under their paws, this special fur protects the fennec fox's feet from the hot sand. Their coats are light-coloured, so it helps them keep cool by reflecting light also helps them camouflage. They are nocturnal which means they only hunt at night, this helps them because most big predator has already slept.

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Polar bear's fur is hollow. Therefore, the air trap in the fur helps with insulation and provides extra buoyancy when swimming. Under all that fur is fat, which can be up to 10cm of fat, which provides insulation from the cold, and reserves energy for the summer months, as summer months are harder to find food. Polar bears mostly eat seal fat which is rich in high energy. Their stomach can hold 10 to 20% of their total weight, thus, they can eat up to 12, 000 calories per day. Being such a big animal, their area-to-volume ratio is very low. This minimizes heat loss because of a smaller proportion of their body is in contact with the cold air.

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fennec foxes have large ears to dissipate heat

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they have a thick layer of insulating fat .

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they have a thick layer of insulating fat .

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Fennec foxes have large ears that enable them to keep cool. They are also nocturnal animals which means they hunt at night, escaping the heat of the desert. They also build underground tunnels to escape the heat and predators in the daytime while sleeping (nocturnal). Their paws also have thick fur to help with hot sand and traction while running.

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There are 2 different types of fur for the polar bear. One is the undercoat which has a short and wooly texture. The other is the guard hair which are long and coarse. Speaking of guard hairs, the guard hairs are actually hollow which helps in insulation by trapping air, and it also provides extra buoyance when swimming in the cold waters.

The also have lots of fat up to 10 cm which helps with more insulation, in addition to the hollow, long and coarse hairs. They also eat seal blubber which is very high in energy, and they also have lesser body proportions, and a relatively smaller ear compared to other species of bears.

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Structural adaptations

has long ears to help them keep cool by releasing heat and hear if any prey is around

Have thick fur under their paw to protect its feet from the hot sand

Their fur is lightly coloured which helps them keep cool by reflecting light from the sun

Their fur also allows them to camouflage in their surroungs to protect themselves form predators.

Behavior adaptations

Are active in night as it is cooler in night

Hunt in small groups

Built tunnels to help shelter themselves from the sun and protect themselves when they are sleeping

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Have hollow fur. The hollow fur traps warmth. This helps them with insulation by reducing heat loss.

Having hollow fur traps air which give them extra buoyancy in water.

Have transparent hollow which scatters light giving them the white looking fur which is perfect for camouflaging

The transparency of their fur allows sunlight to reach their black skin underneath, absorbing heat more efficiently.

Under all the fur they have fats which reserves anergy for the summer months

They have smaller ears than other species of bears

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Fennec Foxes have big ears for hearing and help keep the fox cool by releasing heat. The fennec fox also has a thick layer of fur under their paws; this special fur protects the fennec fox's feet and helps with taction while running. They also have a light-colored coat which helps them to stay cool by reflecting light. Their coat also helps them to camouflage. Fennec foxes are nocturnal, which means they hunt for their preys at night while it is cooler.

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Polar bears have two layers of hair. The bottom layer is called the undercoat; these are short and wooly white hairs that trap in dry air that are close to their body. The top layer is made up of guard hairs, these are much longer, coarse and waterproof to protect the undercoat. Guard hairs are hollow inside; the trapped air helps with insulation and provide extra buoyancy when swimming. Polar bears also have fat, which can be up to 10 cm thick. Their stomach can hold 10% to 20% of their total body weight, so they can eat a whopping 12,325 of calories per day. Being such big animals, their area to volume is very low.

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Polar bears have two layers of hair. The bottom layer is called the undercoat; these are short and wooly white hairs that trap in dry air close to their body. The top layer is made out of guard hairs, these are much longer, coarse and waterproof to protect the undercoat. Guard hairs are hollow inside. The trapped air helps with insulation and provides extra buoyancy when swimming. Under the polar bear’s fur and skin they can have up to 10 cm of fat. Their stomach can hold up to 10% to 20% of their total body weight, so they can eat a whopping 12,325 calories per day. Being such large animals, their surface area to volume ratio is very low.

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Fennec foxes keep cool in the dessert through a wide range of structural and behavioral adaptations.

STRUCTURAL

> They have big ears that help dissipate heat from their body.

> They have a type of fur on the soles of their feet that helps to protect their heat from the hot sand.

> They have special kidneys that are very efficient in conserving water , so they can drink less water to survive.

BEHAVIORAL

> They are nocturnal, which means they only come out and hunt at night, when the temperatures are significantly cooler.

> They are den dwelling creatures, so they spend most of the day resting in their dens, which provides them protection from the sun.

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STRUCTURAL

> Polar bears have small ears, which help to dissipate less heat

> They have a thick layer of fat called blubber, which acts as an energy reserve and provides insulation from the cold.

> They have a 2 layered coat, the bottom layer trapping heat, and the outer layer consisting of waterproof guard hairs which keep the lower layer dry when swimming.

BEHAVIORAL

> Polar bears move slowly so as to conserve energy and maintain a regular body temperature.

< They eat high-fat prey consisting of animals like seals, that burn to generate heat.

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Jellyfish reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Sexually

> Depending on the species of jellyfish, there are two main ways to sexually reproduce. For the most part, most jellyfish release the sperm in the water. Then, females will eat the free-swimming sperm.

> However, there are a few species that like a more direct approach. The males of these species will release sperm directly into the female’s mouth.

Under ideal conditions, fertilization happens once a day, either around dawn or dusk. Females will generally stop joining in on the mating rituals when their stomachs are full of sperm. Males will stop once all of their testes are empty

Jellyfish don’t handle their eggs for long. Most of the eggs will reproduce within a day.

Once they hatch, they turn into a type of flatworm that is free-swimming. They are known as planula. These planula larvae can swim, or attach to structures under the water. They also have two sticky tentacles that help them capture prey.

Sometimes, these flatworms turn directly into adult jellyfish, but some settle onto rocks and undergo another stage of the lifecycle.

This stage is known as the polyp stage. These polyps are unique in that they can asexually reproduce.

ASEXUALLY

> When jellyfish undergo a polyp stage, asexual reproduction is common. Generally, this reproduction involves creating little “buds,” which are mini jellyfish.

> These little buds are small, often not more than two millimeters, or a fifth of a centimeter, in size. These little jellyfish, known as ephyra, feed on plankton and slowly grow into full-sized jellyfish, known as medusa.

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Fennec fox have large ears to keep them cool and hear better. They also have another feature is they have bright colours to camouflage. They also hunt in small groups to avoid attracting a lot of attention to them so they are not easily preyed on.

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Under the fur of the polar bear, its actually black. They also have hollow fur to keep them warm during cold days. Polar bears are very heavy that they can weigh up to 600++kg which is about the weight of 5 fridges! Why they are very heavy is because they can have up to 10cm hair under the skin of them. Making them super heavy. Fun fact, they have smaller ears than most bear species.

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-The Arctic fox possesses a dense, multi-layered coat that is among the most insulating of any mammal, protecting them from extreme cold and wind. This fur can be white or blue-gray, providing camouflage in their habitat.

-Their paws are densely covered with fur, which insulates them from the cold and allows them to walk on snow and ice without slipping.

-Arctic foxes have a white coat in winter, blending with the snow, and a brown or grey coat in summer, allowing them to camouflage among rocks .

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-Polar bears have two layers of fur, a dense, insulating undercoat and a longer, water-repellent outer coat. A thick layer of blubber under their skin further enhances insulation, helping them maintain body temperature in freezing conditions.

-Their white fur provides excellent camouflage against the snow and ice, making them harder to spot by prey or predators.

-They are strong swimmers, with their paws acting as paddles and their thick fat layer providing buoyancy.

-Their large paws are like snowshoes, distributing their weight and allowing them to walk on ice and snow without sinking.

-Polar bears have acute senses of smell and hearing, which help them locate their prey, especially seals, even in the dark winter months.

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The fennec fox has large ear not only for heating but it helps them keep cool as it releases heat. The fennec fox also have thick fur to protect their paws. The light coat fur reflects light to not feel hot and fight against the heat, they are nocturnal animals and that is how they can stay alive in the desert.

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Unlike fennec foxes, the polar bear has small ears to not release heat. The polar bears live in cold places, therefore they need to keep warm to survive. They have a layer of fat to keep warm. They also have two layers of coat. The bottom layer traps heat and the outer layer keeps the polar bear dry when they swim. They have very low surface area in contact with the ice.

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Polar bear have two types of fur. One of which is the undercoat. The under coat is short and wooly. On top of the under coat is guard hairs, this hairs are long and coarse to protect the undercoat. The guard hair is hollow and traps air. This helps with insulation and buoyancy when swimming. Under their white fur, polar bears have black skin. The black skin is said to absorb heat from the sun. Underneath the skin, they have 10cm of fat, which helps with insulation.

# data[].attributes.body
Has large ears helping to keep the fox cool by releasing heat

Has thick fur on the bottom of its paws, protecting its feet from the hot sand and helping with traction

Has a light-coloured coat that reflects sunlight, helping it keep cool during the day and also providing camouflage

Is active at night when it is cooler

Dig complex tunnels to escape the heat and to sleep safely, also having protection from predators and sunlight

Live in groups, helping each other to find food and stay safe

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They have huge ears that help them to cool off. Their sandy fur also help to reflect heat, and also provide excellent