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HPV, or human papillomavirus, is a group of more than 200 related viruses that can infect the skin and mucous membranes, like the genital area, mouth, and throat. Some types cause warts, while others can lead to more serious conditions, like cervical cancer or other cancers in the anus, throat, or genital areas. It's mostly spread through sexual contact, but some types can also spread through non-sexual contact. Most HPV infections go away on their own, but some can persist and cause long-term health problems.

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HPV often doesn’t cause symptoms, but some types can lead to genital warts or cause changes in cervical cells that may lead to cancer. In rare cases, it can cause warts in the airways, but most infections clear up on their own without causing major problems.

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In most cases, HPV doesn't directly affect newborns, but in rare situations, a baby can contract the virus during delivery if the mother has genital warts. This can lead to a condition called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), where warts grow in the baby’s airways, potentially causing breathing problems. However, this is quite uncommon.

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Long-term effects of HPV can include cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers, especially from persistent infections with high-risk types like HPV 16 and 18. In rare cases, it can also cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), leading to breathing issues. Regular screenings can help detect early changes before they become serious.

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There’s no cure for HPV, but most infections clear up on their own. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, like removing genital warts or treating abnormal cervical cells. Vaccines can also prevent certain types of HPV.

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HPV can be prevented through vaccination (like Gardasil), which protects against high-risk and low-risk strains. Using condoms during sex can reduce the risk of transmission, though they don’t fully prevent it. Regular screenings, like Pap smears for women, can help detect early signs of HPV-related health issues.

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There are more than 100 different types of HPV. Certain types of HPV cause warts on the hands or feet, and other types can cause warts on the genitals.

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HPV is a leading cause of several cancers, particularly those linked to persistent infection with high-risk types, such as HPV 16 and 18. These types can lead to cancers in the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat (oropharyngeal cancer). The process from HPV infection to cancer usually takes years or even decades, which is why regular screenings, like Pap smears for women, are crucial for early detection of abnormal cell changes. While most HPV infections clear up on their own, those that persist can result in cancer if left untreated. Vaccination against HPV can prevent many of these cancer-causing strains.

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See a doctor if you notice symptoms like genital warts, abnormal bleeding, or pain. Women should have regular Pap smears and HPV tests, especially after 21, to check for early signs of cervical changes. If you're concerned about HPV, a doctor can offer treatment and vaccination options.

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Parents should know that HPV is very common and can affect both boys and girls. The best way to protect children from HPV-related cancers is through the HPV vaccine, ideally given between ages 11 and 12, but it can be given up to age 26. The vaccine protects against several high-risk strains that cause cancer and low-risk strains that cause genital warts. While most HPV infections go away on their own, it’s important for parents to encourage regular screenings (like Pap smears for girls) as they get older to catch any potential issues early. Practicing safe sex, like using condoms, can also reduce the risk of HPV transmission.