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This SCOTUS case ruled that Louisiana’s Separate Car Act, which required racially segregated railway cars, did not violate the 14th Amendment, with the majority opinion claiming that “separate" did not mean "inferior.” This ruling provided legal grounds for segregation and Jim Crow over the following decades, legalizing inequality and discrimination against Black Americans in state constitutions.

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This SCOTUS case declared that the "grandfather clause" in Oklahoma's Voter Registration Act of 1910, which required literacy tests for Americans without voting grandfathers in 1866,   violated the 15th Amendment by discriminating against Black voters. This decision banned grandfather clauses in state constitutions, marking an important legal step in the civil rights movement and forming the basis of CORE’s (Congress of Racial Equality) Freedom Summer voter registration movement in Mississippi

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This Constitutional Amendment stated that all people born or naturalized in the US were citizens and granted them "equal protection under the laws." This act was intended to ensure citizenship and equal rights to Black Americans in the reconstruction period after the Civil War. It also granted due process and equal protection for citizens at the state level of government. While this amendment failed to make short-run advancements for Black Americans, it established the basis for later civil rights legislation and ruling in the 20th century Civil Rights Movement.

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This EO was issued by President Roosevelt to ban discriminatory employment practices by the federal government and defense agencies. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the ban, improving employment conditions for Black Americans and strengthening US industries for the WW2 war effort.

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This EO for Japanese-American internment was issued by President Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. It forced the removal of Japanese US citizens from their homes into internment camps for “national security interests” after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. This order destroyed Japanese families, communities, and civil liberties. Losses were not fully reimbursed through the US reparations provided later.

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This SCOTUS case ruled that EO 9066 for Japanese-American internment was constitutional because it was based on national security interests rather than racial discrimination. The ruling legalized the interment of Japanese-American citizens and the violation of their civil liberties for wartime security interests.

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This Constitutional Amendment gave Black male citizens the right to vote. While this Amendment is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation, the right to vote was not secured by many Black Americans thanks to many southern states adopting literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and discriminatory practices to enforce white supremacy.  Initiatives by civil rights activists such as the March on Washington and the Mississippi Freedom Summer  encouraged the passing of seminal civil rights legislation in the 1960s to ensure rights for Black Americans.

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This EO for integration of the armed forces was issued by President Truman on July 26, 1948. It required desegregation in the US military and created the “President’s Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services” to enforce it. This order allowed Black Americans to serve in the same units as whites and access the same facilities and amenities provided to white service members.

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 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

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 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

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This series of SCOTUS cases declared that racial segregation of schools was unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause. This ruling led to the eventual desegregation of school systems across the US, spurred by the actions of civil rights activists and brave Black students like the Little Rock Nine.

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This Constitutional Amendment abolished the poll tax in federal elections and forbid federal and state governments from imposing taxes on voters during federal elections This Amendment reduced a barrier to voting that was used to disenfranchise Black voters. This Amendment was passed with crucial encouragement from Civil Rights activists who gained support through demonstrations like the March on Washington.

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This act banned discriminatory practices in businesses, voting, employment, and public institutions by race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It made “separate but equal” segregation under Jim Crow unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v Ferguson and improving conditions for Black Americans by legally protecting them from discrimination.

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This act enforced the 15th and 24th amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by banning literacy tests and giving the Attorney General power to challenge discrimination in state and local elections. It also created appointments for federal election examiners in areas with voting discrimination and required those areas to get preclearance for updating voting practices.

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1978: Bakke v. Regents of the University of California 

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1978: Bakke v. Regents of the University of California 

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This SCOTUS ruling declared that rigid minority quotas in affirmative action programs violated the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It banned the use of quota systems that exclude people because of race alone, such as in institutional admissions.

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This Executive Order by President Eisenhower enforced the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School after Arkansas governor Orval Faubus failed to allow nine black students from attending. With this EO,  Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent 1,000 US Army troops to ensure the "Little Rock Nine" could attend school. As the event gained national attention, Eisenhower's action sent a message of federal support for desegregation and the Little Rock 9 became symbols of the Civil Rights Movement.