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Who: English settlers (Virginia Company)

What: First permanent English settlement in North America

When: 1607

Where: Jamestown, Virginia

Why: To find gold and make profit; part of England's colonial expansion

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Who: Jamestown colonists

What: A period of extreme famine and hardship

When: Winter of 1609–1610

Where: Jamestown, Virginia

Why: Lack of food, poor planning, Native resistance, and harsh winter

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Who: English Pilgrims (Separatists)

What: Colony founded for religious freedom

When: 1620

Where: Present-day Massachusetts

Why: To escape religious persecution in England

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Who: Puritans led by John Winthrop

What: Large, well-organized Puritan settlement

When: 1630

Where: Present-day Massachusetts

Why: To create a “city upon a hill” – a religious example for others

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Who: Male land-owning colonists

What: Democratic local government meetings

When: 1600s–1700s

Where: New England Colonies

Why: Allowed citizens to participate directly in local governance

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Who: English colonists in Virginia

What: First representative assembly in the colonies

When: 1619

Where: Jamestown, Virginia

Why: To give colonists a voice in their own laws and taxation

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Who: Nathaniel Bacon vs. Governor William Berkeley

What: Armed rebellion by frontier settlers

When: 1676

Where: Virginia Colony

Why: Frustration over lack of protection from Native attacks and government corruption

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Who: Britain and American colonists vs. France and Native allies

What: Conflict over control of North American territory

When: 1754–1763

Where: Ohio River Valley and across North America

Why: Both empires wanted control of valuable land and trade routes

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Who: British government

What: Banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

When: 1763

Where: Western frontier of the colonies

Why: To prevent further conflict with Native Americans after the war

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Who: British Parliament

What: Tax on printed materials like newspapers and legal documents

When: 1765

Where: American colonies

Why: To raise revenue from the colonies to pay war debts

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Who: British soldiers and Boston colonists

What: Soldiers killed 5 colonists during a protest

When: March 5, 1770

Where: Boston, Massachusetts

Why: Tensions over British presence and the enforcement of taxes

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Who: Second Continental Congress

What: Final attempt at peace with King George III

When: July 1775

Where: Sent from Philadelphia to Britain

Why: To avoid full-scale war while asserting loyalty and rights

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Who: Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, adopted by Congress

What: Statement declaring independence from Britain

When: July 4, 1776

Where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Why: To justify revolution and assert natural rights and self-government