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The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL 93-122) 

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The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL 93-122) 

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How it began:

It all began back in 1973 with the Rehabilitation Act. What's interesting is that it wasn't even an "education" law, but a civil rights one. Its focus was to make it illegal to discriminate against someone with a disability in any program that receives funding from the federal government, which included public schools. You could say this was the first of its kind. It didn't mention technology, but it established the most basic and important idea that schools couldn't just reject students. Section 504 was the key part; it guaranteed access and forced schools to start thinking about providing accommodations.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

When you consider it, this law is what guaranteed Sady the right to attend a public school in the first place. It established her civil right to an education and created an opportunity for her specific needs to be accommodated, for example, the advanced technology she uses to create art and to communicate allows her to be recognized as a student and addressed appropriately. This law serves as the foundation upon which all the other, more specific laws have been built in the years that followed.

Citation:

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (1973).

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL 94-142)

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL 94-142)

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How it began:

Two years later, a new law came into effect and changed everything. It guaranteed what's called a "Free Appropriate Public Education," or FAPE, for every child with a disability. The biggest thing it did was create the Individualized Education Program, also known as the IEP. For the first time, schools had to create a legally binding plan for each student, developed by a team of parents, teachers, and specialists. Even though the law didn't actually use the words "assistive technology," it did require schools to provide "related services" that a child might need. This led to the provision of various tools and devices becoming available.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

This law is the reason Sady has an Individualized Education Program (IEP) in place for her education. An IEP is a plan that the school is legally required to follow. The technology she uses, such as software and communication tools, can be included in her IEP, and the school district must provide these accommodations. The focus has shifted from merely giving children "access" to ensuring that each child receives a meaningful education. This plan provides Sady with the specific tools she needs to help her learn and demonstrate her capabilities.

Citation:

Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, 20 U.S.C. § 1401 (1975).

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Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 (PL 100-407)

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Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 (PL 100-407)

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How it began:

The law commonly referred to as the "Tech Act" was significant because it was the first legislation solely focused on technology. This law allowed for grants to be distributed to states to develop their own assistive technology programs. As a result, it helped establish a comprehensive support system for assistive technology by promoting training and awareness. Most importantly, it provided official definitions for "assistive technology device" and "assistive technology service," which contributed to making assistive technology a more recognized part of education.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

The initiative's impact enabled states to develop resources and programs such as device loan programs, device demonstration programs, and training sessions. For Sady's team, these resources are invaluable. Programs like these provide families and educators with access to experts and resources, helping them have a better understanding of assistive technology.

Citation:

Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988, 29 U.S.C. § 2201 (1988).

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (PL 101-336) 

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (PL 101-336) 

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How it began:

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was highly impactful as it expanded civil rights protections from earlier laws to a broader context. This led to significant changes in various public places, including stores, parks, and schools, which were required to provide "reasonable accommodations." Additionally, the ADA offered protection against discrimination. It sent a clear and strong message that providing assistive technology is not just a necessity, but a requirement for students to fully participate in class.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

The ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) is a law that protects Sady's rights well beyond the classroom. It requires the necessary accommodations to ensure she has access to all aspects of school, including attending assemblies and after-school events, as well as participation in the broader community outside of school. One of the key aspects of this law is its emphasis on "effective communication." This means Sady has the right to the tools she needs not only to learn but also to interact with everyone in her environment. The ADA supports her as she progresses through different stages of life, ensuring that her rights to access and accommodations are upheld as she enters the wider world.

Citation:

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990).

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1990,

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1990,

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How it began:

In 1990, the primary special education law underwent a significant change and was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This change was more than just a name update; it represented a major shift toward the use of "person-first" language. Most importantly, this law officially included the definitions of "assistive technology device" and "assistive technology service" from the "Tech Act." This law also made assistive technology a more recognized component of special education law.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

This was a monumental victory for children like Sady. It meant that assistive technology was no longer seen as an optional accommodation that schools could ignore. By officially becoming part of the law, it was recognized as a form of support, similar to speech or occupational therapy. Now, when Sady's IEP team discusses her needs, they cannot dismiss requests for technology. This change gives her family and her team a much stronger legal basis to advocate for the specific tools she needs to access her education.

Citation:

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (1990).

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How it began:

The most recent major update in 2004 built upon the progress that had already been made. It maintained the existing requirement for IEP teams to consider assistive technology (AT) while also providing helpful clarifications. One important clarification was that students are allowed to take school-issued technology home for homework purposes. Furthermore, this update helped establish a national standard known as NIMAS (National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standards), which makes sure that textbooks and other classroom materials can be easily modified into accessible formats, such as digital text.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

This update directly impacts Sady's daily life. It means that her learning doesn't have to stop when the school day ends; she can continue using her communication device or other technology at home to work on assignments. Additionally, the availability of accessible textbooks allows her to quickly obtain digital copies of her books. This gives her a fair and appropriate opportunity to use her technology to engage with the same material as her peers.

Citation:

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (2004).

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How it began:

This update introduced an important requirement that significantly changed the approach to Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). Now, every IEP team is legally obligated to assess and determine whether a student needs assistive technology (AT). Previously, AT was often overlooked, only considered if a parent or teacher happened to be aware of such AT. This new law made it so that AT is included in discussions for every student with an IEP.

The impact of how it helps people like Sady today:

This change brings forth a positive impact on students like Sady. It ensures that at each of her IEP meetings, the team must ask, "Does this student need assistive technology?". Her school is required by law to explore technology solutions that can accommodate any changes that may arise. This is one of many key aspects to consider in educational planning, ensuring that no opportunities are missed.

Citation:

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (1997).