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It is the study of how sounds are organized and used in a language.

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Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies speech sounds, their production, transmission and perception.

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bilabial

labiodental

dental

alveola

postalveolar

palatoalveolar

palatal

velar

glottic

retroflex

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Tongue

Hard palate

Soft palate

Upper lip

Lower lip

Upper teeth

Uvula

Pharynx wall

Glottis

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They are produced by the vibration of the vocal cords when letters are pronounced.

Voiced: /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/, /z/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /w/, /y/

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They are produced without that vibration when pronouncing the letter

unvoiced: /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /h/, /ŋ/

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Vocal Cord Vibration: The fundamental difference is the vibration of the vocal cords during sound production.

Position of the Tongue, Lips, and Teeth: Some voiced and voiceless sounds are produced in the same articulation position, but the vibration of the vocal cords changes the sound.

Pronunciation Rules: The distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds is useful for understanding pronunciation rules such as the pronunciation of "s" at the end of words or the pronunciation of "ed" in regular verbs.

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A word has a specific meaning and contributes to the main message of a sentence. These are translatable words that are not purely structural. They generally include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

for example:

1. The cat sat on the mat.

2. She quickly ate the delicious cake.

Content words, unlike function words (such as prepositions, articles, or pronouns), are usually those that receive the most emphasis or stress in spoken pronunciation.

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Refers to a word that has a grammatical function in a sentence, such as connecting words or forming structures. These words typically have little or no meaning in and of themselves, but are essential to the grammar and structure of the sentence.

for example:

1. She is reading a book.

2. they have been working hard.

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Rising intonation is when the pitch of the voice rises at the end of a phrase or sentence, indicating a question or an expression of uncertainty. It's used for questions that require a yes or no answer, or to ask for confirmation or clarification.

for example:

1. You´re coming?

2. It´s a beautiful day, isn´t it?

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Falling intonation is characterized by the lowering of the voice's pitch at the end of a sentence or word. It's very common in statements, informational questions (such as "What...?" or "Where...?"), and commands. It's used to indicate that a sentence has ended and that the thought is complete.

for example:

1. I am going to the store.

(I'm making a statement, not a question. The voice lowers at the end to indicate that the statement is over.)

2. what is your name?

(Information question. The tone drops at the end to indicate that the question is over.)