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It is an intonation where the voice rises at the end of the sentence. It is used for questions, to express doubt or surprise.

Examples:

“Are you coming?”

“Is it raining?”

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A type of intonation where the voice drops at the end of a sentence. It is used to affirm, give orders or ask questions that expect an affirmative answer.

Examples:

“I am going home.”

“Close the door.”

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Words that have no lexical meaning by themselves, but serve to connect or structure sentences, such as prepositions, articles, pronouns and conjunctions.

Examples: “and” (and), “the” (the).

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Words that have their own lexical meaning and provide information in the sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Examples: “house”, “run”.

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Voiced sounds: Sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords, such as /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/.

Unvoiced sounds (muffled): Sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords, such as /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/.

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The point of articulation refers to the specific place where two or more articulators (organs involved in speech production) come together to form a constriction or closure, thus producing different speech sounds. The point of articulation plays a fundamental role in the distinction and classification of consonant sounds. Some examples are:

Bilabial: The two lips meet (example: /p/, /b/).

Labiodental: The lower lip touches the upper teeth (example: /f/, /v/).

Dental: The tongue touches the teeth (example: /θ/ in “think”).

Alveolar: The tongue touches the back of the upper teeth (example: /t/, /d/, /s/).

Velar: The back of the tongue touches the soft palate (example: /k/, /g/).

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The part of linguistics that studies how sounds function in a language, that is, how they are organized and used to distinguish meanings.

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The branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech, how they are produced, transmitted and perceived. It focuses on the physical and physiological aspects of sounds.

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These are the parts of the phonatory apparatus involved in the production of sounds:

Lips

Teeth

Tongue (tip, dorsum, root)

Hard palate

Soft palate (velum)

Vocal cords

Glottis (space between the vocal cords).