# data[].attributes.body
Chemistry is the driving force behind the magic of batteries. A battery is a package of one or more galvanic cells used for the production and storage of electric energy by chemical means. A galvanic cell consists of at least two half cells, a reduction cell and an oxidation cell. Chemical reactions in the two half cells provide the energy for the galvanic cell operations.

Each half cell consists of an electrode and an electrolyte solution. Usually the solution contains ions derived from the electrode by oxidation or reduction reaction.

A galvanic cell is also called a voltaic cell. The spontaneous reactions in it provide the electric energy or current.

Two half cells can be put together to form an electrolytic cell, which is used for electrolysis. In this case, electric energy is used to force nonspontaneous chemical reactions.

# data[].attributes.body
https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/batteries/MSE/battery.html

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/11%3A_Electrochemistry/11.5%3A_Batteries

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.05%3A_Batteries_and_Fuel_Cells

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWKOjncBMCQ

https://byjus.com/physics/types-of-battery/

https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-electronics/different-types-of-batteries

https://www.science.org.au/curious/technology-future/batteries

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Batteries%3A_Electricity_though_chemical_reactions

https://www.technologynetworks.com/applied-sciences/articles/understanding-battery-types-components-and-the-role-of-battery-material-testing-in-development-and-376993

https://components101.com/articles/different-types-of-batteries-and-their-uses#:~:text=Batteries%20are%20basically%20classified%20into%202%20types%3A,Non-rechargeable%20batteries%20%28primary%20batteries%29%20Rechargeable%20batteries%20%28secondary%20batteries%29

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpIGXa1fNvs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tye3dcBOqtY

https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/batteries/battery_characteristics.php

https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/batteries/batteries_lead_acid.php

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How do Batteries Work? (With Narration) | Mocomi Kids

# data[].attributes.body
Batteries are basically classified into 2 types:

Non-rechargeable batteries (primary batteries)

Rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries)

# data[].attributes.body
Batteries nowadays are one of the most important components of electronic appliances and are used in almost every portable electronic device. From Drones to phones, and tablets to automobile EVs, one common electronic component you find is the battery.

The current battery market reached around USD 113.4 billion. This market keeps increasing with the development of EVs and the expansion of portable electronics and wearable electronic devices.

From a range of devices like Phones to EVS to drones to automobiles, the battery and type also differ and are based on use cases.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained within its active materials directly into electrical energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. This type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one material to another via an electric circuit.

It has 3 main components: anode, cathode, and electrolyte.

# data[].attributes.body
Alkaline cell

Mercury cell

Silver Oxide cells

Zinc carbon cells

Zinc air cells

Lithium cell

# data[].attributes.body
The most commonly used primary cell (household) is the zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide battery. They provide more power-per-use than Carbon-zinc and secondary batteries and have an excellent shelf life.

# data[].attributes.body
Mercury batteries were commonly used in button-type batteries for watches and hearing aids because they had a long shelf life, stable voltage output, and high capacity per size. However, they were discontinued due to the environmental impact of the mercury they contain. The mercury is toxic and is released into the atmosphere if the batteries are incinerated.

# data[].attributes.body
These batteries have a very high energy density but are very expensive due to the high cost of silver. Therefore, silver oxide cells are mainly used in a button cell format for watches and calculators.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Primary Batteries Redox Reactions Involved

# data[].attributes.body
The lowest cost primary cell (household) is the zinc acidic manganese dioxide battery. They provide very low power, but have a good shelf life and are well suited for clocks and remote controls.

# data[].attributes.body
These batteries have become the standard for hearing aid batteries. They have a very long run time because they store only the anode material inside the cell and use the oxygen from the ambient air as a cathode.

# data[].attributes.body
Lithium batteries offer performance advantages well beyond the capabilities of conventional aqueous electrolyte battery systems. Their shelf-life can be well above 10-year and they will work at very low temperatures. Lithium batteries are mainly used in small formats (coins cells up to about AA-size) because bigger sizes of lithium batteries are a safety concern in consumer applications. Bigger sizes are only used in military applications.

# data[].attributes.body
Non-Spillable/Sealed Lead-Acid Battery

Lithium-ion (Li-on) Battery

Nickel Metal Hydride Battery

Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Battery

# data[].attributes.location_name
La Plata, Berisso, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The lead acid battery is the most used secondary battery in the world. The most common is the SLI battery used for motor vehicles for engine Starting, vehicle Lighting and engine Ignition, however it has many other applications (such as communications devices, emergency lighting systems and power tools) due to its cheapness and good performance. Characteristics in brief (for an SLI battery) Voltage: 2V               Discharge characteristics: Generally quite curved, particularly at higher discharge rate. Best performance with intermittent discharge.       Service Life: Several years    

# data[].attributes.body
Secondary lead-acid batteries are the most popular rechargeable batteries worldwide. Both the battery product and the manufacturing process are proven, economical, and reliable. However, because they are heavy Lead-Acid batteries are not being used in portable consumer applications. Lead is a toxic, carcinogenic compound and should not enter the regular waste stream. Recycling of Lead-Acid batteries is the environmental success story of our time approx. 93% of all battery lead is being recycled today in reused in the production of new Lead-Acid batteries.

# data[].attributes.body
These are made up of Lithium metal and are latest in rechargeable technology. As these are compact in size they can be used in most of the portable applications which need high power specifications. These are the best rechargeable batteries available. These have a nominal voltage of 3.7V (most commonly we have 3.6V and 7.2V) and have various ranges of power capacity (starting from 100s of mAh to 1000s of mAh). Even the C-rating ranges from 1C to 10C and Power density of Li-ion batteries is 126 Wh/Kg. Secondary Li-Ion batteries are the latest breakthrough in rechargeable batteries. They are at least 30% lighter in weight than NiMH batteries and provide at least 30% more capacity. They exhibit good high current capability and have a long cycle life. The self-discharge rate is better than NiMH at approximately 20% per month. Overheating will damage the batteries and could cause a fire. Li-Ion cells contain no toxic cadmium, but they still contain either cobalt oxides or nickel oxides, which are known human carcinogens and should be recycled.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The Nickel–Cadmium (NiCad) Battery, a Rechargeable Battery. NiCad batteries contain a cadmium anode and a highly oxidized nickel cathode. This design maximizes the surface area of the electrodes and minimizes the distance between them, which gives the battery both a high discharge current and a high capacity.

# data[].attributes.body
The nickel–cadmium, or NiCad, battery is used in small electrical appliances and devices like drills, portable vacuum cleaners, and AM/FM digital tuners. It is a water-based cell with a cadmium anode and a highly oxidized nickel cathode that is usually described as the nickel(III) oxo-hydroxide, NiO(OH). These batteries are made of Nickel and Cadmium chemical composition. Though these are very rarely used, these are very cheap and their discharge rate is very low when compared to NiMH batteries. These are available in all standard sizes like AA, AAA, C and rectangular shapes. The nominal voltage is 1.2V, often connected together in a set of 3 which gives 3.6V. It has Power density of 60 Wh/Kg. Secondary Ni-Cd batteries are rugged and reliable. They exhibit a high power capability, a wide operating temperature range, and a long cycle life, but have a low run-time per charge. They have a self-discharge rate of approximately 30% per month. They contain about 15% toxic, carcinogenic cadmium and have to be recycled.

# data[].attributes.body
The Nickel – Metal Hydride batteries are much preferable than Ni-Cad batteries because of their lower environmental impact. Its nominal voltage is 1.25 V which is greater than Ni-Cad batteries. It has less nominal voltage than alkaline batteries and they are good replacement due to its availability and less environmental impact. The power density of Ni-MH batteries is 100 Wh/Kg. Secondary Nickel-Metal batteries are an extension of the old fashioned NiCd batteries. Nickel-Metal batteries provide the same voltage as NiCd batteries but offer at least 30% more capacity. They exhibit good high current capability and have a long cycle life. The self-discharge rate is higher than NiCd at approximately 40% per month. Nickel-Metal cells contain no toxic cadmium, but they still contain a large amount of nickel oxides and also some cobalt, which are known human carcinogens and should be recycled.

# data[].attributes.headline
What are the main different types of batteries?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are the main different types of batteries?

# data[].attributes.body
There are two main types of batteries. These are primary batteries and secondary batteries.

Primary Batteries

Primary batteries are non-rechargeable and disposable. Sometimes also called single-use or throw away batteries because they have to be discarded after they run empty as they cannot be recharged for reuse. The electrochemical reactions in these batteries are non-reversible. The materials in the electrodes are completely utilized and therefore cannot regenerate electricity. Primary batteries are often used when long periods of storage are required, as they have a much lower discharge rate than secondary batteries. Primary batteries are single-use batteries designed to be discarded after their energy is depleted. Their capacity depends on the reactants included during manufacture.

Applications: The use of primary batteries is exemplified by wrist watches, flashlights, and remote controls.

Secondary Batteries

Secondary batteries are rechargeable. These batteries undergo electrochemical reactions that can be readily reversed. The chemical reactions that occur in secondary batteries are reversible because the components that react are not completely used up. Rechargeable batteries need an external electrical source to recharge them after they have expended their energy.

Applications: The use of secondary batteries is exemplified by mobile phones, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices like powerbank.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The difference in standard potential between electrodes determines the cell's electrochemical potential, which directly influences its voltage. A larger difference results in a higher electrochemical potential and, consequently, a higher voltage.

# data[].attributes.body
The mechanism of a battery is based on chemical reactions that convert chemical energy into electrical energy:

Batteries operate via galvanic cells, where oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. These reactions generate an electric current that powers devices.

Electrochemical reaction

A chemical reaction between two different metals and an electrolyte frees more electrons in one metal than the other. The metal with more electrons becomes positively charged, and the other becomes negatively charged.

Electron flow

When a wire connects the ends of the battery, electrons flow through the wire to balance the electrical charge. The flow of electrons creates an electric current that can be used to power a device.

Charging and discharging

When electrons move from the cathode to the anode, the battery charges. When electrons move in the opposite direction, the battery discharges.

Electrolyte

The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa.

Separator

The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.

Electrodes

Different electrodes and electrolytes produce different chemical reactions that affect how the battery works.

# data[].attributes.headline
Batteries, composed of one or more electrochemical cells, commonly include voltaic (or galvanic) cells for storing and generating electricity in everyday devices.

# data[].attributes.subject
Batteries, composed of one or more electrochemical cells, commonly include voltaic (or galvanic) cells for storing and generating electricity in everyday devices.

# data[].attributes.body
Battery is the primary power source for any electronics wireless gadget, be it a smartphone, laptop, watch or remote. Can you imagine the situation without these energy sources? We wouldn’t be able to build any wireless electronic device and have to rely on wired power source only, even electric cars and space missions would not be possible without Batteries.

Battery History:

1. Origin of the Term "Battery" (1749): Benjamin Franklin coined the term to describe linked capacitors.

2. Baghdad Batteries (1936): Believed to be over 2,000 years old, their purpose remains debated.

3. Galvani and Volta (1780-1800): Galvani discovered "animal electricity," and Volta invented the first true battery, the voltaic pile.

4. Advancements in Wet Cells (1836-1866):

Daniell cell (1836)

Grove cell (1844)

Lead-acid cell (first rechargeable battery, 1859)

Gravity cell (1860s)

Leclanché cell (1866)

5. Transition to Dry Cells (1887): Carl Gassner introduced the first dry cell (zinc-carbon).

6. Nickel-Based Batteries (1899-1903): Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries developed by Jungner, with Edison patenting the latter.

7. Modern Developments:

Alkaline battery (1955, by Lewis Urry)

Nickel-hydrogen (1970s) and nickel-metal hydride (1980s) batteries.

Lithium-ion polymer batteries (1996) became dominant for portable electronics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Renewable energy sources (solar panels, wind turbines)

# data[].attributes.body
Batteries in Everyday Life

Batteries are an essential part of everyday life, powering devices like smartphones, laptops, cars, medical equipment, and more.

Renewable Energy Storage

Galvanic cells like lithium-ion batteries are crucial for storing energy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power.

# data[].attributes.body
Batteries are essential for powering modern devices, providing portable energy sources for a wide range of applications. Galvanic cells, which generate electrical energy through spontaneous chemical reactions, play a crucial role in powering everything from smartphones to medical devices. There are various types of batteries, including primary batteries (non-rechargeable), secondary batteries (rechargeable), and specialized ones like lithium-ion, alkaline, and lead-acid. Each type serves different purposes, from everyday electronics to electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Batteries are integral to our daily lives, contributing to technological advancements and sustainability efforts. Galvanic cells are crucial to modern technology and the shift toward renewable energy, with applications in energy storage and medical devices. Batteries, which are self-contained galvanic cells, differ from fuel cells, which require a continuous external supply of reactants to generate electricity. Primary batteries, like dry cells and alkaline batteries, are single-use, while secondary batteries, such as nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, and lithium-ion, are rechargeable. Specialized batteries, including button batteries and lithium-iodine cells, offer unique advantages like high output-to-mass ratios and solid electrolytes. Fuel cells, like hydrogen fuel cells, provide energy through ongoing chemical reactions, offering efficiency benefits over internal combustion engines. Together, these technologies underscore the importance of galvanic cells in powering diverse devices and advancing sustainable energy solutions.

# data[].attributes.body
Submitted by:

Nicole Beverly P. Frias BSIE 1-E

Submitted to:

Prof. Eddalin Quemada - Lampawog

# data[].attributes.body
Wet Cells

Wet cell batteries contain a liquid electrolyte. They can be either primary or secondary batteries. Due to the liquid nature of wet cells, insulator sheets are used to separate the anode and the cathode. Types of wet cells include Daniell cells, Leclanche cells (originally used in dry cells), Bunsen cells, Weston cells, Chromic acid cells, and Grove cells. The lead-acid cells in automobile batteries are wet cells.

Dry Cells

In dry cell batteries, no free liquid is present. Instead the electrolyte is a paste, just moist enough to allow current flow. This allows the dry cell battery to be operated in any position without worrying about spilling its contents. This is why dry cell batteries are commonly used in products which are frequently moved around and inverted, such as portable electronic devices. Dry cell batteries can be either primary or secondary batteries. The most common dry cell battery is the Leclanche cell.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Collin's Lab: History of the Battery @adafruit #adafruit

# data[].attributes.body
The following battery characteristics must be taken into consideration when selecting a battery:

Type

Voltage

Discharge curve

Capacity

Energy density

Specific energy density

Power density

Temperature dependence

Service life

Physical requirements

Charge/discharge cycle

Cycle life

Cost

Ability to deep discharge

Application requirements

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characteristics of a battery | SKILL-LYNC

# data[].attributes.body
A range of materials (it used to be just metals) can be used as the electrodes in a battery. Over the years, many, many different combinations have been tried out, but there are only a few that have really gone the distance. But why use different combinations of metals anyway? If you’ve got a pair of metals that work well together as electrodes, why bother messing around with others? Different materials have different electrochemical properties, and so they produce different results when you put them together in a battery cell. For example, some combinations will produce a high voltage, very quickly, but then drop off rapidly, unable to sustain that voltage for long. This is good if you need to produce, say, a sudden flash of light like a camera flash. Other combinations will only produce a trickle of current, but they’ll keep that trickle going for ages. We don’t need a huge amount of current to power a smoke detector, for example, but we do want our smoke detectors to keep going for a long time.

Another reason to use different combinations of metals is that often two or more battery cells need to be stacked to obtain the required voltage, and it turns out that some electrode combinations stack together much more happily than other combinations. For example, the lithium iron phosphate batteries (a type of lithium-ion battery) used in electric cars stack together to make high voltage systems (100 or even more volts), but you’d never do that with those NiCad Walkman batteries that get hot! Our different needs over time have led to the development of a huge array of battery types.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Four batteries of different sizes all of 1.5 voltage

# data[].attributes.headline
Different Sizes of Batteries and Some Additional Facts

# data[].attributes.subject
Different Sizes of Batteries and Some Additional Facts

# data[].attributes.body
Batteries vary both in size and voltage due to the chemical properties and contents within the cell. However, batteries of different sizes may have the same voltage. The reason for this phenomenon is that the standard cell potential does not depend on the size of a battery but rather on its internal content. Therefore, batteries of different sizes can have the same voltage. Additionally, there are ways in which batteries can amplify their voltages and current. When batteries are lined up in a series of rows it increases their voltage, and when batteries are lined up in a series of columns it can increases their current.

# data[].attributes.body
Batteries can explode through misuse or malfunction. By attempting to overcharge a rechargeable battery or charging it at an excessive rate, gases can build up in the battery and potentially cause a rupture. A short circuit can also lead to an explosion. A battery placed in a fire can also lead to an explosion as steam builds up inside the battery. Leakage is also a concern, because chemicals inside batteries can be dangerous and damaging. Leakage emitted from the batteries can ruin the device they are housed in, and is dangerous to handle. There are numerous environmental concerns with the widespread use of batteries. The production of batteries consumes many resources and involves the handling of many dangerous chemicals. Used batteries are often improperly disposed of and contribute to electronic waste. The materials inside batteries can potentially be toxic pollutants, making improper disposal especially dangerous. Through electronic recycling programs, toxic metals such as lead and mercury are kept from entering and harming the environment. Consumption of batteries is harmful and can lead to death.

# data[].attributes.body
The capacity of a battery depends directly on the quantity of electrode and electrolyte material inside the cell. Primary batteries can lose around 8% to 20% of their charge over the course of a year without any use. This is caused by side chemical reactions that do not produce current. The rate of side reactions can be slowed by lowering temperature. Warmer temperatures can also lower the performance of the battery, by speeding up the side chemical reactions. Primary batteries become polarized with use. This is when hydrogen accumulates at the cathode, reducing the battery's effectiveness. Depolarizers can be used to remove this build up of hydrogen.

Secondary batteries self-discharge even more rapidly. They usually lose about 10% of their charge each month. Rechargeable batteries gradually lose capacity after every recharge cycle due to deterioration. This is caused by active materials falling off the electrodes or electrolytes moving away from the electrodes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Oxidation vs. Reduction, What are Oxidation and Reduction Reactions in Everyday Life?