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The Evolution of Traditional to New Media

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The Evolution of Traditional to New Media

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The shift from traditional to new media represents a major change in communication and information dissemination. Traditional media, such as newspapers, radio, and television, dominated the 20th century, shaping public perception and societal norms. However, the rise of the internet and mobile devices has transformed media consumption. New media, defined by digital platforms and user-generated content, has democratized information sharing, allowing individuals to be both consumers and creators. This evolution reflects technological advancements and introduces new ways society interacts and forms communities. Understanding this shift is crucial for addressing challenges like misinformation and harnessing innovation in today’s interconnected world.

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The pre-industrial age marked a significant period in human history before the advent of modern communication technologies. During this time, media communication predominantly relied on oral traditions, visual arts, and rudimentary written forms, which served as vital means for communities to share information, preserve culture, and educate future generations. Storytelling played a central role, with tales passed down through generations by word of mouth, often embellished to captivate and entertain listeners. Visual communication took form through cave paintings, hieroglyphs, and totems, each serving as a record of cultural practices and beliefs.

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Example of Media Communication in Pre-Industrial Age 

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Example of Media Communication in Pre-Industrial Age 

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• Cave paintings (35,000 BC)

• Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)

• Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)

• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)

• Dibao in China (2nd Century)

• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)

• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)

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Cave paintings, dating back to approximately 35,000 BC, represent some of the earliest forms of human expression and communication. Discovered in various locations around the world, these prehistoric artworks provide a fascinating glimpse into the lives, beliefs, and environments of our ancient ancestors. Created by using natural pigments derived from minerals and charcoal, these images were often etched or painted on cave walls, depicting scenes of hunting, animals, human figures, and abstract symbols.

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Clay tablets in Mesopotamia, dating back to around 2400 BC, represent one of the earliest forms of written communication in human history. Developed by the Sumerians, these tablets were inscribed with cuneiform script—a series of wedge-shaped marks created by pressing a reed stylus into soft clay. Initially used for record-keeping and administrative purposes, such as transactions and agricultural data, clay tablets gradually evolved to encompass a wider range of subjects, including literature, law, and scientific observations. This innovation marked a significant breakthrough, transforming oral traditions into permanent records and enabling societies to document their histories, governance, and culture.

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Papyrus, one of the earliest writing materials developed in ancient Egypt around 2500 BC, played a crucial role in the advancement of communication, record-keeping, and the preservation of knowledge. Made from the papyrus plant, which thrived in the wetlands along the Nile River, this lightweight and durable material provided a practical solution for the increasing need to document various aspects of daily life, administration, religion, and literature.

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The Acta Diurna was a significant innovation in ancient Roman society, often considered one of the earliest forms of a daily news publication. Established around 130 BC during the Roman Republic, it served as an official government announcement and record of events. The term "Acta Diurna" translates to "Daily Acts" or "Daily Proceedings," reflecting its nature as a chronicle of public life.

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Dibao, often translated as "di bao" or "local treasures," refers to a type of governmental assistance or relief that emerged in China during the 2nd century. While it is commonly associated with modern welfare systems, its roots can be traced back to ancient practices of social support aimed at eradicating poverty and helping the vulnerable segments of society, such as the elderly, disabled, or those who had fallen into hard times.

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 Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) 

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 Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) 

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The Codex in the Mayan region, dating back to the 5th century, is a significant and enigmatic artifact that has captivated the imagination of historians, scholars, and enthusiasts alike. This ancient manuscript, often referred to as a codex, is a testament to the advanced knowledge and sophisticated culture of the Maya civilization.

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Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) 

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Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) 

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The printing press has a rich history that dates back to ancient civilizations, and one of its earliest iterations involved the use of wood blocks, a technique that emerged around 220 AD in China during the Han Dynasty. This innovative method of printing, known as woodblock printing, involved carving images or text into a block of wood, inking the surface, and then pressing it onto paper or fabric.

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The Industrial Age (late 18th to early 20th century) revolutionized media communication, transforming how information was shared and consumed. New technologies like the steam engine and printing press accelerated information flow, enabling mass communication through newspapers, magazines, and telegraphs. This era promoted literacy, accessibility, and democratization of information, allowing a broader audience to engage with previously restricted content. It laid the groundwork for modern media landscapes, shaping societal norms and paving the way for future innovations.

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Example of Media Communication in Industrial Ages

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Example of Media Communication in Industrial Ages

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• Printing press for mass production (19th

century)

• Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)

• Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876)

• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)

• Commercial motion pictures (1913)

• Motion picture with sound (1926)

• Telegraph

• Punch cards

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 Printing press for mass production (19th century) 

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 Printing press for mass production (19th century) 

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The invention of the printing press had a profound effect on mass production, marking a significant turning point in human history. Developed in the early 15th century, this innovative technology paved the way for the widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas, transforming the way information was shared, accessed, and utilized.

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The London Gazette, first published in 1665, is one of the oldest newspapers in the English-speaking world and serves as the official newspaper of record for the British government. Although it began in the 17th century, its roots can be traced back to the earlier efforts at disseminating news in England. The significance of the Gazette extends beyond its role in journalism; it also functioned as a vital instrument for the dissemination of official government information and announcements, making it an essential resource for both citizens and officials.

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Typewriter (1800): The first prototype of a typewriter was invented by Henry Mill in 1714, but it wasn't until the late 19th century that the modern typewriter began to take shape. In 1868, Christopher Sholes developed the first commercially viable typewriter in the United States, followed by improvements such as the QWERTY keyboard layout in the late 1870s. This keyboard layout is still used on computers and other electronic devices today.

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Telephone (1876): The first working telephone was patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Initially, the device had a significant limitation – it could only send messages in one direction. The invention of the switchboard in the 1880s and the development of the rotary dial telephone in the early 1900s greatly improved the efficiency and accessibility of telephones.

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Motion picture photography/projection (1890) 

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Motion picture photography/projection (1890) 

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The evolution of motion picture photography and projection in the late 19th century marked a revolutionary shift in the way stories were told and experiences were shared. By 1890, the groundwork for modern cinema was being laid, fueled by the innovation and creativity of inventors and filmmakers who sought to capture and project moving images.

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The early days of cinema marked a significant milestone in human history, transforming the way people consumed entertainment. The advent of commercial motion pictures in 1906 is often disputed but the first commercial feature film was actually produced in the year 1913.

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The introduction of sound in motion pictures marked a revolutionary moment in the history of cinema, transforming the way stories were told and experienced on screen. Prior to the late 1920s, films were predominantly silent, accompanied only by live music or sound effects that attempted to enhance the viewing experience. However, the release of "The Jazz Singer" in 1927, often celebrated as the first "talkie," signaled a new era in filmmaking.

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The telegraph, a groundbreaking invention of the 19th century, revolutionized the way information was transmitted over long distances. By converting electrical signals into coded messages, the telegraph enabled near-instantaneous communication between distant locations for the first time in human history. This technological marvel played a crucial role in shaping commerce, journalism, and international relations, laying the groundwork for modern communication systems. In this overview, we will explore the history, mechanics, and impact of the telegraph, highlighting its significance in the evolution of global communication and its lasting influence on contemporary society.

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Punch cards, also known as punch cards or perforated cards, are an early form of data storage and input device that significantly influenced the development of computing and information processing. Originating in the 18th century, they were popularized in the 19th century with the advent of mechanical devices for data processing, such as the Jacquard loom, which used punch cards to control the weaving of patterns in textiles.

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The Electronic Age, spanning from the 1930s to the 1980s, marked a pivotal transformation in mass communication, revolutionizing the way information was produced, disseminated, and consumed. This era witnessed the widespread adoption of electronic media, which brought about a significant shift from traditional print-based and telegraph-based methods of communication. The Electronic Age was characterized by significant technological advancements, including the rise of radio broadcasting, television, and eventually, the internet.

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Example of Media Communication in Electronic Age

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Example of Media Communication in Electronic Age

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• Transistor Radio

• Television (1941)

• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951) • Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704(1960)

• Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976) • OHP, LCD projectors

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The transistor radio, a portable, affordable, and accessible device, revolutionized the way people consumed media and communicated with each other. Introduced in the 1950s, the transistor radio marked a significant turning point in the history of media communication, transforming the way people listened to music, news, and entertainment.

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Television, first publicly demonstrated in 1927 and developed into a commercial medium by the 1940s, revolutionized the landscape of media communication. By 1941, television began to take shape as a popular medium after its formal introduction in the United States, marking a pivotal moment in broadcasting history. In the years leading up to 1941, television technology evolved rapidly, transitioning from experimental broadcasts to regular programming.

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• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)

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• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)

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The EDSAC (1949) was one of the first practical stored-program electronic computers. It was designed and built at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory by a team led by Maurice Wilkes. The EDSAC was a stored-program computer, meaning that it could store both its program and data in its memory, which was a significant innovation at the time.

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 Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704(1960) 

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 Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704(1960) 

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Mainframe computers have played a pivotal role in the evolution of computing technology, particularly throughout the latter half of the 20th century. One notable example from this era is the IBM 704, introduced by IBM in 1960. The IBM 704 was among the first commercially successful scientific computers and represented a significant advancement in the power and capabilities of computing machines.

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• Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)

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• Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)

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The concept of personal computing has a rich and fascinating history, marked by innovations and game-changing inventions that have transformed the world as we know it today. This journey began with the first personal computers, which were often the result of groundbreaking experimentation and vision.

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In the realm of presentations and visual displays, projectors play a pivotal role in enhancing communication and engagement. Two prevalent types of projectors are Overhead Projectors (OHP) and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) projectors, each with distinct features and applications.

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The Information Age, spanning from the early 1900s to the early 2000s, marks a profound transformation in human society facilitated by the rapid development and proliferation of information and communication technologies. This era signifies the transition from traditional industrial economies, characterized by manufacturing and agriculture, to a knowledge-based economy fueled by advancements in technology, particularly in computing and telecommunications. Innovations such as the telephone, radio, television, and eventually the internet revolutionized the way individuals access, share, and process information, leading to unprecedented social, economic, and cultural changes. As a result, the Information Age has not only reshaped global communication and connectivity but also created new paradigms for education, business, and personal interactions, ultimately redefining the very fabric of daily life and establishing a foundation for the digital future.

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Example of Media Communication in Information Age

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Example of Media Communication in Information Age

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• Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)

• Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003)

• Social media: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004) • Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)

• Video: YouTube (2005)

• Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality

• Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013)

• Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995)

• Portable computers- laptops (1980), tablets (1993) netbooks (2008)

• Smartphones

• Wearable technology

• Cloud and Big Data

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A web browser is a software application used to access and view information on the internet. Essentially, it acts as a bridge between the user and the vast world of online content. Web browsers enable users to navigate through various websites, access online applications, and interact with online services by rendering the requested content in a user-friendly format on their device, such as a computer or smartphone. With the advent of the internet, web browsers have become an essential tool for people of all ages, professions, and backgrounds.

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 Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003) 

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 Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003) 

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"Mosaic," released in 1993, is a groundbreaking interactive multimedia work created by the acclaimed author and artist, A. M. Homes. This innovative project seamlessly blends literature, visual art, and digital technology, inviting readers to navigate through a rich tapestry of narratives and experiences. Set against the backdrop of a rapidly changing cultural landscape in the early '90s, "Mosaic" explores themes of identity, memory, and the complexities of human relationships. By leveraging the capabilities of emerging digital platforms, Homes engages audiences in a unique storytelling experience that challenges traditional forms of narrative and invites deeper exploration of the interconnectedness of individual stories within a larger societal context.

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Blogs, short for weblogs, are online journals or articles that are published on a regular basis, usually with the author's thoughts, opinions, experiences, or expertise on a particular topic. Blogs have become incredibly popular over the years and have played a significant role in the way people consume information, network, and share ideas.

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Web Browser: Mosaic (1993),  Internet Explorer (1995) 

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Web Browser: Mosaic (1993),  Internet Explorer (1995) 

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In 1995, Microsoft released Internet Explorer (IE), a web browser that would go on to revolutionize the way people interacted with the internet. At the time, the internet was still in its early stages, and users relied on cumbersome and often clunky software to access online content. IE was designed to provide a more user-friendly and intuitive experience, with a graphical user interface (GUI) that made it easy for anyone to navigate the web. Initially released as part of the Windows 95 operating system, IE quickly gained popularity as a standalone browser, competing with Netscape Navigator, the dominant browser at the time.

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The introduction of smartphones revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and navigate the world around us. In the early 2000s, the first multi-touch, internet-enabled cell phones emerged, blending the capabilities of personal computers and mobile phones. These early models, such as the Nokia 9000 Communicator and the BlackBerry, laid the groundwork for what would become a ubiquitous device in modern society. Since then, smartphone technology has rapidly advanced, with the release of the Apple iPhone in 2007 marking a turning point in the industry. This sleek and user-friendly design popularized touchscreens, mobile apps, and online services, forever changing the way we live, work, and interact with one another.

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In the early 1980s, the landscape of personal computing underwent a radical transformation with the introduction of laptops, marking a significant leap towards portable technology. These innovative devices combined the power of desktop computers with the convenience of mobility, enabling users to work, create, and communicate on the go. The first commercially successful laptops, such as the Osborne 1, featured compact designs and built-in screens, though they were often heavy and had limited battery life. Nevertheless, this pioneering era laid the groundwork for the evolution of more advanced, lightweight, and user-friendly laptops that would soon dominate the market, changing the way people interacted with technology and each other.

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The year 1993 marked a significant turning point in the evolution of portable computing with the introduction of the tablet computer. While the concept of a tablet was not entirely new, the advancements in technology during this period brought forth devices that blended portability with functionality in groundbreaking ways. As personal computing began to soar in popularity, the emergence of the tablet offered users a versatile tool that could cater to both professional and personal needs.

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In 2008, the tech world witnessed a significant shift with the introduction and rise of netbooks, compact and lightweight laptops designed primarily for web browsing and basic computing tasks. Targeted at budget-conscious consumers and students, these devices offered an accessible entry point into the world of portable computing. With their energy-efficient designs, lower price points, and user-friendly interfaces, netbooks quickly became popular, filling a niche between traditional laptops and smartphones. As the demand for mobile internet access surged, netbooks emerged as a practical solution, enabling users to stay connected while on the go, thus transforming the landscape of personal computing.