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From now on we will store work, notes and all english study info here.

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Times:

Past simple v present perfect - to do

Present simple vs present continuous

Conditionals

Adverbs of place

Missing out "to be"

Vocab:

used to, to be used to, to get used to

Studied:

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Hi Vladyslav - in class we will focus on:

Goal 1: to develop grammar / accuracy  ✍🏻

i) to fill in gaps in grammar and become more accurate.

ii) Work through C1 (Advanced) text book for hometask. "Unit 14 - Business & Economics" & Unit 13 "News & Media"

Goal 2: Develop speaking, reading + listening Skills & Vocab -  🗣

i) develop speaking skills in class.  📂

ii) Listening - to a range of podcasts (BBC4) on diverse topics / business context. To challenge understanding and expand vocab👂

iii) Read a range of articles on different topics to challenge understanding and expand vocab.

iii) Make note of new vocab and review - a system.

Goal 3: Expand knowledge of business / Real Estate / Law

i) Read & discuss about general business news, investments & current affairs.

ii) Discuss real estate, property markets - investment, development, the buying process; specific to Cyprus.

iii) Learn Law Vocab (Using the Law Vocab text book) ✔️

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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Open the box - Tap each box in turn to open them up and reveal the item inside.

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Business talk

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Class Notes:

to have children

skin burns

internal positioning of organs

we had a common ancestor

a supernova

Junk DNA

There's not much difference

Not many toppings / not a lot of toppings

most people

in most cases

non-stop

south of Rome

in the south (of Italy)

in Sicily

It has been proven

Pronunciation

guard

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Uber Files Reporting Team, BBC Panorama

11 July 2022

Technology

In just over a decade, Uber has revolutionised how we move around our cities. The ride-hailing app was a game-changer: you just tapped your phone and a cab would find you. You even paid through the app.

The Californian tech company helped define the gig economy, where workers were seen as self-employed. Uber now has millions of drivers all over the world, and takes billions of pounds in fares.

Uber often described the regulated taxi industry it was trying to break into as a “cartel”.

But the company has been rocked by scandals. Uber drivers are fighting for their rights. And now a whistleblower has revealed the dark tricks Uber used to break into lucrative European markets.

Mark MacGann used to be one of Uber’s top executives. He was the company’s chief lobbyist, meeting senior members of government and heads of state in over 40 countries.

“People were almost falling over themselves in order to meet with Uber and to hear what we had to offer,” MacGann told the Guardian in an exclusive interview (see video below).

“It was extraordinarily easy to get access to the highest echelons of power and decision-making. It was intoxicating.”

Now he’s turned whistleblower.

Thousands of documents were leaked to the Guardian, who shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and media partners around the world, including the BBC.

The Uber Files are an unprecedented insight into how one of the world’s most notorious tech companies lobbied at the highest level to assist its aggressive expansion into Europe.

Uber raised billions in investment, using funds to attract drivers and passengers and challenge the rules. But Uber needed political support to disrupt the taxi industry.

The leak reveals how undeclared meetings, high-level lobbying, and backroom deals helped Uber to get leading politicians to back their radical plans. The leaked documents cover the years Uber was trying to break into Europe and they show how much Uber was prepared to spend to get close to power. In 2016, its lobbying and public relations budget was $90 million (£75 million).

They also expose the shocking detail of how extensively Uber used secret technology to avoid justice and showed just how ruthless the company was prepared to be. The company’s steamroller tactics were evident in just about every European city it launched in, but nowhere more so than Paris, Amsterdam and London.

Part 1: Paris

The taxi wars

Paris was the first European city where Uber launched. It’s also where co-founders Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp first had the idea for the app, when they could not find a cab on a freezing cold night.

Paris had a strong network of licensed city taxis with the monopoly on picking up roadside passengers around town. Uber’s arrival caused chaos.

Uber billed itself as a tech firm that connected passengers with private-hire cars - minicabs - which had to be pre-booked. Except that its drivers could be summoned within a few minutes at the click of a button, right from the side of the road. What’s more, Uber’s prices were cut-throat - and there was no need to keep cash on hand.

The Parisian cab drivers were losing customers and income – and in 2014 took their protest to the streets. Taxi drivers attacked Ubers carrying terrified passengers, smashing their windows and slashing their tyres.

But Uber had a mantra, says MacGann: “It’s better to ask for forgiveness than to ask for permission”. Rather than bow to pressure, Uber pushed harder.

In February 2014 it launched a controversial new service called UberPop - called a “ride-sharing” service, it was the cheapest option on the app and like offering someone a lift.

UberPop drivers didn’t need to have a professional license or be insured as a taxi driver. It meant practically anyone with a car could become a cabbie, and many jumped at the chance.

At a stroke, taxi drivers had lost their advantage.

Uber immediately ran foul of the authorities, landing a €100,000 fine for misleadingly advertising the new service as a car pool. New legislation was being debated that would impose strict regulations on UberPop and similar ride-sharing services.

But Uber had also begun to make friends with a young politician in his first ministerial post: Emmanuel Macron.

Reuters

In 2014, Macron was minister for the economy and digital affairs, and a rising star. He had come into government with the aim of shaking things up and wanted to address unemployment by liberalising traditional labour structures. Uber fitted this model perfectly.

The leaked documents reveal that company executives, including MacGann and Uber’s CEO at the time, Travis Kalanick, attended a series of meetings with Macron. Only one of these was made public before now.

Uber thought the first meeting with Macron on 1 October 2014 was “spectacular. Like I’ve never seen”. The firm believed it had found a strong political champion.

The leaked documents also contain dozens of personal messages and emails between Uber and its powerful new friend. Their communications were amicable, and at times casual.

From: Travis Kalanick

To: Emmanuel Macron

18 December 2014

Emmanuel,

[...] I was encouraged by your supportive comments at LeWev [sic] [...]

We continue to be committed to France and a positive transformation in the transportation sector and I’d love to have a quick chat with you, or to set up a meeting to discuss how we can continue to make progress in light of recent comments by government officials. [...]

Let me know if there is a time that makes sense to connect. Looking forward to chatting soon.

Travis

From: Emmanuel Macron

To: Travis Kalanick

22 December 2014

Yes dear Travis, would be happy to chat with you. Let us schedule that !

Best,

Emmanuel

Uber even sent Macron proposals for how it wanted ride-sharing services regulated in France.

But having such a well-connected friend was not a perfect shield.

Socialist MP Thomas Thévenoud had been brought in to find common ground between taxis and ride-hailing platforms like Uber.

He describes the way Uber went about its business as “cowboy”. “They put one foot in the door, then break the door wide open and once they're in, you're forced to deal with them for better or for worse.”

From 1 January 2015, his new law made UberPop illegal. Uber carried on running the service as it challenged court rulings.

By the summer, tensions peaked. Taxi drivers went on general strike, with protests sometimes turning violent, while government ministers called for the end of UberPop and for unlicensed drivers’ cars to be seized.

Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who was in regular contact with the taxi unions, ordered tighter controls on UberPop drivers.

“The government will never accept the law of the jungle,” he said.

Macron maintained contact with Uber throughout, as the BBC has reported, and UberPop was suspended on 3 July.

Uber’s powerful friend became president in 2017, and under President Macron France has thousands more drivers.

A spokesperson for President Macron said that his ministerial job “led him to interact with many companies involved in the transformation of services”, which had to be facilitated by “removing administrative and regulatory barriers”.

“The point is that today the French government is probably the most pro-Uber government in the western world,” Mr Thévenoud told BBC Panorama.

But the years of taxi wars had also played into Uber’s narrative. In 2016, amidst more violent taxi demonstrations, the French government announced a clampdown on ride-sharing services.

In response, Travis Kalanick proposed a counter-protest. When an Uber executive flagged MacGann’s concern over the safety of Uber drivers and riders, Kalanick responded:

Friday 29 January 2016

If we have 50,000 riders they won't and can't do anything

I think it’s worth it. Violence guarantee [sic] success.

Kalanick “viewed violence as something that brought results”, says Mark MacGann. “It’s dangerous. It’s irresponsible. It’s also, in a way, very selfish. Because he was not the guy on the street who is being threatened, who is being attacked.”

A spokesperson for Travis Kalanick said he “never suggested that Uber should take advantage of violence at the expense of driver safety”.

Getty Images

That protest went ahead without incident, but this kind of exchange was not an isolated example. The leak suggests that exploiting violence against Uber drivers formed an important part of Uber’s communications strategy.

In an email from the Netherlands, Uber deliberately sought to “keep the violence narrative going for a few days” as it shared police reports of attacks against its drivers with Dutch media.

When those reports were published on the front page of Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf - without making Uber’s involvement clear - MacGann replied that this was “excellent work” and “exactly what we wanted”. Sharing the newspaper reports with other company executives, he added: "Step one in the campaign: get the media to talk about Taxi violence against POP [UberPop] drivers.”

Responding now to questions about his participation in Uber’s attempts to leverage violence against its drivers for strategic benefit, MacGann says: "There is no excuse for how the company played with people’s lives. I am disgusted and ashamed that I was a party to the trivialisation of such violence.”

Uber’s spokesperson Jill Hazelbaker says “there is much our former CEO said nearly a decade ago that we would certainly not condone today”. She adds nobody at the company had ever been happy about violence against drivers, and that the new management have “made safety one of the company’s top priorities”.

Part 2: Amsterdam

Duping the police

Fighting the law is part of the Uber spirit. The company has always seen itself as a “disruptor” – changing the world to suit its own interests. And lobbying wasn’t the only weapon in Uber’s arsenal.

Back in 2014, the controversial UberPop service was also attracting the attention of the authorities in Amsterdam, where Uber had its international headquarters.

When UberPop launched, the ILT, the body responsible for transport safety in the Netherlands, said that the moment it allowed the service to be used, Uber would be breaking the law.

There was initial concern among Uber’s top brass that the drivers of their ride-sharing platform would face criminal charges if arrested, according to leaked emails from a senior company executive.

Internal Uber email

We've had a chat about that with TK [Travis Kalanick] while he was in Europe and agreed the real concern was jail risk. There is technically a criminal risk in a number of POP countries right now.

But they did not consider it an imminent threat, and when the first arrests of UberPop drivers in Amsterdam merely resulted in formal warnings and a threat of a fine, Uber doubled down.

Internal Uber email

​​Interesting that the ILT is not taking an aggressive approach. That means we should continue to push POP full steam

In December 2014, UberPop was declared illegal by a court in The Hague.

But like in Paris, Uber wasn’t going to let that stop it. The documents reveal how Uber used its smartphone app to block law enforcement from getting to its drivers in the first place.

Uber identified police officers through data mined from the app and then, using an internal tool called “greyball”, served them a fake view of the UberPop app, populated with ghost cars that wouldn’t stop for them. They could also block anyone from booking in certain zones, like around police stations, using a tool called “geofencing”.

These tricks left law enforcement officials scratching their heads, struggling to understand why they could not book a ride.

Prof Bart Custers, a digital law expert at Leiden University in the Netherlands, says that collecting and processing personal data on law enforcement officers may have been illegal. “EU data protection law prescribed there should be a legal basis for this,” he says - which the company did not appear to have.

Uber says “we stopped using these tools in 2017 when Dara Khosrowshahi became CEO and, as we have said many times, they should never have been used”.

The cat-and-mouse game between Dutch law enforcement and Uber continued.

In March 2015 it came to a crunch when the police demanded a list of all UberPop drivers. Handing over such a document would have been hugely damaging to the firm, allowing police to arrest drivers without having to catch them in the act.

Internal emails reveal that the company did not plan on co-operating and, with the battle lines drawn, Uber expected that it would not take long before its Amsterdam headquarters were raided.

But Uber had a secret system to prevent the police from getting their hands on evidence: the “kill switch”. It could could lock down the company’s servers remotely, to make company information inaccessible.

The Uber Files reveal how its use was more widespread than previously known and an order to use it came directly from the top. On 2 April 2015, the day of another raid on Uber’s Amsterdam offices, the company’s then CEO Travis Kalanick emailed staff to hit the kill switch.

From: Travis Kalanick

2 April 2015

​​Please hit the kill switch ASAP - Access must be shut down in AMS.

And during a raid in Paris, executives described how the toughest part was keeping a straight face when they could not assist investigators.

Monday 6 July 2015

They re trying to get access to all computers to get data

From Uber France executive

They're about to ask us to connect to our laptops and show them

So our laptops will be down

​​[...] try a few laptops, appear confused when you cannot get access, say that IT team is in SF and fast asleep [...]

From Mark MacGann, Uber lobbyist

Oh yeah we've used that playbook so many times by now the most difficult part is continuing to act surprised!

Lawyer Brendan Newitt told Panorama that if the systems were shut down once the raid began, Uber could have been breaking Dutch law.

Again, Uber says such software should never have been used. It told the ICIJ that it now routinely co-operates with information requests and “does not have a ‘kill switch’ designed to thwart regulatory inquiries”.

Mark MacGann said that on every occasion he was “personally involved in ‘kill switch’ activities” he was “acting on the express orders” from management in San Francisco.

Kalanick’s spokesperson said he “never authorised any actions or programs that would obstruct justice in any country”, adding that Uber had “fail-safe protocols” to protect intellectual property which “do not delete any data” and were approved by Uber’s lawyers.

Of course in the Netherlands too, Uber had friends in high places. As the BBC has reported, it had an influential secret ally in Dutch politician Neelie Kroes, whose support may have been a breach of EU ethics rules.

And lobbying at the highest level would also be key to conquering another market: London.

Part 3: London

Unseating the black cabs

Travis Kalanick described London as “the Champions’ League of transportation” in a 2014 interview. “It has got a more dynamic, more competitive transportation system than any other city in the world.” Not to mention one of the most recognisable fleets of taxis: black cabs.

The company launched in London in summer of 2012, just in time for the Olympics.

Black cabs were the only ones allowed to be hailed from the street. Minicabs and Ubers both had to be pre-booked - but Uber’s app is so quick, it’s almost like hailing a cab from the side of the road.

For Uber drivers like Abdurzak Hadi, it was revolutionary. “You could drive and get a ping if someone needs to be picked up. We loved it.” The fares were lower than local minicabs and they got plenty of work.

The black cabs couldn’t compete with Uber’s low fares and went to war, bringing London to a standstill with a mass demonstration in 2014.

Once again, Uber began to look for friends in high places, starting with then-London Mayor, Boris Johnson. But Johnson repeatedly declined official meetings with Uber.

Getty Images

A leaked text message reports Johnson saying that it “would be less damaging politically to be photographed with the leader of ISIS than with Travis Kalanick”.

So the company went over his head.

​​The Mayor remains the central figure in London government [...] he is the ultimate target of engagement in London. Given these relationships, the need therefore is for a more positive image of Uber to be conveyed to Boris, by people that he trusts and respects.

The documents show Uber’s lobbyists were welcomed into 10 Downing Street, where they met senior advisers to the prime minister at the time, David Cameron, and recorded having a “useful conversation including intelligence on Mayor's office”.

They also met two government ministers that day - Sajid Javid, then minister for culture, media and sport, and Matt Hancock, then minister for business and enterprise. But neither meeting was ever declared.

Hancock looked like he would be a natural ally, having tweeted during the taxi strike in June: “Does anyone have details of this #Uber app everyone's talking about? It sounds awesome…”

Uber kept a grid of meetings, and the files show the firm’s lobbyists managed to meet with him again over dinner, adding that he used an Uber car to get home from the event.

Matt Hancock’s spokeperson said his first meeting in Downing Street was “for Number 10 officials to declare”, and the second was “a dinner about politics” that “was not declarable”.

A spokesperson for Sajid Javid said that the “relevant departments hold no record of the meeting said to have taken place".

The lobbying went on and on. Uber targeted Tory, Lib Dem and Labour MPs. And after number 10, it set its sights on the man next door.

The documents show Kalanick was invited to a small dinner party with George Osborne, then chancellor of the exchequer, when he was visiting Silicon Valley.

Uber clearly saw the evening as a work event - and privacy was a selling point.

From: Uber executive

To: Travis Kalanick

TK [Travis Kalanick], I think this is worth you doing. We were going to get you in front of Osborne when you're in London, but this is a much more private affair, no hanger-on officials or staffers. If you [...] are free the evening of the 25th, I think it would be a good use of your time. Let me know.

Osborne did not declare the dinner meeting.

“It perfectly encapsulates the problem with lobbying and how vested interests capture ministers and decision-making,” says lobbying expert Dr Susan Hawley, from Spotlight on Corruption.

“If anything of substance is discussed, ministers should be mindful to go back and report those conversations so the civil servants can decide: how do we make sure the public interest is properly protected?”

George Osborne’s spokesperson said that “far from being secret” it was the “publicly announced policy” to meet tech businesses and “persuade them to invest in Britain”.

“All business meetings... were properly declared,” he said.

Uber’s campaign seems to have worked though. Proposals that would have limited Uber’s expansion in London - such as a minimum five-minute wait between booking a ride and pick-up - were dropped.

According to the files, Uber executives later reported that Osborne considered himself "responsible" for the "positive" outcome. These revelations are likely to prompt renewed concerns that government ministers put pressure on Boris Johnson.

The documents also reveal that one minister was so impressed with Uber that they were open to further collaboration with the company.

Priti Patel, then minister of state for employment, followed up a conversation with another Uber lobbyist. Her letter is contained in the leak.

​​[...] I found our conversation fascinating and I was impressed by the number of jobs you have created in the UK alone.

[...]there is no doubt that we could forge an important partnership between Uber and my department. [...] I’d like to explore further how your flexible business model and our new approach to paying benefits could help get more unemployed people back into work. [...]

The meeting was not declared.

Patel’s spokesperson said, “For official meetings such as this, civil servants are present and responsible for making the appropriate recordings.”

The latest battle

The drivers

Travis Kalanick resigned in 2017 following a series of scandals at the company about sexual harassment, macho culture and the departure of senior executives.

Uber has now been under new management for five years and says its new chief executive has transformed the company. Uber says it’s “moved from an era of confrontation to one of collaboration”.

The company denies its lobbying was secret as it has always “expressed... policy positions vocally and publicly”. It says it has “admitted many mistakes and missteps” but that “engagements with governments” are now “both in line with the law and also transparent”.

Uber “will not make excuses for past behaviour” and asks “the public to judge us by what we’ve done over the last five years”.

Today, Uber is still embroiled in legal battles. The company has been challenged by its drivers in several countries over whether they should be classed as workers or self-employed. Where the courts ruled that Uber should treat its drivers like employees, the company has launched appeal after appeal.

In February 2021, ending a five-year legal battle, the UK’s Supreme Court ruled that Uber had to treat its drivers as workers rather than self-employed - which means they are entitled to the minimum wage, holiday pay and a pension.

But in the UK, drivers have also seen cuts to the amount of cash they get for each trip. Abdurzak Hadi is now a union leader, fighting Uber for better conditions. After eight years with the company, he says he’s had enough. “I think they see me as a robot. It makes you very angry. It's not a driverless car - there's a human being driving that's actually being exploited.”

In Amsterdam and elsewhere, Uber continues to challenge court rulings that drivers are employees entitled to greater workers' rights. In September last year, the company said it "has no plans to employ drivers in the Netherlands".

The man behind the leak, Mark MacGann, says he hopes there will be a change in how Uber treats its drivers, many of whom earn “vastly less than the minimum wage”.

MacGann left Uber in August 2016. He pursued legal action against the company, eventually reaching an out of court settlement. The terms were not disclosed and he provided no further details.

In an interview with the Guardian, he said he resigned as he feared for his and his family's safety, citing increasing harassment from the taxi industry in various countries

He says he now regrets his role in building Uber.

“I own what I did, but if it turns out that what I was trying to persuade governments, ministers, prime ministers, presidents and drivers, turned out to be horribly, horribly wrong and untrue, then it’s incumbent upon me to go back and say, ‘I think we made a mistake.’”

The Uber Files is a leak of 124,000 records including emails and texts exposing conversations and meetings between Uber executives and public officials as the technology-driven taxi firm sought to expand its business. The files were leaked to the Guardian which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists in Washington DC and media partners in 29 countries, including the BBC's Panorama.

You can watch Panorama: Taking us for a Ride: The Uber Files on BBC Two at 20:00 BST on Monday 11 July or on BBC iPlayer (UK only)

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Uber Files: Greyballing, kill switches, lobbying - Uber's dark tricks revealed - BBC News

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In just over a decade, Uber has revolutionised how we move around our cities. The ride-hailing app was a game-changer: you just tapped your phone and a cab would find you. You even paid through the app. The Californian tech company helped define the gig economy, where workers were seen as self-employed.

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Class notes:

While she is away

Not changing is a choice

In the end, the biggest risk is not taking one

Vocab:

Inheritance - family wealth

Heritage - cultural, social

dishonest

a reduction

tax deduction

"Investment Insights"

to bolster equities (to grow)

to drive debt and inflation

ESG - Environmental, Sustainability & Governance

a quandary

the cheapest to produce

too narrow

take your (body) measurements

It is not as expensive as you think it would be

a tailor

suit of armour

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Notes:

as we might think

we share a common ancestor

a distant relative

at some stage

we have different gene expressions

a supernova

the heavy elements / metals

the solar system

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i) vocab -word search

a branch

a sect

an intelligence

a distant relative

He married them to

nephew (boy)

niece (girl)

a prescription

the benefits

Your mum's cousins are your "first cousins once removed". This term comes from being one generation away from the relationship with your mum, who is first cousins with them.

He was a pilot at the WW2

He almost get married to some Royal person.

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i) Warm up Topics - 2 mins

ii) Grammar Challenge

iii) 12 Idioms! Quiz & Discussion topics

VOCAB:

most people

a long haul flight

to receive approval for

night vision

predict the future

He said that he was going to retire

Didn't he loose? Yes, he lost

if I go to bed earlier

brain health

the (pizza) dough / the base

a pizza oven

the (burger) bun

cuisine (kw-zeen)

recipes

veal (deer)

chickens aren't fed on grain as much

"Free range chicken"

pork (meat from pig)

black pudding (blood sausage)

jamon - ham

Iberia - Spain

wagu steak

Grammar:

Avoid doing something

apologise for doing something

to agree to do

to be interested in doing something

to succeed to do something

to talk about doing something *

to think of doing something / to think to take a day

to insist on doing something

to be capable of doing something

to object to doing something *

to look forward to doing something

to discussing doing something

to be used to doing something

to be committed to doing something *

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Vocab:

It rains more

sane - not mad or mentally ill.

He said that

You can come to believe something if you believe it for long enough

Testimony

a pod of whales

treatment

growth hormones

live in the present

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GRAMMAR:

CHAT GPT took from them

who have never seen before

They were completely blind

Conditional 2:

If it was possible, would you take Elon's space ship to China?

VOCAB:

a hot lead

to abolish

reluctant / reluctance

to mind

optic nerve

to get rid of him

Trump will get rid of Musk

sociopath

someone to be used / a tool to be used

They forbid them from practising accountancy

To forbid

pigeons

PRONUNCIATION

eyes (zz)/ ice (sss)

Podcast:

to be raring to go

to be pumped

the dizzying heights

a film caninster

a flop - a failure

a fad - a trend that passes quickly

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Sliced Bread - Toast - Kodak - BBC Sounds

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Kodak made photography mainstream - so why did it falter in a digital age?

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Vocab:

a cruise

to go on a cruise

a prominent figure (well known, important)

to go to the polls - to vote in an election

a consensus - an agreement, an understanding

a broad consensus - a general agreed, most people agree.

to reach / establish a consensus

To drop out

"When he dropped out from the election"

to have majority of votes

"There is a broad consensus in parliament with regards the new law on immigration. "

historians

Seven hundre

1710 (The year "Seventeen-ten")

1850 (The year "Eighteen-fifty")

a unanimous decision (all agreed)

a split decision (a mix, not all agreed)

a juror / 12 jurors

to cast your vote

to cast a spell

to allege - to accuse

to rig a vote (unfair, not true, cheat)

a landslide

alleged vote rigging

to claim victory - "I win"

to mourn - to be sad about someone's death

to be in mourning (after someone's death)

I am mourning them

He is very "to the point" (precise, short, directly spoken)

An art collector

He sold "at auction"

# data[].attributes.body
"Guy Fawkes Night / Bon Fire Night"

Vocab:

A fever

To shiver

lung capacity

to be anxious

deep breathing /

To take a deep breath

Hold your breath

to get oxygenated

Cramp / to cramp

Truck drivers

"Long haul" truck drivers

to cool your hand

mystical / fictional

Switzerland

"landlocked"

to run out of patience

during the war

"swing states"

a voter (a person who votes)

to turnout

"A big crowd has turned out tonight"

a (big) voter turnout

the electorate (the "people" / citizens who can vote)

a low quality of life

an obituary

cannon fodder

ammunition

corrosion / rust

reject the "party line"

a counterpart

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i) "2 Questions"

ii) C1 - PDF - "The Swiss System"

iii) Halloween listening!

Vocab:

4 border crossings

"Vlad"

How is your real estate job?

Is it going well?

Out of work hours

I often have dreams

"Missed" deadlines

To pass the exam = to succeed.

to fly over a city

To fly above the clouds

"Lucid" dreams - control / aware you are in a dream

A "whirly gig"

Peck top

An owl

Its nest / a bird's nest

A previous "reincarnation"

I don't get scared

Hormonal changes

Natural "testosterone"

Growth hormones

Martial arts - judo, wrestling, Brazilian jiujitsu

a judo / karate "gi" (costume)

Greco-Roman wrestling

George - Jee

Gentlemen - Jeen

Gi - Ggg

Gay - Ggg

Goose & geese - Ggg

Gorge - a deep valley

Gumption - shrewd or spirited initiative and resourcefulness.

"The president would hire almost any young man who had the gumption to ask for a job"

"Follow in your father's footsteps"

"To have dealings with ... people in Indonesia"

To pick up the phone

I couldn't understand

Public feeding stations

A nice, soft, shiny fur coat

A coat of fur

Domestic cats

They evolved from forrest cats.

If there weren't as many cats, there would be more snakes.

"Grammar"

The (most) easiest way to achieve lucid dreams

He uses it in everyday life (3rd person - add "s" in present

I don't have such symbol

It's "an" interesting practice (article)

The owl dropped to the ground.

I didn't see any dogs, but a lot of cats

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Uncanny - Halloween: Trilogy of Terror - Halloween Special with Stewart Lee - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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C1 "Consequences" - vocabulary

Unit 4 - "Politics"

to discourage

to benefit

Vocab:

upper / lower jaw

wisdom

in advance

global warming

deaths

elderly / older people

in the shade

to get a mortgage

1.5% = "one point five percent"

a fixed rate

early redemption penalty

to redeem (pay off) the mortgage

folkore

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i) Conditional practice -

ii) Vocab - "consequences"

https://wordwall.net/resource/62956778/conditional-2-3-review-spinning-wheel

Grammar:

It is very inspirational / inspiring to be there

After, I became interested in dystopian books

It is not as popular as 10 years ago

Class notes:

A carry-on

A cabin-bag

a castle gate

animal hooves / a hoof

It has a "double meaning"

Dystopia / utopia

A dystopian novel

a totalitarian regime

reproduce naturally

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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Conditional 2 & 3 Review (Spinning wheel)

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Spin the wheel - Spin the wheel to see which item comes up next.

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3/9/24:

i) Conditional exercises

13/8/24:

i) Watch an episode of "Toast of London" / "Garth Marenghi's"

6/8/24:

i) Read! "Roald Dahl"

ii) Listen to a podcast

23/7/24:

i) Listen to a podcast (10) - tbc

7/6/24:

i) Listen to podcast 9

ii) Grammar: Test English "used to, get used to, be used to"

31/5/24:

i) Read & listen to a podcast

ii)Grammar: Articles & Question formation practice

17/5/24:

i) Read -

ii) Podcast - tbc

iii) Select a video or podcast to discuss - send to Chris

iv) Make a note of new vocab

11/4/24:

i) READ -

ii) PODCAST: "Sliced Bread"

iii) GRAMMAR: Topics "Have" and "clauses of contrast"

28/3/24:

i) READ

ii) PODCAST - tbc

iii) Review vocab

21/3/24:

i) READ:

ii) PODCAST - listening

iii) Review notes / vocab

14/3/24:

i) Grammar: Prepositions - direction.

ii) PODCAST: “Dying of the Ice”

iii) LAW Vocab:

iv) READ: “Gladiator”

V) Writing up new vocab & review

7/3/24:

i) READ: "Gladiator"

ii) PODCAST (6):

iii) Prepositions - adverbs of time; adverb of place

iv) Review Law Vocab

29/2/24:

i) Prepositions - adverbs of time; adverb of place

ii) READ: send a book

iii) PODCAST (5) "Gapfinders" - Gozny

iv) Law vocab. P. 7

22/2/24:

i) Law vocab: verbs p. 6-7

ii) PODCAST (4) : "Switfonomics"

iii) Review new vocab from class

15/2/24:

i) Law vocab: verbs p. 6-7

ii) PODCAST (3) : "The Man with no Fear"

25/1/24:

﻿i) Read - Book

ii) Law vocab book

18/2/24:

i) LAW VOCAB: p. 4, "nouns"

ii) PODCAST: "Comedy of the week"

11/1/24:

i) LAW VOCAB: p. 4, "nouns"

ii) ARTICLE" Prehistoric discovery"

iii) Real estate - find some material to read and discuss. To practice talking about Real estate

4/1/24:

i) LAW VOCAB: p.3, ex 2 - Adjectives

ii) ARTICLE" Prehistoric discovery"

21/12/23:

i) LAW VOCAB: p.3, ex 2 - Adjectives

ii) ARTICLE" Prehistoric discovery"

iii) Read book: "Bye Bye Big brother"

iv) Xmas Movie

14/12/23:

i) Continue "Law Vocab" book.

ii) ARTICLE: "Fall of the Roman Empire" - review vocab, answer comp Qs.

iii) Find an article / info on "real estate" / Cyprus that is useful to discuss.

7/12/23:

i)  LAW VOCAB - Finish "Before you begin" & "Key adjectives"

ii) PODCAST” “Cold Therapy” + comp Qs. + vocab.

30/11/23:

i) Finish Law vocab before begin.

ii) Listen to podcast on “Meetings”

iii) “ARTICLE: “Scientists discover a giant missing “blob of water” in the middle of the Atlantic. “

23/11/23:

i) The Bottom Line “Meetings” podcast

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Grammar:

There is a movie on Netflix

There is a lot of information

There are a lot of people

I forget his name all the time (present simple)

A lot of politically exposed people

1 person / 2+ people

"Shall we go?"

"What shall we do?"

A posh accent - loads of money. "I live in Chelsea and own a yacht"

Well-spoken - clear, good, good grammar. Sounds nice.

Vocab notes:

They are influential

To have influence

Ancestors - Great grandma, family history

They fled to Latin America (to flee)

Off-shore tax

to bring up children

a child's "upbringing"

to educate

to discipline

to be taught to write / read

A fictional character

It was "one-sided"

Last night

"Home counties" - these are the counties (Oxfordshire, Essex, Berkshire etc) that border around London.

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Conditionals:

We have 4 conditionals

0 -3

If + 1st part, 2nd part

"Conditional 0" - a truth, fact, about the present

If + present simple / present simple

"If you heat ice, it melts"

"If you heat water, it boils"

If they earn that much, it encourages to ask for more"

"Conditional 1"

If he invites me, i will go

Even if he invites, I won't go

If + present simple / future simple will + verb -for real, possible situations.

If it rains (present), i won't play tennis.

1C - "Conditional 2"

Supposing they were given a boat, and what would you include in pay?

Supposing ("if") + past simple, would + verb (conditional 2)

We use Conditional 2 to talk about theoretical / imaginary situations in the present.

If I had $3m USD, I would buy a new flat.

If + past simple "had"

would + verb (buy) - hypothetical, conditional

********

Vocab:

Mars Lander

to erupt

an active volcano

a rugged landscape

There weren't many tourists

receipt - after paying

recipe - food instructions

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Vocab:

No food "in between"

to pass an electric current through the body

The "milk" aisle

The "meat" aisle / The meat "section"

a few steps "backwards"

mandatory "military service"

They are choosing to leave Latvia

The "smoking area"

She said that

She told me that - to tell someone

a tax treaty

to avoid "double taxation"

it is "progress" tax

indirect taxes

VAT

They were "cut" from the army

To quit your job

a shovel / spade

efficient

"industrial base" - technology, science

Grammar:

They are increasing military now (present continuous)

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Vocab:

To go swimming / We went swimming

a dishwasher

an aging mechanism

a deal with the devil

wrinkles

scientific discoveries / breakthroughs

exoskeleton

into the future

There's not a lot of entertainment

They move really well

martial arts

boxing

Boxercise

all body / full body / whole body conditioning

fencing

calorie expenditure

"Before and after" shots

excess fat

It is good "for" loosing weight

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Vocab:

PE - physical education

pull up

chin up

barbell

squat

5 sessions week

bulking - to bulk (to put on muscle / gain muscle)

Muscle mass

heavy set body - big body

stocky - small or medium, strong, big chest

sour cream

to absorb nutrients / vitamins / minerals into the body

more frequent

absortion

garmin watch

belly fat

"love handles"

"muffin top"

cardiovascular health

muscle recovery

"it is not for everyone"

a piece of news

news

an imaginary friend

Grammar:

before "the" war

"at" the same time

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Unit 4, Politics - "Vocab"

To be in favour of something

To be a fan of something

to be opposed to something

to be against something

to have doubts

to have reservations

The positives "outweigh" the negatives

to outweigh

to pass judgement

to be a good idea in practice / in theory

He is "the favourite" to win the race

The Queen's favourite (person)

In my opinion

They minimise their tax

"A nuclear meltdown"

They kept on hiding the problems

politicians

Fusion energy

They like to work in state organisations more so than private organisations.

More "work benefits"

It works pretty "well"

pregnant / a woman who is pregnant

a pregnant woman

Vocab:

26 degrees

guarded

They can't let it go unanswered

In my opinion

ISA - Individual Savings Account (tax free)

Cash ISA

Interest rate

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*** Late cancellation ***

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SB,C1 Unit 4 - "Politics"

Class notes:

polarised

swing states

a peace treaty

rhetoric

to address / He addresses the public

foreign policy

an academic

smart people

inner-circle

older generations

self-funded

Government owned

to be privatised

co-operatively owned

politician

media coverage

most people

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https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/used-to/

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Used to - Grammar Chart

Used to + infinitive

Repeated actions in the past

We can use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits or things that we did repeatedly in the past.

Situations or states that are no longer true

We can use used to + infinitive to talk about situations or states (stative verbs) which were true in the past, but they are no longer true.

Used to, didn't use to, did you use to

The negative form of used to + infinitive is didn't use to..., and we make questions with did you use to ...

I usually do (NOT I use to do)

Used to only has a past form. If we want to talk about present habits or things that we do repeatedly in the present, we should use usually, normally, often with present simple.

Be used to

If you are used to something or to doing something, you are accustomed to it. Maybe it's something that is new, strange or difficult, but you have done it for some time and now you don't find it new, strange or difficult any more. Be used to is a state, so it is never used in continuous forms. It's normally used in simple tenses.

Get used to

If you get used to something or to doing something, you become accustomed to something. Get used to something is the process of becoming used to something.

Used to + infinitive, be/get used to + -ing

The past verb used to is always followed by infinitive. The word to is part of the infinitive.

After be used to, or get used to, we use a noun or a - ing verb. The word to is a preposition, not part of an infinitive. That is why when a verb follows, it must take the - ing form.

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Usually, used to, be used to, get used to - Test-English

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Usually, used to, be used to, get used to. Present and past habits and states, and repeated situations. English intermediate grammar exercises.

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Your Place or Mine with Shaun Keaveny - Professor Brian Cox: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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i) Two Question Introduction

ii) TOPIC: Used to, to be used to, to get used to

iii) "Joke" & Listening

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/used-to/

1 ) Used to: for past actions

I used to play guitar

Did you use to play guitar?

Useful phrases:

When i was a child / a kid / in school / at university ... I used to

A long time ago, I used to ...

6 years ago, in 2018, i used to ...

2) To be used to :

+ Verb ING

noun / prounoun

to talk about habit, condition, state, environment, people - whether they are normal or unusual / not comfortable for us

Condition / environment

"When i went to Bali, I was not used to the pollution, because in the UK, I am used to clear air.

clean air = normal

pollution = not normal for

They are now used to air raid sirens in Kyiv

Activity

I am not used to getting up (verb) so early + Verb ING (to get up so early)

I am not used to early starts (noun)

Person

I am not used to it / him / them

He is not used to me

Are you used to driving on the right side?

What are you used to living in a big city?

Living in a big city, you are used to

3 - To get used to +

The process of to become used to - from no to yes.

They got used to the sirens

They have become used to

We are still getting used to living in Portugal (50-60%)

We have gotten used to living in Portugal (present perfect - 100% finished = we are used to living in Portugal )

Class notes:

Because of the time difference

A constant iritant

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Class notes:

When it is "scolding" hot

snagging - small works to finish on a new property

a bribe -

a "kick-back" - to steal money / to get money back from a business deal

a new patient

very "low" salaries

on "a" trip (article)

He had studied / He was studying UA

He used to be "a" financial director

He decided to be "an" English teacher

People "who" work

switch off their mind

graduates

"The Faculty of Law"

Flu

Some were even "twice as old as me"

I would prepare / I prepared

Caste

The caste system

Hierarchy

A conspiracy theory

without realising / understanding you have committed a crime

Closer

K41

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i) Question formation: in the past - using "past simple"

When we make a question we add "do / does" if present

or "did" if past - except questions with "to be" or in the perfect tenses.

Did you like the Usyk fight?

What did you think of the Usyk-Fury fight?

He has an incredibly strong chin

He can "take a punch"

His recovery

His endurance

He is a "beast"

He is "tough"

Most fighters wouldn't survive after a punch

He is very focused / goal-orientated

A "rematch"

Fury wants to get revenge

He is much better technically

During / in the "weigh-in"

"On the other-hand" -

Class notes:

It is getting better

She is always friendly

Cheerful / energetic

A crash

Your body hasn't woken up fully yet

On an empty stomach

We were worried about Usyk's situation

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Class notes:

The weather is variable

These few days

There wasn't any sand

My job is frustrating

A vending machine

*** Pronunciation ***

Contacting

Urgent

Genre

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ii) Clauses of Contrast

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/clauses-contrast-purpose-reason-result/

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Have - auxiliary or main verb Exercise 1 Choose the correct form of have to complete the sentences below. Have - auxiliary or main verb Exercise 2 Choose

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i) Unit 14 - Vocab Builder Exercise

Ex D - F

Ex D

a dire state

an obscure reason

transparent system

solid evidence

an ongoing dispute

a substantial increase

Ex E

ii) Business Grammar: "The Passive"

iii) PODCAST - listening.

Totalitarian

to lay flowers

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Vocab:

To end up toast - to go bust, gone, failed.

To revel in a product - to really enjoy

To emigrate

To migrate

To get away with murder (idiom)

To kill the golden goose (idiom)

To emulate

heyday - best period of success, fame.

a chunky keyboard

a den

a foothold in the market

a CFO - Chief Financial Officer

Inept (adjective)

Demise (noun & verb)

A replica

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Sliced Bread - Toast - Commodore Computers - Toast - Commodore Computers - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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i) Unit 14 - Vocab Builder Exercise

Ex A -

To cut back on something

To be inundated with orders

To relocate to

an upturn in sales

prosecuted for ...

in the region of ...

Ex B

A period of consolidation

A greater diversity of services

a share floatation /

to float a company on the stock market

A full disclosure of the facts

The termination of a contract

lay offs / redundancies

Ex C

An approach

to concede / a concession

Class notes:

Further in land

altitude

in the morning / in the afternoon

I am on an island

I am in Tenerife

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i) SB, p. 128 - 129; Listening to a meeting.

Ex 4-8; "Taking minutes"

Class notes

An agenda

marketing materials

branding

cold-calling

specialised in "tax" cases

a qualified lead

word-of-mouth

a referral

a minute taker

to take minutes

minutes / meeting minutes

AOB - "Any Other Business"

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Today we will:

i) LAW vocab:

ii) “Business Situations” -

be able to use the selected vocab to describe 6 business situations

Be able to discuss 8 questions related to business. Explain your views

SB, p. 128, ex 1-3

iii) Discuss podcast

iv) Review new vocab

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Selected Vocab:

To integrate

To orchestrate - to arrange / organise

To squish

To sniff

To determine the composition of the atmosphere

To embrace

To formulate questions

Grand-scale installations

Motivation biases

A geologist

A doodle - a rough drawing

Majestic

An indicator of global warming

The entirety of an artist’s career

A discourse of fear

The process of embodiment

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The Dying of the Ice - Olafur Eliasson - BBC Sounds

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Andrew McGibbon talks with artist Olafur Eliasson about ice and his return to Tate Modern.

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PODCAST (6):  "Is AI Better than my Doctor?"

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PODCAST (6):  "Is AI Better than my Doctor?"

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Vocab

A physician

A clinician

To reassure / to be reassured

To rock up - to arrive (informal, British)

To deconstruct an image

To recur

To be entangled

To detect

Unconscious bias

To caution

To bug me

To be done with something

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The Artificial Human - Is AI Better Than My Doctor? - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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https://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/direction_prepositions_2.htm

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/prepositions-of-movement/

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/prepositions_place_time.htm

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Direction Prepositions Exercise 1 | ENGLISH PAGE

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Test yourself on the differences between the direction prepositions down, down from, down to, in, into, out, out of, up, and up to.

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ii) LAW vocab:

iii) “Business Situations” -

be able to use the selected vocab to describe 6 business situations

Be able to discuss 8 questions related to business. Explain your views

SB, p. 128, ex 1-3

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Today we will:

Check - vocab book

i) Podcast:

"A sloppy programmer creates a sloppy AI"

Class notes:

"They told that" - to tell / to say

"in the nearest future" - articles

"at the Web Summit" - "at" preposition

"she met some person" - a person / somebody

"Some"

i) "a few" - quantity / plural. A (small) amount of

Do you want some nuts?

Can i have some water please?

ii) "a random / unknown" - dismissive

Some guy came earlier and knocked on the door.

Who was it? Don't know. Just some guy.

to tell "someone" something - I told "him" that we were there

to say is more commonly used.

To set a precedent

a precedent - an example ruling / case to follow

Anglo-Saxon

The host of a party

to do network / to network

at a different speeds

to loose your breath

simulation

hand pads

punch bag / shield

on points of religion

a state stipend (money from the Government)

one third = 1/3

reliable

an orthodox Jew / orthodox Christian

a pilgrimmage

I forget what they "call" it

In "Snatch"

The "boot" of the car

They act "well"

In the "story and characterisation"

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i) "Business Conversation" practice:

Be able to have conversations for different business functions (role play)

SB, p. 125, ex 9

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i) Gozney - podcast

ii) LAW, p. 7 -

To ratify / ratified

To blacklist / blacklisted

To default / to be in default

To foreclose / to repossess

To dispute / is disputing

To award / awarded

To subcontract / subcontracted

To infringe / infringed

An episode

iii) SB, Unit 14, p.

Malpractice

to lengthen

to disclose

to hail

recession

austerity

a stark contrast - a "big" contrast

to ensure

to avert - to stop from happening

To have a stake in something

fraud

account hacking

phishing

money laundering

insider trading

"cook the books"

Tax evasion

Tax avoidance

Class Notes:

She has just got used to being with you

He had nothing to loose

This made me to think

To focus all your energy, time on one idea.

Universal income

They will have "the" possibility to focus on...

"I was" in Rome with my wife

"In" the evening

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PODCAST (5) - "Gap Finders: Gozney Pizza Ovens" 

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PODCAST (5) - "Gap Finders: Gozney Pizza Ovens" 

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You and Yours - Gap Finders: Tom Gozney from Gozney - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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HT: 4/3/24 "Prepositions of place" - at, on, in

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HT: 4/3/24 "Prepositions of place" - at, on, in

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https://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/time_prepositions.htm

https://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/time_prepositions_1.htm

https://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/time_prepositions_2.htm

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/at-in-on-prepositions-time/

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/prepositions-time-exercises.html

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Try this free exercise about time prepositions

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Selected vocab:

To hail / to be hailed as

To mimic

To harness

To occur

At scale

In real time

Under control

Grid-scale adoption

Corrective action

Without + ing verb

A milestone towards + ING verb

Capable of + ING verb

By + ING verb… rather than + ING verb

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Scientists have used artificial intelligence to overcome a huge challenge for producing near-limitless clean energy with nuclear fusion.

A team from Princeton University in the US figured out a way to use an AI model to predict and prevent instabilities with plasma during fusion reactions.

Nuclear fusion has been hailed as the "holy grail" of clean energy for its potential to produce vast amounts of energy without requiring any fossil fuels or leaving behind any hazardous waste.

The process mimics the same natural reactions that occur within the Sun, however harnessing nuclear fusion energy has proved immensely difficult.

In 2022, a team from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California achieved the first ever net energy gain with nuclear fusion, meaning they were able to produce more energy than was input for the reaction.

It was only a small amount - roughly enough to boil a kettle - but it represented a major milestone towards achieving it at scale.

The latest success means another significant obstacle has been passed, with the AI capable of recognising plasma instabilities 300 milliseconds before they happen - enough time to make modifications to keep the plasma under control.

The new understanding could lead to grid-scale adoption of nuclear fusion energy, according to the researchers.

"By learning from past experiments, rather than incorporating information from physics-based models, the AI could develop a final control policy that supported a stable, high-powered plasma regime in real time, at a real reactor," said research leader Egemen Kolemen, who works as a physicist at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory where the breakthrough was made.

The latest research was published in the scientific journal Nature on Wednesday in a paper titled 'Avoiding fusion plasma tearing instability with deep reinforcement learning'.

"Being able to predict instabilities ahead of time can make it easier to run these reactions than current approaches, which are more passive," said SanKyeun Kim, who co-authored the study.

"We no longer have to wait for the instabilities to occur and then take quick corrective action before the plasma becomes disrupted."

AI solves nuclear fusion puzzle for near-limitless clean energy

AI solves nuclear fusion puzzle for near-limitless clean energy

A visualisation of a nuclear fusion reactor

iStock/ Getty Images

AI solves nuclear fusion puzzle for near-limitless clean energy

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory announced a major breakthrough with nuclear fusion on 13 December, 2022

US Department of Energy

AI solves nuclear fusion puzzle for near-limitless clean energy

A visualisation of a nuclear fusion reactor

iStock/ Getty Images

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AI solves nuclear fusion puzzle for near-limitless clean energy

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Nuclear fusion breakthough overcomes key barrier to grid-scale adoption

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Today we will:

i) LAW Vocab:

to invalidate

to ban

to elapse

to defraud - to make a fraud to someone

to disclose - to tell

to waive (payments - to make unnecessary)

to grant

iii) PODCAST: - Discuss the podcast; be able to use the selected vocab to summarise

Clinically dead

to flatline

Class notes:

We have to collect "it"

We took a cat from a family

It has been a windy week

She used to go for walks

She would enter the house and start meowing / talking a lot

We were watching

She gets bored easily

It's a good story

We "take it in turns"

It is a split screen

"He said something about... " - use "said" not "told"

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i) Unit 14, Test, Ex 3 - "Vocab" for business

were laid off

have been laid off

sales began to pick up

In danger of going under (to go under)

It is important "to hang on in there "during these tough times

Taking on new staff is essential

We ought to pitch for new contracts

We floated on the stock market in 2014

The upturn in the economy

Aiming to diversify

We have been inundated

He has been in such a long relationship with Victoria.

He is a beekeeper.

ii) Business Small Talk Questions continued

5 - Have you seen it is snowing here?

Have you seen the weather?

6 - How has your week been?

7 - How's your team doing / getting on?

8 - What are you doing this evening?

9 - How was your holiday?

10 - How was your flight?

** Do you fancy going for a pint? - do you want to go for a pint ?

Do you fancy a drink / a pint?

Things are hectic - really busy

Business is hectic

"The" temperature of the water was 17 degrees

When you leave the water, you "feel" warm (present simple)

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Vocab in TG

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Good Bad Billionaire - Taylor Swift: Swiftonomics - BBC Sounds

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From public feuds to private legal battles, how a country singer became a billionaire.

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Today we will:

i) LAW VOCAB: Latest?

to indemnity / indemnity / PI Insurance - Professional indemnity insurance

liquidity / liquid

to undertake

to adjudicate

size / square footage

Unfurnished / furnished

to be entitled

to mediate

to appoint / appointed

to draft

To assemble / to put together

To Disassemble / To take apart

ii) Practising "Small Talk”

Be able to make business small talk

Be able to ask a range of small talk questions

SB, p. 125, ex 6-8

Questions for small talk

1 - How is business?

How's business going?

How is your company doing?

How is the company doing / getting on ?

2 - How did you get the job?

3 - What do you think of the current economic situation?

4 - How are your children / kids getting on?

How are your kids doing?

Dire - very bad

to sink

"The easiest to understand are from... "

"it is very easy to understand". (don't miss out - to be / is)

"politics" - pronunciation

"There is no perfect place for everyone" - agreement

"There are a lot of nice location" (don't miss - "there")

"He told that --> "He said" - use "to say" not "to tell"

It's a film" - missing article

Football pitch

' *** Word choice ***

"Also interesting thing" - not complete "The other interesting thing is..."

iii) "Business Conversation practice: (didn't do)

Be able to have conversations for different business functions (role play)

SB, p. 125, ex 9

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PODCAST (3) : "The Man with No Fear"  (12/2/24) 

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PODCAST (3) : "The Man with No Fear"  (12/2/24) 

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Different with Nicky Campbell - The Man with No Fear - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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Class notes:

1 - Days & times:

"The coldest weather we got was 7 degrees at night / during the night"

"During the day, it is normally 12 degrees"

At night / during the night

In the day / during the day

In the morning / afternoon / evening

During the morning / afternoon / evening.

"Come the afternoon" (by the time of the afternoon)

"Often come (the) evening"

I have a very intense job so come the evening i am usually very tired.

At weekends / at the weekend

What did you do at the weekend?

What did you do last weekend?

What are you going to do this weekend?

"This weekend coming"

During the weekend

Last / next / this + time or date

This weekend

last weekend

Next week

This Monday

Last Monday

Next Monday

On + day

On Monday

On Tuesday

"On Monday" vs "on Mondays"

"On Monday" - this Monday, this week.

"On Mondays" - every Monday, routine.

"This weekend, I am going to go to the beach"

*******

Today we have 1-19 degrees

‘All year long” - “all year round”

"It is warm in Lisbon all year round"

Tenerife is a little bit hotter in summer.

I haven’t understood - only 2 words --> I didn't understood 2 words only

Present perfect vs past simple

Some words are already known for me (to be)

A Portuguese lawyer

We are vulnerable to the sun's UV

A lot of people are moving (to be)

More than half are likely to get skin cancer in the next tens years.

Locals have adapted to these weather conditions.

All my clients are writing to me (present simple vs continuous) - all write to me

Use present simple for general truths

I am having my training classes --> I have training classes on Saturdays

I usually have a Portguese language class (article)

"I have 3 boxing sessions a week"

"I have boxing training twice a week on Tuesdays and Saturdays"

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Class notes:

i) Crypto "talk"

It is managed by the bank

at the early the stage

ii) "Real estate"

Everything was being sold

To get it out of RU

In Europe

Some work well

They don't do anything

They do nothing

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Can AI be funny?

Listen to this bizarre (short) detective comedy show written by a chat bot (AI), and turned into a show (by real people).

It’s truly bizarre. Can you follow the dialogue and understand?

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Comedy of the Week - We Forced a Bot to Write This Show - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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i) Law Vocab: review words. Use less familiar in sentences as practice.

p. 4 "Business Law 2: Key nouns"

ii) Real Estate - item to discuss?

iii) SB: Make a quick review of the phrases from last week.

WB, unit 14, p. 82, Ex 1.

Be able to listen to a conversation and write down the phrases that were used to express certain ideas.

SB. Unit 14.3  p. 125. Ex  4-5

Better safe than sorry

To panic over nothing

How are things your end? (of the phone)

"the little one"

to babble away to yourself - "baby talk"

"that is a (bit of a) pain

"Don't count your chickens yet" -

"you have to look on the bright side" - to be optimistic

"all things considered" - taking everything into account.

"to come round to something" - to accept eventually

Class notes:

Heavy rain

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i) "Law vocab" exercises : Be able to form 16 key law adjectives, know & explain their meaning and use them correctly in an example sentence

to be dishonest / to deceive

to exaggerate

a nominee / a nomination / to nominate

nominal

solvent / insolvent / insolvency

"everything is in your head"

"A lot of money can be spent on marketing"

"How do you say in English... ? "

"Word-of-mouth" or "a referral"

"7 out of 10"

"how to foster team morale?"

to assess / an assessment - to analyse

to make an assessment

To be good at it

to raise your voice

ii) SB. Unit 14.  p. 124. Ex 1 - 3;

Be able to discuss running a business.

"an upturn vs a decline" in sales

"a solid client base" vs "loyal customers"

"to be inundated" - "to be flooded"

"overheads" vs "rents"

a minimum wage

"to lay off" vs "to employ"

to float on the stock market / a share flotation

"to be knowledgable"

"when the price is low"

Things can "pick up" / "get better"

to go under - to go bankrupt

to make cut backs - to reduce costs, budget savings

Learn / use 24 (new) words to describe “Discussing business performance” - “How is business going.

Be able to talk about “cause and effect” - explaining business conditions.

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Class notes:

persecuted

suppressed

highest average salary

"the cost of living"

they commute from Germany or France

to commute to work - to travel to work

A commuter - a person who commutes

A commute - the journey to work

How is your commute?

Extra-curricular activities -

tax breaks / tax benefits - low tax

Two of us had the certificate

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A Christmas Carol (1999) | Patrick Stewart

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i) Law Vocab: progress in HT? Review for 5 minutes.

ii) Roman article discuss

Class notes

300 years later than known

with a high level crime

renovation / refurbishment

some person said that

Legal vocab:

void - not having legal force

irreconcilable -

admissible - referring to evidence which a court will allow to be used)

unanimous - where everyone votes in the same way

eligible - able or allowed to do something

irreconcilable - very strong, so that it is not possible for two sides to reach an agreement

gross - serious

reconcilable / to reconcile

deductible - able to be removed

insolvent - not able to pay debts

fidicuary - acting as trustee for someone else, or being in a position of trust

pecuniary - financial

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“Scientists discover unknown prehistoric world — on Earth”

"It’s unlike anything I’ve ever seen or, really, like anything any scientist has ever seen."

In the profoundly remote Argentina desert, at over 12,000 feet high, and in a place where no roads go, scientists found an exotic world new to science.

Useful vocab:

Profoundly remote

To harbour (harbouring)

A mound

Primitive

Elusive

A lagoon

To traverse

Task:

Write 3 questions that you can ask someone about the article.

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Scientists discover unknown prehistoric world — on Earth

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“It’s unlike anything I’ve ever seen or, really, like anything any scientist has ever seen.”

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Late Cancellation

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ARTICLE: "Fall of the Roman Empire" (15/12/23)

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ARTICLE: "Fall of the Roman Empire" (15/12/23)

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Useful vocab:

To upend

Startling

To thrive

To probe

Resilient

A trading hub

A thriving node

Amenities

To meet its demise

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Archaeological discovery upends what we thought we knew about fall of Roman empire

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Survey reveals town in modern-day Italy had thriving urban features including public baths, emple, warehouse and theatre hundreds of years later than expected

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Useful vocab:

To wrap up warm (To put on a lot of clothes to keep warm)

To keep at bay - to avoid, keep away

To harness the power of the cold

A good night’s kip (a good nights sleep)

Circadian rhythm - our body’s natural rhythm, timing vs day and night

Circadian clock - the body clock

Quality of our “shut eye” (our sleep)

Deep sleep

Human physiology

Internal core temperature (of the body)

To look haggard (very tired, ill)

To be dragging (to be tired, slow)

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Just One Thing - with Michael Mosley - Cold Therapy - with Michael Mosley - Cold Therapy - Ep 5: Sleep and the Cold - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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Student Book:

Discuss different aspects of running a company

Talk about how your business is doing

Network and make small talk

Discuss crime, banks and economics

Use some loan words

Take minutes and take part in meetings

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Today you will:

﻿i) Learn 5 new key adjectives for law. Be able to identify meaning and use in a sentence

ii) Discuss what happens at an auction; discuss a range of investments, and offer opinion which you would invest in and why

LAW VOCAB:  “Business Law 1 “ Key Adjectives” . Ex 1-5

ii)  SB - Unit 14. , p. 123.   "Business and economics" Ex 1-2

Notes from class:

From the deep sea.

Interest payments

LTV

Self employed / business owner

Prefer

Loan to Value

What LTV can you get on a mortgage

I can get a 50% LTV

$50k loan vs a $100k property = 50% LTV

Deposit

Equity

30% equity

A 90% mortgage if you are local

An auctioneer

To auction a flat

To bid for a lot

Bidders

The property value

The demand is a lot higher than supply

Rich people

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ARTICLE: "Scientists discover a giant missing “blob of water” in the middle of the Atlantic" 

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ARTICLE: "Scientists discover a giant missing “blob of water” in the middle of the Atlantic" 

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What is this?

How can water be different?

Why is this significant?

Selected vocab:

A vast, singular expanse of liquid

Uniform

Salinity

To evade detection

To distinguish (between)

An oceanographer

Density

Elusive

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To the uninitiated, there isn't much to water.

Sure, the world's oceans are filled with monsters, marvels and mysteries but, otherwise, they're just vast, singular expanses of liquid. Right?

Wrong.

Far from being uniform everywhere, ocean water is a patchwork of interlinked layers and masses which mix and split apart thanks to currents, eddies, and changes in temperature or salinity.

Indeed, beneath the surfaces of our great seas, there are waterfalls, rivers and even gigantic blobs, stretching thousands of miles, that somehow manage to evade detection.

Now, scientists have discovered one of these massive blobs in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean; extending from the tip of Brazil to the Gulf of Guinea.

Until the discovery of this water mass - which has been named the Atlantic Equatorial Water - experts had seen waters mixing along the equator in the Pacific and Indian oceans, but never in the Atlantic.

"It seemed controversial that the equatorial water mass is present in the Pacific and Indian oceans but missing in the Atlantic Ocean because the equatorial circulation and mixing in all three oceans have common features," Viktor Zhurbas, a physicist and oceanologist at The Shirshov Institute of Oceanology in Moscow, told Live Science.

"The identified new water mass has allowed us to complete (or at least more accurately describe) the phenomenological pattern of basic water masses of the World Ocean."

As the name suggests, the Atlantic Equatorial Water is formed by the mixing of separate bodies of water by currents along the equator.

To distinguish such masses from the water surrounding them, oceanographers analyse the relationship between temperature and salinity across the ocean - which determines the density of the seawater.

Back in 1942, this charting of temperature-salinity led to the discovery of equatorial waters in the Pacific and Indian oceans, as Live Science notes.

Because they are created by the mixing of waters to the north and south, the Indian and Pacific Equatorial waters share similar temperatures and salinities curving along lines of constant density, which make them easy to distinguish from the surrounding water.

And yet, for years, no such relationship could be spotted in the Atlantic.

However, thanks to data collected by the Argo programme - an international collection of robotic, self-submerging floats which have been installed across Earth's oceans - the researchers spotted an unnoticed temperature-salinity curve located parallel to the North Atlantic and South Atlantic Central waters.

This was that elusive Atlantic Equatorial Water.

"It was easy to confuse the Atlantic Equatorial Water with the South Atlantic Central Water, and in order to distinguish them it was necessary to have a fairly dense network of vertical temperature and salinity profiles covering the entire Atlantic Ocean," Zhurbas explained in his email to Live Science.

The discovery is significant because it offers experts a better understanding of how oceans mix, which is vital to how they transport heat, oxygen and nutrients around the world.

That's not all! Here's the best of our science coverage:
Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings

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Scientists discover giant missing blob of water in the middle of the Atlantic

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To the uninitiated, there isn't much to water. Sure, the world's oceans are filled with monsters, marvels and mysteries but, otherwise, they're just vast, singular expanses of liquid. Right?Wrong.Far from being uniform everywhere, ocean water is a patchwork of interlinked layers and masses which mix...

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12 verbs for business from the podcast "Meetings"

“to co-ordinate” across the organisation

“To anchor the meeting”

“To bond ”

“To articulate both sides of the argument”

“To conclude a survey”

“to stir the meeting”

“To share the agenda”

“To chair a meeting”

“To facilitate the discussion”

“To drive to the decision in 30 minutes”

“To mitigate the concern”

“To submit written feedback on the meeting”

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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i) Law vocab  Q1-10 of “Before you begin”

ii) Discuss topics to study.

SB - Start!

Politics,

Culture & identity

News and media -

Business and economics

Danger / Risk

Real estate

Sell / agency to sell property in northern Cyprus

Describe property

Investment -

Buying process

Development process

Sales / off plan

Business in general

Small talk.

Investments.

News.

Current affairs.

Law vocab

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i) Intro lesson -

ii) General chat. Talk about aims

iii) Qs to get to know each other

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BOOK: "Checking your English Vocab for Law"

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BOOK: "Checking your English Vocab for Law"

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Check Your English Vocabulary for Law_ All you need to improve your vocabulary (Check Your English Vocabulary series) ( PDFDrive )