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in 1764 James Hargreaves developed the spinning Jenny, a machine that could spin several threads at once. This helped people because it would quicken the work time by spinning multiple threads instead of one. especially helping women who have many obligations to fulfill at home

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Boys and girls as young as 7 working in factories. small children were especially used in textile Mills because they could squeeze around the large machines to change spindles.

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in 1800 nearly five million Americans lived in rural areas, compared to the 322,000 who lived in cities. During the industrial revolution, many people left farms for cities, attracted to the job opportunities to be found in factories.

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During the war of 1812 Francis Cabot Lowell a Boston merchant found a way to improve on British textile Mills. In Britain, one factory spun thread and a second factory wove it into cloth. Why not Lowell wondered, combine spinning and weaving under one roof. The mill he built had all the machines needed to turn raw cotton into finished cotton.

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To work in their new Mills the company hired young women from nearby farms. The Lowell girls as they came to be called usually worked a few years in the Mills before returning home to marry. These young women and women like them in other mill towns made an important economic contribution to american society

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In 1834, Philo Stewart developed a cast iron stove small enough for use in an average kitchen. His factory-built wood-burning stove was a great success. About 90,000 were sold. the cast iron stove was only one sign of the way northern factories were changing lives of ordinary people.

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Samuel F. B Morse received a patient for a "talking wire" or telegraph. In 1844 The telegraph was a device that sent electrical signals along a wire. It was a new technology that was made possible by scientific discoveries about electricity.

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Dethro Woods created the iron plow. However John Deere improved the iron plow by making it a steel plow more durable. A horse would be able to pull the steel plow more quickly than an ox.

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Gradually railroad builders overcame problems and removed obstacles. engineers learned to build studier bridges and solid roadbeds. They replaced wooden rails with iron rails. Railroads developed signalling systems agreed a standard gauge.

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In 1847 Cyrus McCormick opened a factory in Chicago that produce mechanical reapers. The reapers was a horse drawn machine that cut and gathered wheat and other grains. McCormick's reapers could do the work of five people using hand tools.