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Tribal Groups

Progressive, Conservatives, and Libertarians

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Progressive- sees a political issue through the oppressor-oppressed axis, focusing on standing up for marginalized or disadvantaged groups

Conservatives- view issues through the civilization-barbarism axis, emphasizing the preservation of traditional values and order

Libertarian- interpret issues through a liberty-coercion axis, focusing on individual freedom from government intervention

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Arnold Kling wants political communication to be better. 

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Arnold Kling wants political communication to be better. 

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I. Leads to solutions and minimizes misunderstandings in political discussions.  

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I. Leads to solutions and minimizes misunderstandings in political discussions.  

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II. Trying to understand moral foundations

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II. Trying to understand moral foundations

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III. Sharing common goals with promoting empathy 

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III. Sharing common goals with promoting empathy 

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"When you can classify a significant movement as unworthy of your consideration due to your intellectual or political station, it is hard to then sit down and work out solutions to shared problems."

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In Thinking, Fast and Slow , "you can slow your own political thinking. You can catch yourself when you start to frame an issue in your preferred language, without considering other nuances..."

"You can avoid contributing to polarization and unproductive debates where people simply talk past one another."

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Once you can slow down your political thinking by being more self-aware and mindful of your own biases. You notice that you're framing an issue through your preferred political lens. You can pause and consider other perspectives. This helps you engage in more nuanced and open-minded discussions.

By doing this, this can lead to solutions and minimizing misunderstandings and have a better understanding tribals morals. This promotes more productive debates and reduces conflict, as you're not just reinforcing your own beliefs but considering the broader picture.

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When you discuss a major political movement as unimportant or beneath you because of your own intellectual or political beliefs, it becomes very difficult to engage in meaningful dialogue or collaborate on solving common issues.

By devaluing the perspectives of others, you close off the possibility of finding shared solutions to problems that affect everyone, this makes it harder to address societal challenges together.

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Kling emphasizes that recognizing the three different languages can reduce tribal animosity and create more deliberative processes, Kling states, " If we recognize when people who agree with us are trying to close our minds and shut down discussion, then we have a chance to participate in a more deliberative process,"

He argues that by understanding each other’s frameworks, individuals can avoid speaking past one another and begin working on shared problems.

When people understand the axes , it becomes easier to bridge gaps, find common ground, and discuss solutions to shared issues.

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In Three Languages of Politics Arnold Kling states that "You can catch yourself when you start to frame an issue in your preferred language, without considering other nuances. You can become more cautious about your own beliefs and less inclined to dismiss people with whom you disagree as malevolent."

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You can avoid contributing to polarization and unproductive debates where people simply talk past one another

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Kling states, "I encourage readers to adopt slow political thinking, which means seeing an issue from a number of angles rather than along just one axis. In contrast, fast political thinking means settling on a single axis to frame an issue."

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Kling discusses how political tribes often frame issues in ways that resonate within their own group, but this prevents productive dialogue with outsiders

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Kling states "We treated one another with respect. We listened to one another. Many of us changed our minds during the process. Political discussion can be similarly deliberative."

This explains that like jury deliberations, political discussions should be focused on listening, understanding opposing viewpoints, and being willing to reconsider one’s stance.

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Daniel Kahneman's is a psychologist and wrote a book called Thinking, Fast and Slow, from which Arnold Kling borrowed a terminology that fast political thinking can predict how commentators of the three different political persuasions will seek to frame new events, and slow political thinking can slow your own thinking. You can catch yourself when you start to frame an issue in your preferred language, without considering other nuances.

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Kling explains how progressives, conservatives, and libertarians tend to interpret Black Lives Matter in terms of their preferred axes.

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Progressive Axes - oppressor vs oppressed

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Progressive Axes - oppressor vs oppressed

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The progressive framing of the issue emphasizes racism among police and in society as a whole. Progressives put white police, or white society at large, in the role of oppressors, with African Americans in the role of the oppressed.

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Conservatives Axes- Civilization vs Barbarism

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Conservatives Axes- Civilization vs Barbarism

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The conservative framing of the issue emphasizes the need for order. Conservatives put criminal suspects and unruly demonstrators in the role of barbarian threats and put police in the role of defenders of civilization.

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The libertarian framing of the issue emphasizes the need for citizens to be free of police harassment. Libertarians put
in the role of coercive agents, those lawmakers who criminalize harmless activities, such as recreational drug use, as well as police who employ excessive force, while putting those who are accosted and physically harmed by police in the role of citizens who are denied their rights. The libertarian view also has merit, as certain laws, such as those against recreational drug use and vagrancy, are responsible for unnecessary confrontations with police, and one can make a case that U.S. police are too highly militarized in their equipment and training. There seems to be too much coercion and not enough respect for liberty.

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Not universal but limited to politically aware contemporary Americans and not claiming ideas. Just communication/language

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Kling states, "My goal in this book is to encourage people to take the first step toward healthier political discussion. I believe that this first step is to recognize the language of coalition mobilization so that we can resist being seduced by that language."