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ID Card: English Oak Tree (Quercus robur)

Common Name: English Oak, Pedunculate Oak

Scientific Name: Quercus robur

Family: Fagaceae

Native Range: Europe, parts of Asia Minor, and the Caucasus

Lifespan: Can live over 1,000 years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Typically 20-40 meters (65-130 feet)

Trunk Diameter: Can reach up to 4 meters (13 feet) in old trees

Leaves: 7-14 cm long, lobed with 3-6 deep, rounded lobes on each side; dark green

Flowers: Small, inconspicuous yellow-green catkins appear in spring

Fruit: Acorns, typically 2-3 cm long, grow in clusters of 2-6, ripening in autumn

Bark: Gray-brown, deeply fissured with age

Habitat:

Thrives in temperate climates, prefers well-drained soil

Found in woodlands, parks, and as solitary trees in open fields

Ecological Importance:

Supports over 2,300 species of flora and fauna, more than any other native UK tree species

Acorns are an important food source for wildlife, including squirrels, deer, and birds

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Symbol of strength and endurance in English culture

Used historically for timber in shipbuilding and construction

https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/english-oak/

Fitter, A. (2012). Trees (Collins Gem). HarperCollins UK.

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Rowan Tree (Sorbus aucuparia)

Common Name: Rowan, Mountain Ash

Scientific Name: Sorbus aucuparia

Family: Rosaceae

Native Range: Europe, North Africa, Western and Northern Asia

Lifespan: Typically 80-120 years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 10-15 meters (33-49 feet)

Trunk Diameter: Up to 0.4 meters (1.3 feet)

Leaves: Pinnate with 5-8 pairs of leaflets and one terminal leaflet, finely serrated, 10-25 cm long

Flowers: Small, white, clustered in flat-topped corymbs, appearing in late spring or early summer

Fruit: Small, round, bright red or orange berries (1 cm), ripening in late summer or early autumn

Bark: Smooth and silvery grey in young trees, rougher with age

Habitat:

Grows in a wide range of soils, prefers well-drained, acidic soil

Found in woodlands, mountains, and urban settings, often at higher altitudes

Ecological Importance:

Provides a food source for birds, especially thrushes, and mammals such as foxes and badgers

Flowers are valuable to pollinators like bees and other insects

Berries serve as winter food for wildlife

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Associated with protection and warding off evil in European folklore

Historically planted near homes to protect against witchcraft

Wood used for tool handles, walking sticks, and traditional crafts

https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/rowan/

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

Fitter, A. (2012). Trees (Collins Gem). HarperCollins UK.

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Bramble (Rubus fruticosus)

Common Name: Bramble, Blackberry

Scientific Name: Rubus fruticosus (species complex)

Family: Rosaceae

Native Range: Europe, North Africa, and temperate Asia

Lifespan: Perennial shrub, often regenerates for several years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Can grow up to 3 meters (10 feet) in height or spread as a sprawling shrub

Stems: Thorny, arching, and woody; stems (canes) often root where they touch the ground, forming new plants

Leaves: Compound leaves with 3-5 leaflets, dark green on top, paler underneath, serrated edges

Flowers: Small, white or pale pink, 2-3 cm wide, appear in clusters from late spring to early summer

Fruit: Black or dark purple aggregate fruits (blackberries), 1-3 cm in diameter, ripen in late summer or early autumn

Bark: Brown or green, often with red-purple hues, covered in sharp thorns

Habitat:

Thrives in temperate climates, prefers well-drained but fertile soil

Common in hedgerows, woodland edges, scrubland, wasteland, and gardens

Ecological Importance:

Flowers attract a variety of pollinators, especially bees and butterflies

Fruits are a vital food source for many animals, including birds (like blackbirds and thrushes), small mammals, and humans

Provides dense cover and nesting habitats for birds and small animals

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Traditionally foraged for edible blackberries used in jams, pies, and wines

In folklore, bramble thorns were believed to offer protection from evil spirits

Historically used in herbal medicine for treating ailments such as digestive issues and inflammation

https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/plants/wild-flowers/bramble/

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Rough-stalked Feather Moss (Brachythecium rutabulum)

Common Name: Rough-stalked Feather Moss

Scientific Name: Brachythecium rutabulum

Family: Brachytheciaceae

Native Range: Widespread across Europe, North America, and temperate regions worldwide

Lifespan: Perennial moss

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Typically grows 2-8 cm (0.8-3.1 inches) in length

Growth Form: Forms loose, irregularly branched, green to yellow-green mats

Leaves: Small, lance-shaped, 1-2 mm long, with finely toothed edges, slightly glossy with a pointed tip

Stems: Covered in tiny, rough, reddish-brown rhizoids (hair-like structures), giving a “rough” appearance

Reproduction: Produces spores via capsules on long, slender stalks (setae), which are reddish-brown and curve when mature

Habitat:

Grows in a variety of moist, shaded environments, including woodlands, lawns, banks, walls, rocks, and tree bases

Can tolerate both disturbed and undisturbed soils, often found in urban areas and gardens

Ecological Importance:

Provides ground cover that helps prevent soil erosion

Offers habitat for small invertebrates

Plays a role in nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Mosses like Brachythecium rutabulum are often used in horticulture and floral arrangements for their aesthetic appeal

Historically used as insulation and packing material due to its moisture-retaining properties

https://www.britishbryologicalsociety.org.uk/learning/species-finder/brachythecium-rutabulum/

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Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)

Common Name: Bracken

Scientific Name: Pteridium aquilinum

Family: Dennstaedtiaceae

Native Range: Cosmopolitan; found across temperate and subtropical regions worldwide

Lifespan: Perennial fern

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Typically grows between 0.5-2 meters (1.6-6.5 feet) tall

Fronds: Large, triangular, and finely divided; grow individually from underground rhizomes, often reaching 2 meters in length

Stems (Stipes): Brown, smooth, and stiff, supporting the fronds

Rhizomes: Extensive, creeping, and underground; allows for rapid spread and growth in dense stands

Spores: Reproduces via spores, found on the underside of fronds in small, brown sori (clusters)

Habitat:

Thrives in well-drained, acidic soils in woodlands, moors, heathlands, and grasslands

Common in disturbed areas, clearings, and on hillsides

Ecological Importance:

Provides cover and shelter for small mammals, insects, and birds

Can dominate and outcompete other plant species, leading to reduced biodiversity in some areas

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Historically used for bedding, thatching, and as animal fodder

In folklore, bracken was believed to have protective powers and was used in various rituals

Contains carcinogenic compounds (ptaquiloside), making it harmful if ingested by humans or livestock in large quantities

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Beech Tree (Fagus sylvatica)

Common Name: Beech, European Beech

Scientific Name: Fagus sylvatica

Family: Fagaceae

Native Range: Europe

Lifespan: Typically 150-300 years, can live up to 400 years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 25-40 meters (82-130 feet)

Trunk Diameter: Can reach up to 1.5 meters (5 feet)

Leaves: Oval-shaped, 4-9 cm long, with wavy edges; bright green in spring and summer, turning golden-brown in autumn

Flowers: Small, yellow-green, inconspicuous, appearing in spring

Fruit: Triangular nuts (beechnuts) enclosed in a spiky husk, ripening in autumn

Bark: Smooth, thin, and light grey; becomes slightly rougher with age but does not deeply fissure

Habitat:

Prefers well-drained, loamy, or chalky soils in temperate climates

Found in woodlands, parks, and hedgerows; often forms dense, shady canopies in mature forests

Ecological Importance:

Provides food for wildlife, including birds, rodents, and deer, who eat beechnuts

Dense leaf litter enriches soil and supports decomposers

Offers habitats for insects, fungi, and small mammals

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Historically used in woodworking for furniture, flooring, and tools due to its hard, durable wood

In European folklore, the beech tree was considered sacred and a symbol of wisdom and knowledge

Beechnuts were used as a food source in times of scarcity and for oil production

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Horse Chestnut Tree (Aesculus hippocastanum)

Common Name: Horse Chestnut

Scientific Name: Aesculus hippocastanum

Family: Sapindaceae

Native Range: Southeastern Europe, particularly the Balkans

Lifespan: Typically 200-300 years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 20-35 meters (65-115 feet)

Trunk Diameter: Can reach up to 1.5 meters (5 feet)

Leaves: Large, palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets, each leaflet up to 30 cm long; bright green in spring and summer, turning yellow-brown in autumn

Flowers: Showy, white to pink, with yellow or red markings, appearing in large upright clusters (panicles) in late spring

Fruit: Large, round, spiky green capsules containing 1-3 shiny, brown seeds (conkers), maturing in autumn

Bark: Smooth and greyish-brown when young, becoming rougher and scaly with age

Habitat:

Prefers well-drained, moist, fertile soils, and thrives in temperate climates

Commonly found in parks, gardens, avenues, and woodlands

Ecological Importance:

Flowers provide nectar for pollinators such as bees

Leaves and seeds are food sources for some insects, though the tree’s toxins deter most herbivores

Conkers are eaten by deer and other wildlife, though toxic to humans and some animals

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Conkers (seeds) are used in the traditional British children’s game of the same name

Historically planted as ornamental trees in parks and along streets for their shade and decorative flowers

Seeds and bark have been used in traditional medicine, especially for treating circulatory problems due to aescin, a compound found in the tree

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Horse chestnut tree: what its leaves look like, when it flowers and when conkers appear

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Learn all about the leaf, flower and conker of one of Britain' favourite trees, with our beginner's guide to the horse chestnut tree.

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Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.)

Common Name: Rhododendron

Scientific Name: Rhododendron spp. (various species)

Family: Ericaceae

Native Range: Primarily Asia, with some species native to North America, Europe, and Australia

Lifespan: Typically 50-100 years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Varies by species; can range from 1 meter (3 feet) to over 10 meters (33 feet)

Leaves: Evergreen or deciduous; oval-shaped, leathery, dark green, typically 5-20 cm long

Flowers: Large, showy clusters (trusses) of bell-shaped or funnel-shaped flowers, ranging in color from white, pink, red, purple, yellow, to orange, blooming in late spring to early summer

Fruit: Small, dry capsule containing numerous tiny seeds, ripening in autumn

Bark: Thin, smooth, and gray-brown, often peeling with age

Habitat:

Prefers acidic, well-drained, moist soils; thrives in partial shade or dappled sunlight

Commonly found in woodlands, heathlands, gardens, and parklands; some species are invasive in non-native areas

Ecological Importance:

Provides nectar for pollinators such as bees and butterflies

Dense foliage can offer shelter for small birds and animals

Some species can become invasive, outcompeting native plants and reducing biodiversity

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Popular ornamental plant in gardens due to its colorful, striking flowers

Associated with beauty and elegance in many cultures; frequently used in landscaping

Some species are toxic to humans and animals if ingested, particularly the leaves and flowers (containing grayanotoxins)

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Holly (Ilex aquifolium)

Common Name: Holly, English Holly, Common Holly

Scientific Name: Ilex aquifolium

Family: Aquifoliaceae

Native Range: Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia

Lifespan: Can live up to 300 years or more

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 10-25 meters (33-82 feet)

Trunk Diameter: Up to 1 meter (3.3 feet)

Leaves: Glossy, dark green, leathery, and spiny-edged; typically 5-10 cm long, with sharp points along the edges

Flowers: Small, white, and star-shaped, appearing in late spring; male and female flowers grow on separate trees (dioecious)

Fruit: Bright red berries (drupes), about 1 cm in diameter, appearing in autumn and lasting into winter (produced by female trees)

Bark: Smooth and grey when young, becoming slightly rough with age

Habitat:

Prefers well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils in shaded or semi-shaded environments

Found in woodlands, hedgerows, parks, and gardens, often as an understory tree

Ecological Importance:

Provides food and shelter for birds, particularly thrushes and blackbirds, who eat the berries in winter

Dense, spiny foliage offers protection for small mammals and birds

Flowers attract pollinators such as bees and other insects

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Symbol of Christmas and winter holidays, often used in wreaths and decorations

Historically thought to ward off evil spirits and protect homes

The wood is strong and was traditionally used for tool handles, walking sticks, and decorative inlays

Toxicity: Berries are mildly toxic to humans and can cause nausea if ingested in large quantities, though they are an important food source for wildlife

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Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus)

Common Name: Wood Pigeon

Scientific Name: Columba palumbus

Family: Columbidae

Native Range: Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia

Lifespan: Typically 3-5 years in the wild, but can live up to 16 years

Physical Characteristics:

Length: 38-44 cm (15-17 inches)

Wingspan: 68-80 cm (27-31 inches)

Weight: 300-615 grams (10-21 ounces)

Plumage: Grey body with a pinkish chest; distinctive white patches on the sides of the neck and across the wings; greenish iridescence on the neck

Beak: Small, reddish with a yellow tip

Eyes: Yellow with a pale blue eye ring

Call: Repeated, cooing “coo-COO-coo” sound

Habitat:

Found in woodlands, farmland, parks, gardens, and urban areas

Prefers areas with open fields for feeding and trees for roosting and nesting

Diet:

Primarily herbivorous; eats seeds, berries, grains, and green plants such as clover and crops like peas and cabbages

Occasionally consumes invertebrates

Behavior:

Commonly seen in flocks, especially in winter

Known for its powerful and fast flight, with a characteristic clapping sound made by the wings on takeoff

Nests in trees or bushes; builds simple nests made of twigs

Ecological Importance:

Helps with seed dispersal through its feeding habits

Provides prey for predators such as birds of prey and foxes

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Considered a common and sometimes problematic species in agricultural areas due to crop feeding

Featured in literature and folklore, often associated with peace and gentleness

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Nettle (Urtica dioica)

Common Name: Stinging Nettle

Scientific Name: Urtica dioica

Family: Urticaceae

Native Range: Europe, Asia, North America, and parts of Africa

Lifespan: Perennial

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Typically grows 0.5-2 meters (1.5-6.5 feet)

Stems: Upright, square-shaped, and covered in stinging hairs that can cause skin irritation upon contact

Leaves: Opposite, ovate to lanceolate, 4-10 cm long, serrated edges, dark green; covered in fine stinging hairs

Flowers: Small, greenish, and clustered in hanging racemes, blooming from late spring to early autumn

Roots: Extensive and fibrous, capable of forming new plants vegetatively

Habitat:

Thrives in nutrient-rich, moist soils and can tolerate a variety of conditions

Commonly found in disturbed areas, along hedgerows, roadsides, woodland edges, and gardens

Ecological Importance:

Provides habitat and food for various insects, including butterflies and moths (larval food source)

Attracts pollinators such as bees with its flowers

Plays a role in nutrient cycling and soil stabilization

Uses:

Historically used in herbal medicine for various ailments, including joint pain, allergies, and urinary issues

Young leaves are edible and can be used in soups, teas, and salads (cooking or drying removes the sting)

Fibers from the stems have been used to make textiles, ropes, and paper

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Known for its stinging properties, which were historically used in traditional practices (such as “urtication”) to relieve pain

Nettle magic: Nettles are said to have the power to transform situations that seem hard and unloving into ones of fertility.

Regarded as a useful plant in permaculture and organic gardening due to its benefits for soil health and biodiversity

Plant Folklore with herbalist Maria Billington Nettles. (n.d.). Available at: https://boundaryway.co.uk/media/pages/learning-hub/a7913b7dd6-1638883512/nettles.pdf [Accessed 29 Sep. 2024].

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Silver Birch (Betula pendula)

Common Name: Silver Birch

Scientific Name: Betula pendula

Family: Betulaceae

Native Range: Europe and parts of Asia

Lifespan: Typically 60-90 years, can live up to 150 years in favorable conditions

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 15-25 meters (50-82 feet)

Trunk Diameter: Up to 0.8 meters (2.6 feet)

Bark: White and papery, often peeling in thin strips; darkens and becomes fissured with age near the base

Leaves: Small, triangular to ovate, 3-7 cm long, with serrated edges; bright green in spring and summer, turning yellow in autumn

Flowers: Catkins; male catkins are long and yellow-brown, female catkins are smaller and green, appearing in early spring

Fruit: Small, winged seeds (samaras) clustered in drooping catkins, released in late summer

Habitat:

Prefers well-drained, acidic soils but is highly adaptable to various soil types

Commonly found in open woodlands, heathlands, parks, and gardens; thrives in temperate climates

Ecological Importance:

Pioneer species, often the first to colonize disturbed or bare soils

Provides food and shelter for various insects, birds, and small mammals

Catkins attract pollinators such as bees in early spring

Leaves and bark are a food source for herbivores like deer

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Traditionally associated with renewal and purification in many cultures

Birch sap was historically harvested for drinks, and the wood is used for furniture, firewood, and craft items

Frequently planted for ornamental purposes due to its attractive bark and delicate foliage

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Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

Common Name: Grey Squirrel

Scientific Name: Sciurus carolinensis

Family: Sciuridae

Native Range: Eastern North America; introduced to Europe and other regions

Lifespan: 6-12 years in the wild; can live up to 20 years in captivity

Physical Characteristics:

Length: 23-30 cm (9-12 inches) excluding the tail

Tail Length: 19-25 cm (7.5-10 inches)

Weight: 400-600 grams (14-21 ounces)

Fur: Grey coat with a white or pale underbelly; tail is bushy with white edges

Ears: Rounded and upright; typically without ear tufts

Eyes: Large and dark, providing excellent vision for spotting predators

Habitat:

Prefers deciduous and mixed woodlands, but highly adaptable to urban parks, gardens, and rural areas

Nests in trees, creating drey nests made of twigs, leaves, and moss

Diet:

Omnivorous; primarily feeds on nuts, seeds, fruits, fungi, and buds, but will also eat insects, bird eggs, and small invertebrates

Known for caching food in the ground, especially acorns and nuts, to retrieve during winter

Behavior:

Diurnal, active during the day, especially in the morning and late afternoon

Not territorial, often sharing feeding areas with other squirrels

Skilled climbers and jumpers; uses tail for balance and communication

Can exhibit aggressive behavior, especially towards red squirrels, which they often outcompete in areas where they coexist

Ecological Importance:

Helps with seed dispersal through caching behavior

Considered an invasive species in parts of Europe, where it outcompetes native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and can damage trees by stripping bark

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Considered both a pest and a popular animal in parks and gardens due to its bold nature

Squirrels are often used for a symbol for mischief

Often featured in wildlife photography and literature

In some regions, efforts are underway to control grey squirrel populations to protect native species

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

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English Ivy (Hedera helix)

Common Name: English Ivy

Scientific Name: Hedera helix

Family: Araliaceae

Native Range: Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa

Lifespan: Perennial; can live for decades, often over 100 years

Physical Characteristics:

Growth Form: Evergreen, climbing vine or ground cover; can climb up to 30 meters (98 feet) on suitable surfaces

Leaves: Dark green, glossy, leathery with pale veins; juvenile leaves are 3-5 lobed, while mature leaves are unlobed and heart-shaped

Flowers: Small, yellow-green, clustered in umbels, blooming in late summer to early autumn; often inconspicuous

Fruit: Small, black to dark purple berries that ripen in late winter to early spring; toxic to humans but eaten by birds

Roots: Adventitious roots allow the plant to cling to walls, trees, and other structures

Habitat:

Thrives in a variety of environments, including woodlands, hedgerows, gardens, and urban areas

Grows in both full shade and partial sunlight, typically in well-drained soils, though it tolerates poor soil conditions

Ecological Importance:

Provides shelter and nesting sites for birds and small mammals

Flowers are an important late-season nectar source for pollinators like bees and hoverflies

Berries serve as a food source for birds in winter

Uses:

Commonly used as an ornamental plant for ground cover or to add greenery to walls and fences

Traditionally used in herbal medicine for respiratory conditions and skin ailments (with caution due to its toxicity)

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Symbol of eternal life and fidelity in various cultures, often featured in folklore and mythology

Widely planted in gardens and parks, but can become invasive and outcompete native plants

Known for its ability to prevent soil erosion and provide year-round greenery

Toxicity: Leaves and berries are mildly toxic to humans and pets if ingested, causing gastrointestinal discomfort.

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Great Reedmace (Typha latifolia)

Common Name: Great Reedmace, Common Bulrush, Broadleaf Cattail

Scientific Name: Typha latifolia

Family: Typhaceae

Native Range: Temperate regions of North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa

Lifespan: Perennial

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 1.5-3 meters (5-10 feet)

Leaves: Long, flat, sword-shaped leaves, 1-2 cm wide, and can grow up to 3 meters long; bluish-green in color

Flowers: Dense, cylindrical brown flower spikes (catkins), with male flowers at the top and female flowers below, appearing from June to August

Fruit: Tiny, wind-dispersed seeds; the female catkin disintegrates into fluffy, cotton-like seeds in late summer to autumn

Rhizomes: Thick, creeping underground stems that spread and form dense colonies

Habitat:

Thrives in freshwater wetlands, including marshes, ponds, lake edges, ditches, and slow-moving rivers

Grows in shallow water or on the water’s edge, favoring muddy, nutrient-rich soils

Ecological Importance:

Provides shelter and nesting material for birds and small mammals, such as waterfowl and marsh birds

Acts as a natural water filter, improving water quality by absorbing nutrients and trapping sediment

Helps prevent soil erosion along water bodies

Uses:

Historically used by humans for weaving baskets, mats, and roofing thatch from leaves and stems

Young shoots and rhizomes are edible, with a starchy texture, and have been used as food by indigenous peoples

The fluff from the seed heads was used as insulation and for stuffing pillows

Modern use includes natural water treatment systems and wetland restoration

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Known as a resourceful plant in many cultures due to its wide range of uses, including food, materials, and medicine

Common in folklore and used symbolically in art and decoration

In the Bible, bulrushes and other reeds can symbolize weakness, vulnerability, abundance, and blessing

Toxicity: Non-toxic to humans and animals

Conservation Status:

Not considered endangered; can become invasive in some areas, outcompeting other native wetland

species and dominating the ecosystem if left unmanaged.

https://davidson.bibleodyssey.org/dictionary/rush/#:~:text=Search%20the%20Bible,-Clear%20Search&text=A%20grasslike%20member%20of%20the,%E2%80%9D)%20and%20%E2%80%9Creeds.%E2%80%9D

https://www.wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/meet-the-family/plants-found-in-uk-wetlands/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwmOm3BhC8ARIsAOSbapXCj2c-rfRgNpbPa7c0eAz1fGfFWC0i2ZzUq0sWrun-szkkLfHapCAaAqSsEALw_wcB

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Turkey Tail Fungus (Trametes versicolor)

Common Name: Turkey Tail Fungus

Scientific Name: Trametes versicolor (formerly Coriolus versicolor)

Family: Polyporaceae

Native Range: Found worldwide in temperate and tropical forests

Lifespan: Perennial; can persist for years, forming new layers annually

Physical Characteristics:

Cap Size: 2-8 cm (0.8-3 inches) across, thin and tough

Shape: Fan or rosette-shaped with a wavy edge, resembling the fanned tail of a turkey

Color: Multicolored bands, ranging from brown, tan, grey, and blue to green (due to algae growth), giving it its characteristic “turkey tail” appearance

Texture: Smooth and velvety on the surface, with a leathery feel; white to pale yellow on the underside with tiny pores

Spores: White; released through pores on the underside of the fruiting body

Habitat:

Grows on decaying hardwoods, particularly oak, beech, and birch

Found in woodlands, forests, and sometimes in urban areas, commonly seen on fallen logs, stumps, and dead trees

Thrives in moist, shaded environments

Ecological Importance:

Plays a crucial role in decomposing dead wood, helping to break down lignin and cellulose, which recycles nutrients back into the soil

Supports a rich microbial community by breaking down dead organic matter

Uses:

Used in traditional medicine, especially in China and Japan, where it is known as Yun Zhi or Kawaratake, believed to have immune-boosting and anti-cancer properties

Turkey tail extract is used as a supplement and in herbal teas

Scientific studies suggest potential use in cancer treatment, specifically in enhancing the immune system during chemotherapy

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Revered in traditional Asian medicine for centuries, often used in tonic preparations

Its appearance and shape make it a popular specimen for naturalists and nature photographers

In some cultures, turkey tail is used in folk medicine for treating infections and inflammatory conditions

Toxicity: Non-toxic and generally considered safe for consumption in extract form, though not typically eaten due to its tough texture

Conservation Status:

Not endangered; common and widespread across its natural range

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King Alfred’s Cakes (Daldinia concentrica)

Common Name: King Alfred’s Cakes, Cramp Balls, Coal Fungus

Scientific Name: Daldinia concentrica

Family: Xylariaceae

Native Range: Europe and North America

Lifespan: Annual fruiting body, though the hardened remains may persist for years

Physical Characteristics:

Shape: Rounded, ball-like fruiting bodies, typically 2-10 cm (0.8-4 inches) in diameter

Color: Dark brown to black when mature; pale brown when young

Texture: Hard and woody; often with concentric rings visible when cut in half, resembling the growth rings of a tree

Spore Surface: Smooth with no visible pores; the fruiting body contains internal spore-producing structures

Habitat:

Grows primarily on dead or decaying hardwood trees, particularly ash and beech

Found in woodlands, forest floors, and sometimes in gardens or parks

Prefers damp, shaded areas where fallen logs and branches are plentiful

Ecological Importance:

Saprotrophic fungus, breaking down dead wood and contributing to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems

Helps decompose wood, turning it into rich soil that benefits the surrounding ecosystem

Uses:

Historically used as tinder for starting fires due to its ability to smolder when ignited, even when damp

Known to hold an ember for extended periods, making it useful for fire transportation in ancient times

Not edible due to its hard, woody texture

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Named after the English legend of King Alfred, who, according to folklore, burned cakes when he was hiding in the woods; the fungus’s dark, cake-like appearance is reminiscent of this story

Also called “cramp balls” because it was once thought to have medicinal properties to relieve cramps when carried in one’s pocket

Toxicity: Non-toxic but inedible due to its hard, woody nature

Conservation Status:

Common and widespread across its range, with no known threats to its population

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On site I saw various small holes in the ground this could indicate various small mammals are present on site.

These could include :

Mice

Rats

Shrews

Voles

Dormice

https://www.nhbs.com/blog/uk-small-mammal-identification

https://www.wildlondon.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/mammals?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwmOm3BhC8ARIsAOSbapU6oAIPFPpjmrRBc9Y2K8BUP8uFB6sIks6cEJyUpfbbxIL8h9o9Pa8aAtBaEALw_wcB&page=1

Brown, R., Lawrence, M.J. and Pope, J. (2012). Animals : tracks, trails & signs. London: Hamlyn.

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Possible Fox's earth or badger sett.

looks unused/ abandoned as there are no scat or pawprints visable and leaf litter near the entrance.

https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/red-fox-dens-earths-resting-sites

Brown, R., Lawrence, M.J. and Pope, J. (2012). Animals : tracks, trails & signs. London: Hamlyn.

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Carrion Crow (Corvus corone)

Common Name: Carrion Crow

Scientific Name: Corvus corone

Family: Corvidae

Native Range: Europe and parts of Asia

Lifespan: Typically 4-7 years in the wild, but can live up to 20 years

Physical Characteristics:

Size: 45-47 cm (17-18 inches) in length

Wingspan: 93-104 cm (36-41 inches)

Weight: 400-600 grams (14-21 ounces)

Color: Completely black with a slight glossy sheen on feathers; may appear greenish or bluish in good light

Beak: Strong, thick, and black; adapted for scavenging and tearing flesh

Eyes: Dark brown

Voice: Hoarse "cawing" sound, typically harsher than other crows

Habitat:

Adaptable to various habitats, including woodlands, farmland, coastal areas, urban environments, and open countryside

Nests in trees or tall structures, using sticks and twigs to form a robust nest

Diet:

Omnivorous; feeds on carrion, invertebrates, small mammals, birds’ eggs, fruits, seeds, and human food waste

Scavenges roadkill and leftovers from predators but will also hunt live prey

Behavior:

Solitary or found in pairs, unlike its social cousin the rook

Highly intelligent; known for problem-solving abilities, tool use, and strategic foraging

Territorial, especially during the breeding season, and may defend its nest aggressively

Nests are typically built high in trees or on tall man-made structures, with 3-5 eggs laid per clutch

Ecological Importance:

Acts as a natural scavenger, cleaning up carrion and waste, which helps prevent the spread of disease

Predates on eggs and young birds, influencing local bird populations

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Associated with death and bad omens in many cultures due to its scavenging nature and preference for carrion

Symbol of intelligence, mystery, and adaptability in folklore and mythology

Crows in general are often linked to witchcraft, magic, and the supernatural

Conservation Status:

Listed as Least Concern by the IUCN; common and widespread across its range with stable populations

www.rspb.org.uk. (n.d.). Carrion Crow Facts | Corvus Corone. [online] Available at: https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/carrion-crow.

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

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Magpie (Pica pica)

Common Name: Magpie

Scientific Name: Pica pica

Family: Corvidae

Native Range: Europe, Asia, and North Africa

Lifespan: 5-15 years in the wild, occasionally up to 20 years

Physical Characteristics:

Size: 40-46 cm (16-18 inches) in length

Wingspan: 52-60 cm (20-24 inches)

Weight: 200-250 grams (7-9 ounces)

Color: Distinctive black-and-white plumage with a metallic green or blue sheen on the wings and tail

Tail: Long and wedge-shaped, often more than half the bird’s total length

Beak: Strong, black, and slightly curved, adapted for scavenging, foraging, and digging

Eyes: Dark brown

Habitat:

Found in a wide variety of habitats including woodlands, farmlands, gardens, and urban areas

Often seen in parks and open countryside

Builds large, domed nests high in trees or tall shrubs using twigs and mud

Diet:

Omnivorous; feeds on insects, small mammals, carrion, eggs, seeds, fruits, and human food scraps

Opportunistic feeders, scavenging roadkill and garbage in urban environments

Known to raid nests for bird eggs and chicks

Behavior:

Highly intelligent and curious; known for problem-solving abilities, mimicry, and tool use

Often seen in pairs or small groups, but can be solitary during nesting season

Known for its attraction to shiny objects, sometimes collecting them for nests

Aggressive defenders of their territories, especially during the breeding season

Social Structure:

Monogamous, typically forming long-term pair bonds

Can be highly territorial, particularly during the breeding season, and may drive off other birds or animals from their nesting area

Ecological Importance:

Helps control insect populations and scavenges carrion, preventing the spread of disease

Acts as a predator of smaller birds and mammals, influencing local ecosystems

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Featured in folklore and superstitions, often associated with bad luck or mischief; however, in some cultures, they are seen as symbols of good fortune and magic

“One for sorrow, two for joy…” is a well-known rhyme associated with magpies in British folklore

Considered one of the most intelligent bird species, capable of recognizing itself in mirrors, indicating self-awareness

Conservation Status:

Listed as Least Concern by the IUCN; populations are stable and widely distributed

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

www.rspb.org.uk. (n.d.). RSPB. [online] Available at: https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/magpie.

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Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)

Common Name: Herring Gull

Scientific Name: Larus argentatus

Family: Laridae

Native Range: Coastal regions of Europe, North America, and parts of Asia

Lifespan: 10-20 years, with some individuals living up to 30 years

Physical Characteristics:

Size: 54-60 cm (21-24 inches) in length

Wingspan: 120-155 cm (47-61 inches)

Weight: 700-1,250 grams (1.5-2.75 pounds)

Color: Adults have white heads, underparts, and tails, with pale grey upper wings and back; black wingtips with white spots

Beak: Strong, yellow with a distinctive red spot near the tip

Legs: Pink, sturdy, and webbed

Juvenile Appearance: Brown mottled plumage that transitions to adult coloration over four years

Habitat:

Found along coastlines, beaches, estuaries, and inland near lakes, rivers, and urban areas

Known to nest on cliffs, rooftops, and flat coastal areas, often in large colonies

Diet:

Omnivorous and opportunistic; diet includes fish, crustaceans, marine invertebrates, insects, and small mammals

Scavenges human food waste, garbage, and carrion, particularly in urban environments

Will steal food from other birds or animals and can raid nests for eggs

Behavior:

Highly adaptable and opportunistic, often seen scavenging in urban areas

Capable of flying long distances to forage, known to steal food from other birds and humans

Nesting in colonies, they are aggressive defenders of nests and young, especially during breeding season

Displays complex social behavior and communication, using calls and body language

Reproduction:

Breeds from March to July, laying 2-4 eggs in a nest made from grass, seaweed, and debris

Both parents share incubation duties for about 30 days, and chicks fledge after 6-7 weeks

Often returns to the same breeding site year after year

Ecological Importance:

Helps control fish, insect, and rodent populations through predation

Scavenges carrion and organic waste, playing a role in the breakdown of organic material in coastal and urban areas

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Seen as a symbol of coastal environments, but often viewed as a nuisance in urban areas due to its loud calls and aggressive scavenging behavior

Frequently appears in literature and art as a symbol of freedom and coastal life

Known for its boldness in approaching humans for food, leading to interaction in seaside towns and cities

Conservation Status:

Listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though some populations have declined in certain areas due to changes in fishing practices and habitat loss

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

Wwt.org.uk. (2024b). WWT. [online] Available at: https://www.wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/meet-the-family/gulls-and-terns-found-in-uk-wetlands [Accessed 1 Oct. 2024].

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Evidence of moles, lots of mole hills across the fields.

Mole (Talpa europaea)

Common Name: Mole

Scientific Name: Talpa europaea

Family: Talpidae

Native Range: Europe and parts of Asia

Lifespan: 3-6 years in the wild

Physical Characteristics:

Size: 11-16 cm (4.3-6.3 inches) in length, with a 2-4 cm (0.8-1.6 inches) short tail

Weight: 70-130 grams (2.5-4.6 ounces)

Color: Dense, velvety black fur that allows easy movement in tunnels; can sometimes appear dark grey

Body Shape: Streamlined, cylindrical body with short, strong limbs

Paws: Broad, spade-like forelimbs with large claws, specialized for digging

Eyes: Very small and covered with skin, as moles have poor eyesight

Ears: No external ears, relying more on touch and hearing

Habitat:

Found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, farmland, and gardens

Lives primarily underground in a network of tunnels and chambers

Prefers moist, loose soil for easier digging

Diet:

Insectivorous, feeding mainly on earthworms, insects, larvae, and other small invertebrates

Known to create “molehills” as it pushes soil to the surface while digging tunnels

Stores live earthworms in underground chambers by biting their heads off to paralyze them

Behavior:

Solitary and territorial animals, with each mole maintaining its own extensive tunnel system

Active throughout the year, day and night, with periods of rest between activity

Efficient diggers, able to create tunnels at speeds of up to 4 meters per hour

Rarely seen above ground, spending almost their entire life underground

Uses a keen sense of touch and smell to navigate and find food in the dark

Reproduction:

Breeding season occurs in spring (March-May)

Females give birth to 2-7 pups after a 4-week gestation period

Young are independent by 5-6 weeks and leave to establish their own territories

Ecological Importance:

Aerates and turns over soil, improving soil health and drainage

Controls populations of insects and invertebrates

Molehills can be unsightly and disruptive to lawns and gardens, but they benefit ecosystems by recycling nutrients

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Seen as a pest by gardeners and farmers due to the damage caused by their tunneling and molehills

Moles have appeared in literature, such as the character “Mole” in The Wind in the Willows, symbolizing industriousness and home life

Associated with folklore, often thought to predict weather changes due to their digging patterns

Conservation Status:

Listed as Least Concern by the IUCN; common and widespread across their range with stable populations

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

Surreywildlifetrust.org. (2024). Mole | Surrey Wildlife Trust. [online] Available at: https://www.surreywildlifetrust.org/wildlife-explorer/mammals/mole [Accessed 1 Oct. 2024].

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Elder Tree (Sambucus nigra)

Common Name: Elder, Elderberry

Scientific Name: Sambucus nigra

Family: Adoxaceae (formerly Caprifoliaceae)

Native Range: Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia

Lifespan: 60 years or more

Physical Characteristics:

Size: Typically grows 4-6 meters (13-20 feet) in height, but can reach up to 10 meters (33 feet)

Leaves: Pinnate with 5-7 leaflets; dark green, serrated edges, and slightly hairy on the underside

Bark: Young branches have smooth, greenish-brown bark, which becomes rough and fissured with age

Flowers: Small, creamy-white, and fragrant; form large, flat-topped clusters (umbels) in late spring to early summer (May-June)

Fruit: Small, dark purple to black berries that ripen in late summer (August-September)

Habitat:

Found in a wide range of habitats, including woodlands, hedgerows, roadsides, and gardens

Thrives in moist, well-drained soils but is highly adaptable and can grow in poor soils and urban environments

Uses:

Culinary: Elderflowers are used in cordials, teas, and syrups; elderberries are used to make wines, jams, jellies, and pies (must be cooked, as raw berries are mildly toxic)

Medicinal: Traditionally used in herbal medicine for colds, flu, and inflammation; elderberry syrup is a popular natural remedy believed to boost the immune system

Crafts: Elder wood, with its hollow stems, has been used historically to make pipes, whistles, and small tools

Ecological Importance:

Flowers attract pollinators like bees, while the berries are eaten by birds and mammals

Offers nesting sites for birds and insects

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Historically revered for its healing properties and often associated with folklore and magic

The elder tree has long been associated with protection and warding off evil spirits in various European traditions

In Celtic mythology, it was considered a tree of life and death, symbolizing renewal and transformation

Conservation Status:

Not threatened; common and widespread throughout its native range

Toxicity: Raw berries, leaves, and stems are mildly toxic due to cyanogenic glycosides, which can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if consumed raw. Cooking the berries removes the toxicity.

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

Wildlifetrusts.org. (2023). Elder | The Wildlife Trusts. [online] Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/trees-and-shrubs/elder [Accessed 1 Oct. 2024].

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Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)

Common Name: Hawthorn, Common Hawthorn, May Tree

Scientific Name: Crataegus monogyna

Family: Rosaceae

Native Range: Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia

Lifespan: Can live up to 400 years

Physical Characteristics:

Size: Typically grows 5-15 meters (16-49 feet) tall

Leaves: Small, deeply lobed, and dark green with toothed edges

Bark: Grey-brown, rough, and fissured in older trees

Flowers: White or pale pink, five-petaled flowers that bloom in clusters in May, giving it the name “May Tree”

Fruit: Small, red berries known as “haws” that ripen in autumn; resemble tiny apples

Thorns: Sharp, stiff thorns on branches, typically 1-3 cm (0.4-1.2 inches) long

Habitat:

Grows in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, hedgerows, grasslands, and scrub areas

Often used as hedging in agricultural landscapes and gardens due to its dense growth and thorny branches

Tolerant of a wide range of soil types, including poor and chalky soils

Uses:

Culinary: Haws are used to make jellies, wines, and syrups, though they are not widely eaten raw

Medicinal: Traditionally used in herbal medicine for heart health, hawthorn is thought to improve circulation and help with high blood pressure

Wildlife Support: Provides food and shelter for birds, mammals, and insects

Toxicity:

Non-toxic to humans, though the seeds inside the berries contain cyanogenic compounds and should not be consumed in large quantities

Ecological Importance:

A key species for wildlife, hawthorn provides food and habitat for numerous species

Its flowers are an important nectar source for bees, and the berries (haws) provide food for birds like thrushes, blackbirds, and fieldfares in autumn and winter

Dense thickets of hawthorn provide excellent shelter and nesting sites for birds and small mammals

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Hawthorn is steeped in folklore and is often associated with fertility, protection, and magic

In Celtic tradition, it is considered a sacred tree and associated with the fairy realm; cutting down a hawthorn was thought to bring bad luck

Known as the “May Tree,” it is traditionally used in May Day celebrations and festivals across Europe

Hawthorn has been a symbol of love and marriage, and in some cultures, it was believed to protect against evil spirits

Conservation Status:

Listed as Least Concern by the IUCN; common and widespread throughout its native range

www.wildlifetrusts.org. (n.d.). Common hawthorn | The Wildlife Trusts. [online] Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/trees-and-shrubs/common-hawthorn.

Woolf, J. (2015). Hawthorn – bride of the hedgerow. [online] The Hazel Tree. Available at: https://thehazeltree.co.uk/2015/04/25/hawthorn-bride-of-the-hedgerow/.

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

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ID Card: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Common Name: Dandelion

Scientific Name: Taraxacum officinale

Family: Asteraceae (Daisy family)

Native Range: Native to Europe and Asia, now widespread in North America and many other regions

Lifespan: Perennial, often living several years

Physical Characteristics:

Height: Typically grows 10-30 cm (4-12 inches) tall

Leaves: Rosette of deeply lobed, jagged leaves that can be up to 30 cm (12 inches) long; leaves are bright green and often have a waxy texture

Flowers: Bright yellow, composed of numerous small florets, forming a composite flower head; blooms from early spring to late autumn

Seed Head: After flowering, develops a spherical, fluffy seed head (achenes) that disperses seeds when blown by the wind

Roots: Deep taproot, capable of reaching up to 30 cm (12 inches) or more into the soil

Habitat:

Commonly found in disturbed areas, lawns, gardens, fields, and along roadsides

Thrives in a variety of soil types, particularly in moist, well-drained soils

Adaptable to different environmental conditions, including full sun and partial shade

Uses:

Culinary: Young leaves are edible and often used in salads, while flowers can be used to make wine, syrup, or fritters; roots can be roasted and used as a coffee substitute

Medicinal: Traditionally used in herbal medicine for digestive issues, liver health, and as a diuretic; known for its high vitamin and mineral content, particularly vitamins A, C, and K

Wildlife Support: Provides food for pollinators, including bees and butterflies, and the leaves are eaten by various herbivorous animals

Toxicity:

Non-toxic to humans and animals; widely regarded as safe for consumption

Ecological Importance:

Early spring bloomers, providing a crucial food source for pollinators when few other flowers are available

The deep taproot helps aerate the soil and improve soil health; dandelions are also known to break up compacted soil

Their presence can help indicate soil health and fertility

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Often viewed as a weed in gardens and lawns, yet has a long history of use in various cultures for food and medicine

Associated with childhood memories and games, such as blowing the seed heads and making wishes

In some cultures, dandelions symbolize resilience and hope due to their ability to thrive in harsh conditions

Conservation Status:

Not threatened; common and widespread in many habitats across the globe

The name “dandelion” comes from the French “dent de lion,” meaning “lion’s tooth,” which refers to the jagged shape of the leaves.

Collins (2012). Wild Flowers (Collins Gem). HarperCollins UK.

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

www.kew.org. (n.d.). Dandelion | Kew. [online] Available at: https://www.kew.org/plants/dandelion.

Mabey, R. (2012). Food For Free (Collins Gem). HarperCollins UK.

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ID Card: Amethyst Deceiver (Laccaria amethystina)

Common Name: Amethyst Deceiver

Scientific Name: Laccaria amethystina

Family: Hydnangiaceae

Native Range: Widespread across Europe, North America, and parts of Asia

Physical Characteristics:

Cap: 2-8 cm (0.8-3.2 inches) in diameter; initially convex, becoming flattened with age; distinctively violet or purple, fading to a brownish hue as it dries

Gills: Close-set, slightly decurrent (running down the stem), and pale lilac to white in color

Stem: 4-10 cm (1.6-4 inches) tall; cylindrical and slender, colored similarly to the cap, often with a slightly fuzzy texture

Spores: Ellipsoid, smooth, and pale to white in color

Flesh: Firm, with a mild flavor and no strong odor

Habitat:

Commonly found in deciduous and coniferous forests, often in groups or clusters

Prefers acidic soils and is typically found in leaf litter or under trees, particularly near birch and pine

Ecological Role:

Mycorrhizal fungus that forms beneficial relationships with the roots of trees, aiding in nutrient absorption

Contributes to the health of forest ecosystems by enhancing soil fertility and promoting tree growth

Uses:

Culinary: Edible and considered a delicacy; can be used in cooking, often sautéed or added to dishes for flavor

Toxicity:

Generally regarded as safe for consumption, but should be properly identified and cooked before eating to avoid any adverse reactions

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Appreciated by foragers for its unique color and flavor

Often featured in discussions about edible mushrooms and foraging practices

Conservation Status:

Not threatened; considered common in suitable habitats

Amethyst Deceivers, Laccaria amethystina. Deceivers, Laccaria Laccata. Inocybe geophylla (2014). Amethyst Deceivers, Laccaria amethystina. Deceivers, Laccaria Laccata. Inocybe geophylla. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://youtu.be/Z_xjkrkfXNs?si=dNXS2lpVBA-2-SAw [Accessed 1 Oct. 2024].

Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W., Stalpers, J.A., Ainsworth, G.C., Guy Richard Bisby and Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organization (2011). Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. Wallingford: Cabi Publishing.

O’Reilly, P. (2011). Fascinated by Fungi.

Wild Food UK. (n.d.). Amethyst Deceiver. [online] Available at: https://www.wildfooduk.com/mushroom-guide/amethyst-deceiver/.

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Common Woodlice (Oniscus asellus)

Common Name: Common Woodlouse, Common Pillbug, Armadillidiidae (if referring to pill bugs)

Scientific Name: Oniscus asellus

Family: Oniscidae

Native Range: Native to Europe, but has spread to various regions worldwide, including North America and Australia

Physical Characteristics:

Size: 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 inches) in length

Body Shape: Flattened, oval-shaped body with a segmented exoskeleton

Color: Generally grey to brown, with a slightly shiny appearance; some may have mottled patterns

Antennas: Two pairs of antennae; the longer pair is used for sensing the environment

Legs: Seven pairs of legs (14 total), which allow for movement across surfaces

Habitat:

Commonly found in damp environments, including gardens, leaf litter, under rocks, logs, and in soil

Prefers moist, dark habitats to prevent desiccation, as they are susceptible to drying out

Diet:

Detritivorous, feeding on decomposing organic matter, including decaying leaves, wood, and other plant materials

Plays a significant role in nutrient recycling and soil health by breaking down organic matter

Behavior:

Nocturnal; most active at night to avoid drying out

Exhibit a tendency to curl into a ball when threatened (in species like the pillbug) as a defense mechanism

Reproduction:

Reproduce sexually, with females carrying fertilized eggs in a brood pouch until they hatch

Young woodlice are miniature versions of adults and mature quickly, reaching adulthood in a few months

Ecological Importance:

Essential for nutrient cycling in ecosystems, helping to decompose organic matter and enrich soil

Serve as food for various predators, including birds, mammals, and amphibians

Conservation Status:

Not threatened; common and widespread in various habitats

Fun Fact:

Despite being called “woodlice,” they are not insects; they are crustaceans, more closely related to crabs and shrimp than to true insects.

Chinery, M. (2009). Collins complete guide to British insects. London: Collins.

RSPB Wildlife of Britain. (2011). Dorling Kindersley Ltd.

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Yew (Taxus baccata)

Common Name: Yew, English Yew, European Yew

Scientific Name: Taxus baccata

Family: Taxaceae

Native Range: Europe, Northwest Africa, and Southwest Asia

Lifespan: Can live for over 1,000 years; some trees are thought to be over 5,000 years old

Physical Characteristics:

Height: 10-20 meters (33-65 feet), but can grow taller in ideal conditions

Trunk Diameter: Can reach up to 4 meters (13 feet)

Bark: Reddish-brown, flaky, and scaly with a distinctive appearance, often peeling with age

Leaves: Dark green, needle-like, 1-4 cm long, arranged spirally along the stems; soft and flexible

Cones: Instead of typical cones, female yew trees produce fleshy, red, berry-like structures called arils, which contain a single seed

Roots: Extensive, strong root system

Habitat:

Prefers well-drained, chalky, or limestone-rich soils but can tolerate various soil types

Found in woodlands, churchyards, parks, and gardens; grows in full shade to partial sunlight

Ecological Importance:

Provides food and shelter for birds, especially thrushes, which eat the arils and disperse seeds

Dense foliage offers cover for small mammals and birds

One of the few evergreen species in temperate forests, contributing to winter greenery

Uses:

Historically used for making longbows due to its strong, flexible wood

Yew wood is also used for furniture, carving, and crafting

Extracts from yew are used in modern medicine (taxol) for treating cancer, particularly breast and ovarian cancers

Cultural and Historical Significance:

Symbol of death, immortality, and regeneration in many cultures; often planted in churchyards and cemeteries

Associated with various legends, myths, and folklore, especially in Britain and Europe

Considered sacred by the Druids and often featured in ancient rituals

Toxicity:

Highly toxic to humans and many animals; all parts of the plant, except the fleshy red arils, contain toxic alkaloids (taxine), which can cause heart failure if ingested

The seeds inside the arils are also poisonous, and ingestion of leaves or seeds can be fatal

Conservation Status:

Not currently considered endangered, but ancient yew trees are often protected due to their cultural and historical value