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c. 3100 BCE: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt

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c. 3100 BCE: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt

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King Narmer (also known as Menes) unites Upper and Lower Egypt, marking the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period. This event sets the stage for the rise of the great Egyptian civilization we know today.

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c. 2686 BCE: Beginning of the Old Kingdom

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c. 2686 BCE: Beginning of the Old Kingdom

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The Old Kingdom begins with the Third Dynasty. This period is known as the 'Age of the Pyramids' due to the construction of many iconic monuments, including the Great Pyramid of Giza.

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c. 2560 BCE: Construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza

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c. 2560 BCE: Construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza

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Pharaoh Khufu oversees the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex. It remains one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

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The Old Kingdom period comes to an end with the Sixth Dynasty. This marks the beginning of the First Intermediate Period, a time of political instability and decentralization.

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c. 2055 BCE: Start of the Middle Kingdom

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c. 2055 BCE: Start of the Middle Kingdom

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The Middle Kingdom begins with the 11th Dynasty. This period is characterized by a renaissance in Egyptian art, literature, and architecture, as well as the expansion of trade.

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The Middle Kingdom ends with the 13th Dynasty. This leads to the Second Intermediate Period, marked by the rule of the Hyksos, foreign rulers from Western Asia.

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c. 1550 BCE: Beginning of the New Kingdom

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c. 1550 BCE: Beginning of the New Kingdom

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The New Kingdom begins with the 18th Dynasty. This era is considered the peak of Egypt's power and influence, with famous pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and Ramesses II.

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Hatshepsut becomes one of Egypt's most powerful and successful pharaohs. She establishes important trade routes and oversees significant building projects, including her famous mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri.

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c. 1353 BCE: Reign of Akhenaten and the Amarna Period

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c. 1353 BCE: Reign of Akhenaten and the Amarna Period

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Pharaoh Akhenaten introduces a radical religious reform, promoting the worship of a single god, Aten. This period, known as the Amarna Period, sees significant changes in Egyptian art and culture.

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The young Pharaoh Tutankhamun ascends to the throne. While his reign is short, the discovery of his nearly intact tomb in 1922 provides invaluable insights into ancient Egyptian culture and burial practices.

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Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, rules during the peak of Egypt's power. He leads military campaigns, builds monuments, and signs one of the world's earliest known peace treaties with the Hittites.

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The New Kingdom period comes to an end with the death of Ramesses XI. This marks the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period and a gradual decline in Egypt's power and influence.