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The constitution of Singapore is the supreme law of land and it sets out the fundamental rights, the power and structure of government and framework and administration of justice.

||The sources of law are generally constitution.

Other than that legislation and common law is also considered as sources of law.

|Legislation is also known as statues that are the acts of Parliament passed by the Government.

|Common law is also known as judge-made law. Judges don't make laws on their own but expand the existing laws.

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A country which was once a quiet trading port; but now it has grown to world's most successful and advanced countries.A global hub with wide variety of cultures, traditions, cuisines creating a warm atmosphere

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The name Singapore has its origin in the Sanskrit words Singa(meaning lion) and Pura(meaning city). The name Singapura translates to Lion City. This name comes frrom a legeng about a 13th-century Srrivijayan prince named SANG NILA UTAMA, wwho is believed to have spotted a lion upon lasnding on the island. The name stuck, and over time, it evolved into SINGAPORE in english.

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The national flag of Singapore was adopted on DECEMBER 3, 1959. Flag consist of red and white band with crescent moon next to 5 stars arranged in circle.

||Red emphasises universal brotherhood and equity of man. ||White represents purity and virtue.

||Crescent Moon shows a young nation on rise.

||5 Stars stand for Democracy, Peace, Progress, Justice, and Equality.

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Singapore has total population of approximately 6.04 million as at June 2024.It consists of 4.15 millions residents, consisting of 3.61 million citizens and 540,000 permanent residents(PRs). The remaining 1.77 million people living in Singapore are classed as non-residents, a group consisting mainly of resident workers without political rights who are routinely excluded from official demographic statistics.

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Singapore is a small Island city state located at southern tip of Malay Peninsula in Southern Asia. The approximate land area is 735.6 square kilometre. Longitude and Latitude are 103.8198 degree East and 1.3521 degree North respectively.

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Singapore has 4 main ethnic groups i.e., Chinese,Malays,Indian and others.Minority groups like Eurasians, Caucasians, Filipinos, Japanese and Koreans come in the category of others.

|Chinese( around 74%) primarily descended from immigrants from Southern China.

|Malays (around 13%)are primarily Muslims.

|Indians(around 9%) mainly descended from immigrants of Southern India.

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Singapore has 4 official languages i.e., English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil.

|English is commonly used language but Singaporeans mostly use Singaporean English.

|Mandarin is widely spoken among Chinese community.

|Malay is official language reflecting Malay heritage and is mainly spoken by Malay community.

|Tamil is spoken by significant portion of Indian community.

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Singapore's Chinese, Malay, Indian and Western influenced culture reflects its diversity.This multicultural country celebrates various festivals such as

|Chinese New year (Chinese festival)

|Hari Raya( Malay festival)

|Deepavali( Indian festival)

|Christmas

Moreover, food culture includes different cuisines.Some famous dishes are

|Hainanese Chicken Rice, Char kway(Chinese)

|Nasi Lemak( Malay)

|Biryani (Indian)

|Steak and Fries, Pasta (Western)

Furthermore, art and music are important part of Singapore culture.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore#:~:text=Its%20contemporary%20modern%20culture%20consists,and%20a%20%22Garden%20city%22

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Major political parties in Singapore are People's Action Party(PAP), Worker's Party(WP), Progress Singapore Party(PSP), Singapore Democratic Party(SDP). Singapore is largely dominated by PAP since it gained independence in 1965 winning more than 80% seats in general election. However Singapore is considered as "soft authoritarian" due to its restrictions on political freedom, media control and opposition parties.

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Singapore's official news agency is SPH Media Trust which runs major newspapers like The Strait Times. Moreover, official radio and television broadcaster of Singapore is Mediacorp. Some of its popular channels include Channel 5(English), Channel 8 (Mandarin) and Suria( Malay).The government of Singapore also monitors the content. All newspaper, TV channels and online news sites must be government approved. Fake news are removed if necessary and movies are censored if controversial.

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Singapore has variety of spots that attract tourists. Some of them are

|Little India: Colorful area known for Indian shops, Temples and food.

|Orchard Road:A shopping street with malls and boutiques.

|Singapore Flyer: Large observation wheel offering city views.

|Chinatown: Vibrant district with shops, restaurants and temple.

|Raffles Hotel: Historic luxury hotel famous for its architecture.

|Clarke Quay: Riverside area with nightlife and dining.

https://youtu.be/Uq9aUpVWe5E?si=ihEyszjffSTbexA3

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Singapore has Parliamentary Democracy system. Current Prime Minister is Lawrence Wong and current president is Tharman Shanmugaratname. The life of each Parliament is 5 years from the date of its first meeting or sitting.A general election must be held within 3 months of dissolution of Parliament.

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Singapore gained sovereignty in 1963 when it joined Malaysia but became a fully independent state in 1965.

Now SINGAPORE IS A SOVEREIGN REPUBLIC. As a sovereign nation, it exercises full control over domestic and foreign affairs including defence, economic policies and governance. Singapore is free to actively participate in international organisations such as UN and ASEAN e.t.c.,

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Feeding pigeons is illegal and anyone caught doing so may be fined up to SGD 500. This law aims to control pigeon population and prevent health issues

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The import, sale and distribution of chewing gum are banned in Singapore except for therapeutic gum used for medical purposes(like nicotine gum for smoking cessation).

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Spitting in public places such as streets and sidewalks is illegal in Singapore. Violators can face fines of up to SGD 1000.

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Singapore's national icon is the Merlion, a mythical creature with the head of lion and body of fish. It represents Singapore's history as a fishing village and its original name Singapura, meaning 'Lion City'.

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Singapore's national anthem, "Majulah Singapura", is printed in micro-text on the back of $1000 note. It's subtle but fascinating that not many people notice.

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The constitution, Statutes, Subsidiary Legislation and international treaties and conventions come under category of written law. Common law, Judicial precedents and customary laws are unwritten ones.

||Administrative law, Contract law, equity, trust law, property law and tort law are generally common laws (made by judge).

||Whereas, criminal law, company law and family law are mainly statutory in nature.

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The structure of Courts is hierarchical and consist of 3 main level:

||Supreme Court: It the highest court of Singapore which further consist of Court of Appeal and High court.

||State Courts: They deal with less serious matters and they include District Courts, Magistrates's Courts, Small Claims Tribunals and Community and Coroner's Courts.

||Family courts: They deal with family law matters like divorce, custody and juvenile cases.

||Specialized Courts: They include Syariah Courts which is the Muslim Family law and Singapore International Commercial Courts(SICC) for cross-border commercial disputes.

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||Singapore was a trading post by 1299 and was ruled by empires and sultanates.

||In 1819, Singapore was establishes as a British trading post and became a key British colony.

||Later Japan occupied Singapore during WW2.|

||Then Singapore combined with Malaysia in 1963 but later separated in 1965. So Singapore became independent state on Aug 9, 1965.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Singapore

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The Legislature is made up of a unicameral Parliament responsible for enacting laws and overseeing the government. It includes elected MPs, NCMPs (opposition members), and NMPs (appointed experts). General elections are held every five years, and the People’s Action Party (PAP) has traditionally been the dominant political force. Parliament debates legislation, scrutinizes policies, and holds the executive accountable for its decisions and actions.

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The Executive in Singapore is led by the President, who has limited powers, while the Prime Minister holds most executive authority and leads the Cabinet. The Cabinet, made up of ministers, is responsible for implementing laws and running the country's daily operations. Ministries manage key sectors like education, trade, and defense. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are accountable to Parliament, and the President has some oversight, particularly over the reserves and key appointments.                                                                                                                                             

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The Judiciary is independent and consists of the Supreme Court and the State Courts, which handle civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Court includes the Court of Appeal and the High Court, while the State Courts manage less serious cases. The legal system follows English common law, but Singapore has developed its own legal principles. The judiciary ensures justice, rule of law, and holds the executive and legislature accountable under the law.

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Supreme Court, Marina Bay Sands Singapore

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In a nut shell, Singapore is a strong example of modern development and resilience. Its success comes from careful planning, a diverse culture and focus on efficiency. It shows how even a small nation can achieve a remarkable growth and development.

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-INTRODUCTION TO LAW  -INSTRUCTOR: MADAM AMARA AMIR                           -PADLET BY: AYESHA KHAN-SALAHUDIN BUTT     -SUBMISSION DATE: 20 OCTOBER 2024                         -PROGRAM: LLB (1st SEMESTER)                             

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-INTRODUCTION TO LAW  -INSTRUCTOR: MADAM AMARA AMIR                           -PADLET BY: AYESHA KHAN-SALAHUDIN BUTT     -SUBMISSION DATE: 20 OCTOBER 2024                         -PROGRAM: LLB (1st SEMESTER)                             

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Singapore has a highly advanced military known as 
Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) for protecting the country's borders and sovereignty.
Three types of army are there including Singapore army, Republic of Singapore Navy(RSN) , Republic of Singapore Air force(RSAF).
||SINGAPORE ARMY:
              The largest branch responsible for land defense and operation. This branch is crucial for homeland defense given Singapore's geography as an island.
||REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE NAVY:
               The navy ensures Singapore's maritime interest and shipping lanes protection by operating submarines , missiles e.t.c.
||REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE AIR FORCE:
                The Singapore Air force is highly advanced providing air defense by operating fighter jets like F-15SG and F-16 with drones and helicopters.

Moreover, Singapore has modernized its defense with the help of advanced weaponry ,joint operations and exercises and cyber defence.

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Singapore has diplomatic foreign relations focusing on neutrality and active engagement with the foreign states and organizations.

||The worth discussing relation is ASEAN Relation.As Singapore is one the five founding members of ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS, it promotes unity and economic stability.

Other than that it has close ties with other major powers like

||UNITED STATES: Singapore has a strategic partnership with the U.S.The U.S has access to Singapore's military facilities under a defense agreement.

|| China: Singapore has strong economic and trading ties with China.

||India: Singapore has strong ties with India focusing on trade and investment .

Furthermore, Singapore is highly active in International Organizations like the United Nations(UN), World Trade Organization (WTO)and Commonwealth.