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Blocks created from cement, lime, sand, gypsum, aluminium powder, and water. the mixture is poured into large moulds where they will begin to harden. once hardened, the blocks can then be cut into specific dimensions such as slabs. They are used for both internal and external walls. The block is easily carriable due to its lightweight. they are fairly durable, with a lifespan of around 60 years. the use of these blocks help with reducing energy bills and eliminating damp and mould. the block has been round for thousands of years, reaching back to ancient Egypt where the Egyptians used the blocks as a stronger alternative than straw or wood.

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A ferrous metal is are metals that contain iron. There are many properties of ferrous metals which include the durability, tensile strength, usually magnetic, an aesthetic silver like colour, low resistance to corrosion, recyclable and a good conductor of electricity. It is used in many ways such as for building houses, large scale piping, industrial containers, construction and engineering appliances. The main reason for the use of it is that it is a magnetic material, is strong, hard and is corrosion resistant. Due to these factors it makes it a good choice in some incidences.

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Some poorer countries around the world do not have access to as high quality resources as some of the more prominent countries, yet they make do with the waste produced by humanity, which allows for the, to have stable resources that can withstand harsher weathers, yet is also beneficial when used in more improved and modern homes, when used for pipes in homes. Plastic was the first synthetic material made, and this was in 1907, The biggest benefit of Plastic, is that it can be recycled, which is how poorer countries manage to salvage it and turn it into homes and other buildings like schools., Yet in more modern housing, Plastic is used for plumbing in some cases, as it is a easy to source material.

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ferrous metals are metals that cant rust. some of the key features are compressive strength, tensile strength, it is an alloy (this means it is made from to different components in the material). some of the things ferrous metals are used in are; large scale piping, this is because of its tensile strength properties and it is airtight meaning it can hold masses of liquids or gasses. it is used in farming equipment as it is durable and could be left outside and wouldn't rust. also containers due to the same reasons. ferrous steel is made out of steel, carbon steel and stainless steel.

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Paints are split into two different categories, oil based and water based. Oil based paints need white spirits to be removed from brushes since it is water repellent.

Pigments are added to paints to change the colours, this is primarily for appearance. Along with solvents to adjust the consistency/ thickness of the paint depending on the surface or application type.

Paints can be used to protect a material or make a surface more aesthetically pleasing.

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A ferrous metal, is any metal alloy that contains iron. Ferrous metals are preferred for construction, due to their more durable strength under stress. Examples of ferrous metals are: steel, carbon steel, cast iron and wrought iron. Ferrous metals are used for large scale piping and framing. It has a stronger resistance between the molecules that prevent the layers of atoms from sliding

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Cement is a mixture of crushed limestone and other materials such as clay and chalk. For portland cement, the most common type, the materials are heated to 1500 degrees celcius in a kiln then ground to a fine powder. other types of cement such as rapid hardening (Used for underwater), sulphate resisting and high alumina are produced for specialists purposes. When added to other aggregates, cement acts as a binder in mortar or concrete. portland cement was so named because when used as a mortar, it resembles Portland stone

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its very durable

practically maintenance free

used to make house/ buildings

bricks are in a formation so they do not fall down

bricks last 150 years per half construction

last 600 years per full construction

bricks are mainly made out of clay but can be made out of fly ash/ sand and limestone/ concrete

between 2017 and 2019 32.4 billion brivks were produced

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plastics is made from raw materials such as, natural gas, oil or plants which are refined into ethane and propane. they are then treated with heat in a process called cracking which turns them into ethylene and propylene, these are combined into different variations by adding different elements making different polymers. one of the most used plastics in construction theses days is poly vinyl carbonate (PVC) mainly used in piping systems because of their corrosive resistance and their cost and lightweight although using these instead of regular copper pipes could cause you to have a small trace of micro plastics in your water.

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Bricks have been around since 700 BC. They were first discoverd in the ancient city of jericho. Bricks have a different range of uses such as houses, viaducts, garages, driveways and walls. Between 2017 and 2019 the world produced 33.4 billion bricks. A uk brick lasts 600 years.

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Paints can be categorised as a water oil base which act as a binder or body of the paint.

pigments are added to the binder to give it different colours and durability.

Paint is used for two reasons - apperance, surface/material protection. Solvent is something which is added to change the viscosity of the paint, when added it can also change the workability of the paint when penetrating the surface of the material.

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This cement is made by heating limestone with other materials such as clay to 1,450 °C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination that liberates a molecule of carbon dioxide from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which then chemically combines with the other. concrete is used to build housing, roads, schools, hospitals, dams and ports difference between cement and concrete is Concrete is used for large projects, while cement is used for smaller jobs, including minor repairs

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Glass is a solid, inorganic material that is typically transparent or translucent.

Glass is used in many applications, including:

Packaging: Glass bottles and jars are used to store food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Tableware: Glass is used for drinking glasses, plates, cups, and bowls.

Windows: Glass is used for windows in homes and automobiles.

Electronics: Glass is used for computer components, smartphones, TV screens, and more.

Medical technology: Glass is used in medical diagnostic equipment and biotechnology.

Radiation protection: Glass is used for radiation protection from X-rays and gamma-rays.

Fiber optic cables: Glass is used for fiber optic cables to carry information for phones, TVs, and computers.

Renewable energy: Glass is used for solar panels and wind turbine blades.

Building insulation: Glass is used for building insulation.

Reinforcement: Glass is used as a reinforcement material in surf boards, wind turbines, and orthopedic casts.

Art: Glass is used for art displays and transparent prisms.

Glasses: Glass is used for eyeglasses to correct blurry vision.

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Plasterboard is a sandwich of dried and hardened gypsum plaster between two sheets of paper. Plaster board is made from calcium sulphate and should be soundproof. Also plasterboard should be a good insulator and 100% recyclable but it is not environmentally friendly. By changing the mixture of gypsum, these boards can be water resistant, and provide acoustic insulation of fire resistance. Plasterboards are used extensively to provide a smooth internal wall or ceiling surface ready for decorating.

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Window Materials have a range of various different types of materials to use in place to allow natural light to enter the building. Each different variation of glass depends on how it was made. The best and most appropriate type of glass to use on a housing project, is Tempered Glass, as it is a hardened substitute compared to regular glass, due to the method it is made, by having it cool, while it is being made, as well as having it rapidly heated and cooled at a rate that causes the material to become stronger, and shatter resistant, however if done wrong, will completely shatter due to the rapid change in temperature. This means it is better for use in homes, as it will be harder for intruders to break into the building unwelcomed.

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Mortar consists of cement aggregate and often admixture such as integral water proofer/ admixture or plasticiser

General mortar mixes:

Pointing 1 cement: 5 yellow building sand

Bricklaying 1 cement: 4 yellow building sand

Lime can be used in mortar to improve breathability, this is primarily uses with stonework

Mortar is used to bond bricks and blocks together along with stone and patio slab pointing, holds wall ties. wall plates and roof ridge tiles.

Water and plasticiser can be added to mortar to improve workability, but too much can make it weak, similar to the more aggregate the weaker it is, however mortar should be weaker than the brick so if movement occurs the mortar cracks not the brick.

Colour additives may also be added to colour the cement for aesthetics.

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timber - Timber is a superior material for construction, due to its mechanical properties, sustainability, and aesthetic versatility. Structurally, timber has a high strength-to-weight ratio, allowing for innovative designs and reduced load on foundations. Its thermal and acoustic insulation qualities enhance energy efficiency and comfort, while also contributing to lower costs over time. From a sustainability perspective, timber is a renewable resource, and when sourced from well-kept forests, it reduces carbon footprints compared to conventional materials like concrete and steel. timber's aesthetic qualities provide a warm, welcoming atmosphere, making it a preferred choice in architecture. As the construction industry prioritizes sustainable practices, timber's role in modern building design continues to gain the spotlight.

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Plasterboard, also known as drywall or wallboard, is a building material used to create smooth surfaces on interior walls and ceilings. It's made from gypsum, a soft mineral that's ground into a powder, mixed with water, and pressed between two layers of paper.

The primary use of plasterboard is to build partitions wall linings or ceilings in any building, ranging from hospitals and schools to shops and domestic properties. Newer, more innovative plasterboards can also be used for external sheathing purposes.

Plasterboard, also known as gypsum board, has many benefits, including:

Fire resistance: Plasterboard's non-combustible core helps prevent the spread of fire and heat.

Soundproofing: The thickness and gypsum core of plasterboard can reduce sound transmission.

Moisture resistance: Wet area plasterboard has a special coating to prevent mould and moisture build up.

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-A thick paste which sets hard to fill irregular holes and joins bricks and slabs

-Made with a mix of sand, water and a binder

-Mortar is masonry to fill irregular gaps between other buildings blocks and slabs

-Used to build houses, walls and laying paving slabs

-Used in most building structures to create stability and strengthen the walls

-Many types of mortar: cement,lime,gypsum,mud and more

-Mortar is water resistant

-Mortar is a good sealer

-Mortar helps spread weight evenly

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Manufactured Board is a synthetic wood type that is man made by using solid timber fibres, strands, particles and veneers being clued together.

There are many types of manufactured boards such as plywood, MDF, chipboard, exterior plywood, hardboard, laminboard, block board, battenboard, birch ply, ply sheathing and many more. It is used for a range of applications such as doors, mouldings, skirting boards, internal panelling and shelving. It is usually used in some projects as it is stable, predictable and cost effective compared to solid timber and it also preserves the appearance of wood. It is also a non-finite material making it a suitable building material in many incidences.

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timber is when logs are processed into planks of a range of different dimensions that are used very widely in the construction industry due to their cost, ability to be cut to any shape and its lightweight capabilities meaning its perfect for roofing and such. you can even grind it down into chips and adhere it together with a laminate coating to make furniture.

it is one of the oldest materials used in construction due to it being a natural, renewable resource. after the lumberjacks have chopped down the tree it is sent to the saw mill where it is dried which could range from 6 months to a couple years depending on the size/moisture levels. the butt(stump) is removed and it is debarked ready to be processed. the chopping of the log into planks is 100 percent computer controlled.

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Softwood timber used in construction, from spruce ,pine and douglas as they can grow tall and straight. Timber has two principal gradings - GS - general structure and SS special structure.

Also graded on strength by C with C14 or C30 the higher the number the stronger the timber.

softwood is used for structural purposes, hardwood is used for bespoke components, staircases and external architectural features.

Timber is manufactured through machining where it is stripped and dried before being cut into shape

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glass is usually made from sand

it is transparent and a solid material

its used in in phone screen, drinking bottles, and glasses to see, windows, railings and tables and shelves, plates

there is different types of glass such as Float Glass.

Toughened Glass.

Tinted Glass.

Obscured Glass.

Laminated Glass.

Mirrored Glass.

Low E Glass.

Coated Glass.

the Burj Khalifa has 103,000 sq m (1.1 million sq ft) of glass

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Concrete is formed by the use of broken stone, sand, water and cement. It has a range of uses from floor construction to dams and ports, popular for its durability, compressive strength, water resistance and its tensile. Can take up to 24-48 hours to harden. It can also be found in local hardware stores so is easy to obtain in forms such as ready-mix concrete, however a con is that its expensive.