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Japanese adopt Buddhism, and Chinese script.

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Permanent capital established at Nara; Nara period begins

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Kojiki is written, recording the earlies myths and histories of Japan.

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Nihon Shoki is written, recording further myths and histories of Japan.

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- The period started from AD 710 and ended AD 794
- Yamato clan came to control much of Southern Japan, and claimed that their family was descended from the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu.

- Chiefs from the Yamato clan became Emperor.

- Emperor was the spiritual and symbolic head of the country.

- Concept of government borrowed from China and Korea.

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The beginning of the Heian period. The position of the Shogun is invented.

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Murasaki Shikbu writes The Tale of Genji

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- The period started AD 794 and ended 1185.
- A new emperor moved the capital from Nara to Heian-Kyo, known as Kyoto.

- Military class steadily grew stronger.

- Heian period ended with the Gempei Wars  (1180-1185CE). Shoguns became more powerful as a result.

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Heian Period ends with establishment of Kamakura Shogunate. First period of rule by a shogun.

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First Mongol invasion of Japan repelled.

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Second Mongol invasion of Japan repelled.

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- This shogunate started 1185 and ended 1333.
- Minamoto no Yorimoto was the victor of the Gempei Wars and titled himself Shogun (barbarian subduing great-general).

- Made Kamakura (south of Tokyo) his capital or bakufu. (headquarters of military general)

- Period of military control

- Allowed emperor to keep a ‘symbolic’ position.

- Shoguns mostly came from the Minamoto clan.
- Mongol invasions of 1274 and 1281CE, led to civil war.

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Ashikaga Takauji takes power and establishes Muromachi Shogunate.

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Sengoku-Jidai - Age of Warring States - begins and continues for next 133 years.

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Portuguese introduce Christianity and firearms to Japan

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Oda Nobunaga unifies central Japan

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi complete unification of Japan.

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- This shogunate started 1333 and ended 1603.
- Brief civil war in 1333 between emperor and shogun. Emperor took control using unhappy samurai.

- 1336, Ashikaga shogun took power and installed a new ‘puppet emperor’.

- Named the ‘Muromachi’ period for he district in Kyoto where the Ashikaga clan was based.
- Long period of civil war began in 1467, Ashikaga power declined. Was eventually overthrown in 1573CE. Civil war until 1603CE.

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Tokugawa leyasu establishes Tokugawa Shogunate.

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Commodore Perry arrives in Japan.

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Meiji restoration beings; restoration of imperial rule.

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- This shogunate started in 1603 and ended 1868.
- Tokugawa Ieyasu emerged as the victor of the Warring States period.

- Imposed a feudal style system within Japan with strict rules for the social classes.

- Restricted trade with Europe and banned travel outside of Japan.

- Kyoto remained the capital, but the government moved to Edo (now Tokyo).

- Ended in 1868CE and the emperors returned to ruling Japan.

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- Daimyo recognised the power and strength of Western nations, and that Japan needed to modernise to remain independent. This led to rebellion against the shogun.

- 1867, shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu returned power to Emperor Meiji. Despite two years of civil struggle, in 1869 the Emperor declared his powers were restored.

- Focus on: improving military, education system, communication, industrial centres, trade.