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Creative writing stock illustrations. iStock. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2022, from https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/creative-writing 

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Writing Defined: "Writing is a complex process that requires a wide range of skills — a strong vocabulary; an understanding of genre, text structure, and voice; basic mechanical skills (grammar and punctuation); organizational skills; and higher order thinking" (Reading Rockets, 2022).

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences: As any course offered in grade schooling, writing is a huge component of academics. It is vital that writing is utilized within social sciences classrooms in order to maintain those skills in which students have developed and improved overtime. According to Reading Rockets, writing is one of the most difficult and challenging things that we ask of children to learn and perfect over time (Reading Rockets, 2022). Additionally, in a more specific sense, writing can be used in instances where students reflect on historical events in essay format. It can also be utilized in a government class, where students are asked to construct timelines of court cases.

Equity and Justice for all Students:
In writing, it is important to ensure all students are not only able to write, but to also continue perfecting their writing skills. However, there may be students who have issues just getting started with this challenging skill. Students who have physical restraints to being able to write properly, ELL students who may come from an ethnic backgrounds with different writing principles, or students who never got the reading foundation, tend to struggle in making the connection of writing to reading (text-recognition). Another great method to use to support writing in a multisensory perspective is to have struggling students use dark ruled paper when completing social sciences assignments including essays, timelines, and reflections.

Writing. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved June 24, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/writing

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Vocabulary Defined: "...words we must understand to communicate effectively." (Reading Rockets, 2022).

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences:
As the instruction of Social Sciences uses many textbooks, one could easily make a connection to the field with vocabulary. A great method to apply this connection is to create an assignment within each individual unit that consists of the vocabulary within the unit. There will most always be a set of words in which students at any grade/age level may be unfamiliar with, or struggle to understand. In this, students can better comprehend the concepts within primary sources, which are heavily utilized in social science education (Heafner, 2019).

Equity and Justice for All Students:
Students who may have learning disabilities, or who are English Language Learners (ELL), may tend to struggle with the material, if they do not obtain a strong, on-level vocabulary bank in their minds. Thus, it is important to provide them with differentiated instruction, or allow them to see a paraprofessional who may be able to assist in these areas on a more individualized setting.

10 easy changes teachers can make to facilitate inclusion. Reading Rockets. (2019, December 10). Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/10-easy-changes-teachers-can-make-facilitate-inclusion

Heafner, T. (n.d.). Engaging social studies students with vocabulary words. blog. Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://blog.socialstudies.com/engaging-learners-with-words-grow-vocabulary-skills-in-social-studies-classrooms

Linking the language: A cross-disciplinary vocabulary approach. Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 18, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/linking-language-cross-disciplinary-vocabulary-approach

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Comprehension Defined: An individual's ability to not only read, but to also understand the context of the material. This may include (but is not limited to) following along with a storyline, understanding time frames, etc.

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences:
In the content area of history, government, geography, etc., instruction relies heavily on reading. It is vital that students are utilizing their comprehension skills to be able to follow along with the text. Students will be able to apply their knowledge to assignments and exams in a higher order when they are comprehending the material of the text, rather than just reading it. There truly is a huge difference.

Equity and Justice for all Students:
In Social Science content areas, students will have the expectation to read and comprehend text as a part of multiple assignments. One primary method to teaching social science is to utilize textbooks and primary sources/official documents. Within this accomodation for the discipline, teachers can also support comprehension by providing similar texts on individual students' levels (Parrish, 2020). Thus, students will need to dig deeper than just reading and comprehend the text in a more intimate way to get the full understanding out of it.

Comprehension. Home - Carlisle Area School District. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://www.carlisleschools.org/staff_directory/debra_a_watson/comprehension

McMillan, L., & O’Neil, M. (2012). Literacy and Social Equity. Counterpoints, ₄₀₆, 30–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42981616

Parrish, N. (2020, February 3). 5 ways to support students who struggle with reading comprehension. Edutopia. Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://www.edutopia.org/article/5-ways-support-students-who-struggle-reading-comprehension

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Fluency Defined: One's ability to read expressively, using passionate inflection, and quickly, with ease. Fluency increases comprehension, as students grow more confident in reading abilities (Reading Rockets, 2020).

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences:
In the content area of Social Sciences, students will be expected to read on a daily basis. Textbooks and primary sources, such as documents and declarations, are heavily utilized in history courses. Thus, fluency is important for the sake of time in class. When students are able to apply fluency to their reading, comprehension and application will increase, boosting their understanding.

Equity and Justice for all Students:
Students who are English Language Learners, or students who began high school behind level, may struggle to complete necessary readings and may experience difficulty maintaining the course and the material in their understanding. In this event, resources such as differentiated instruction, special ed paras (one-on-one), etc. are available for their help. A great way to support fluency within the classroom, specifically social sciences, is to assign historic readings at home where students can record themselves reading the text. In this, they can go back and review this recording, which can also be utilized to monitor progress.

Fluency. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency

What is oral reading fluency? - Cassie Gralish - O.H. Anderson Elementary. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://www.ohanderson.mahtomedi.k12.mn.us/page/3095

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Phonics Defined: There is a relationship and connection between sounds and the letters that make them (Reading Rockets, 2020).

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences:
Although it is a Social Science content, reading and language perception skills are 100% necessary. There will be many foreseen reading assignments, such as textbooks, historical artifacts and documents. With reading utilizing phonics and decoding skills, students will be able to have better experiences with making connections within the text. History, for example, has many events that are taught to students through textbooks (reading). Thus, students will find it easier to recall and make connections to specific content within their phonological skills.

Equity and Justice for All Students:
Due to this content area being a heavily-reading based discipline, students may have issues keeping up with the material. Most documents are in past-language, meaning that they are not currently utilized, nor common. For ELL students, this could potentially be a huge issue. ELL students are already competing in attempt to learn today's English, let alone the difficult, uncommon version of the past. One great method to supporting phonics and decoding in the classroom is to apply body language to sounds. For example, a more common gesture is one finger over "shushed" lips to signify the "sh" sound. In this, students will recognize the gesture to the sounds, allowing them to continue to make that connection as they read.

National Literacy Trust. (n.d.). What is phonics? National Literacy Trust. Retrieved June 6, 2022, from https://literacytrust.org.uk/information/what-is-literacy/what-phonics/

Phonics and decoding. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 31). Retrieved June 6, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics

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The 12 steps to Phonological Awareness. Enrichment Therapy. (2021, December 22). Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://enrichmenttherapies.com/the-12-steps-to-ph

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Phonological Awareness Defined: "A critical early literacy skill that helps kids recognize and work with the sounds of spoken language." (Reading Rockets, 2020).
Phonological Awareness is another crucial building block, or puzzle piece, to a child's capability of picking out sounds and phonemes and analyzing them.

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences: Students will often receive instructional lectures in class, and have to depict sounds of their teacher's words. As social sciences are typically more instructive and not hands-on, verbal teachings will be more common than other subjects may be.

Equity and Justice for All Students: Due to this being another developmental ideology, some educators may be subjected to allowing multiple resources for students who come from ELL backgrounds, or are low-level in general. All students should be given the opportunity and access to any resource they may need. One method to supporting phonological awareness within the classroom is to offer tools such as highlighting text, stop and sound activities, and clapping out the syllables in a word.

Marshall Digital scholar. Site. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://mds.marshall.edu/

Phonological and phonemic awareness. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonemic

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Infant being a subject in a scientific experiment on language statistics.

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Oral Language Defined: "Oral language, the complex system that relates sounds to meanings, is made up of three components: the phonological, semantic, and syntactic (Lindfors, 1987)."-Reading Rockets
In other words, oral language is superior during the learning process of infants. Roughly around the age of 7, there is a downhill decline in oral language and comprehension. According to Kuhl, babies are constantly taking statistics in their minds while listening and analyzing the words of adults. Because of the decline at age 7, this explains how language must be preserved prior to this decline.

Connection to Disciplinary Teaching of Social Sciences: Students, in the area of Social Science, will be expected to showcase their skills and development in regard to oral language. Other than utilizing words in conversations with peers and teachers, in Social Science, students in my class will be presenting often. During student-lead presentations, students will utilize their skills of oral language by walking peers through their thought processes and slides.

Equity and Justice for All Learners: All students of any race, gender, social classification, ethnicity, or economic status, will receive equal opportunities to either better develop, or maintain and exceed, their abilities of oral language. Many schools have access to a speech pathologist, which should be the next step after assessing the students within a classroom. The professional will be able to work with them beyond an educator's pay grade and ability (Bardell, 2020).

Oral Language Skills and Learning Disabilities. LD@school. (2022, March 21). Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://www.ldatschool.ca/oral-language-skills/

Young Children's Oral Language Development. Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/young-childrens-oral-language-development

Image Citation: Kuhl, P. (n.d.). The linguistic genius of babies. Patricia Kuhl: The linguistic genius of babies | TED Talk. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.ted.com/talks/patricia_kuhl_the_linguistic_genius_of_babies