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The skeletal system is composed of axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, skull, shoulder blade, breast bone, backbone, hip bone, collar bone, ribs, and kneecap.

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The skull is the bones that form the head. The skull is made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face). An opening at the base of the skull is where the spinal cord connects to the brain.

The function of the skull is both structurally supportive and protective. The skull will harden and fuse through development to protect its inner contents: the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and orbits.

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The appendicular skeleton is one of two major bone groups in the body, the other being the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis. The shoulder girdle and pelvis provide connection points between the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton to where mechanical loads transfer. Of the 206 bones in the adult human body, a total of 126 bones form the appendicular skeleton. The bones that contribute to the appendicular skeleton include the bones of the hands, feet, upper extremity, lower extremity, shoulder girdle, and pelvic bones.

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The axial skeleton includes the bones that form the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The bones of the appendicular skeleton (the limbs and girdles) “append” to the axial skeleton. Axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones.

FUNCTIONS

The axial skeleton provides support and cushioning for your brain, spinal cord and organs in your body. Muscles in your body that move your head, neck and trunk attach to your axial skeleton. These muscles help you breathe and steady parts of your appendicular skeleton.

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The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a large triangular-shaped bone that lies in the upper back. The bone is surrounded and supported by a complex system of muscles that work together to help you move your arm.

The scapula is an important bone in the function of the shoulder joint. It engages in 6 types of motion, which allow for full-functional upper extremity movement including protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, and downward rotation.

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The breastbone, also called the sternum, is a long, flat bone in the center of the chest. It is connected to the ribs with cartilage. Together with the ribs, it helps to protect important organs in the chest, such as the heart and lungs, from damage.

Your sternum is a flat bone that’s located in the middle of your torso. If you place your fingers at the center of your chest, you can feel it. The sternum has three parts:

Manubrium. This is the top part of your sternum. Your collarbone and your first set of ribs connect here. The bottom of the manubrium shares a border with the body of the sternum. Your second set of ribs connects at this point.

Body. The body is the middle part of the sternum and is also the longest. Your third through seventh set of ribs are connected to the body of the sternum via cartilage.

Xiphoid process. This is the lower part of the sternum. Its shape can vary. The xiphoid process is composed mostly of cartilage, and it slowly begins to calcify as you age.

FUNCTIONS:

Protection. Your sternum, along with your ribs, works to protect the organs of your torso, such as your heart, lungs, and chest blood vessels.

Support. Your sternum also provides a connection point for other parts of your skeletal system, including your collarbone and most of your ribs. Some muscles of your chest and upper abdomen also connect to the sternum.

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Your spine, or backbone, is your body's central support structure. It connects different parts of your musculoskeletal system. Your spine helps you sit, stand, walk, twist and bend. Back injuries, spinal cord conditions and other problems can damage the spine and cause back pain.

PARTS

A healthy spine has three natural curves that make an S-shape. These curves absorb shocks to your body and protect your spine from injury. Many different parts make up your spine:

Vertebrae: The spine has 33 stacked vertebrae (small bones) that form the spinal canal. The spinal canal is a tunnel that houses the spinal cord and nerves, protecting them from injury.

Facet joints: These spinal joints have cartilage (a slippery connective tissue) that allows vertebrae to slide against each other. Facet joints let you twist and turn, and they provide flexibility and stability.

Intervertebral disks: These flat, round cushions sit between the vertebrae and act as the spine’s shock absorbers.

Spinal cord and nerves: The spinal cord is a column of nerves that travels through the spinal canal. The cord extends from the skull to the lower back.

Soft tissues: Ligaments connect the vertebrae to hold the spine in position. Muscles support the back and help you move. Tendons connect muscles to bone and aid movement.

FUNCTIONS

Protect your spinal cord and surrounding structures

This is probably the most important the spinal vertebrae play in the body.  They act as armor to protect the structure of the body which controls everything that we do.

The spinal cord relays the messages from the brain to the body and then back to the brain allowing us to do well…everything!

When these vertebrae get out of alignment, they can put pressure on the spinal nerves as well.  This may cause dysfunction and lead to pain as well as a host of other symptoms.

It is important to keep the spine in proper alignment.  That is the main job of a chiropractor!

Provide the foundation for your posture

Without your spinal bones, you would not be able to stand upright.  The vertebrae allow your body to be in balance and maintain an upright posture.

Enable you to move and bend

The spine allows you to bend, twist, turn and do all the motions that our amazing body is capable of.  Without it, we would be stiff as a board (even though you may probably feel like that anyway.

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The ribs are the bony framework of the thoracic cavity.

The ribs form the main structure of the thoracic cage protecting the thoracic organs; however, their main function is to aid respiration.

There are twelve pairs of ribs.

Each rib articulates posteriorly with two thoracic vertebrae by the costovertebral joint. An exception to this rule is that the first rib articulates with the first thoracic vertebra only

FUNCTIONS

Protect the contents of the thoracic cavity and mediastinum.

Move superiorly, inferiorly, anteriorly and posteriorly to facilitate breathing (their flexibility in their movement increases/decreases the size of the thoracic cavity; assisting the lungs in respiration. Control of these movements is via the diaphragm, external intercostals, and the intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals).

Provide a place where some muscles originate or attach.

Play a role in erythropoiesis during development (at birth, the erythropoiesis sites change, it recedes in long bones and persists in flat bones, like ribs).

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The clavicle, popularly known as the collarbone, is a part of your shoulder. It is a prominent bone that connects the arm with the rest of the skeleton.

Its functions include allowing free movement of the shoulder away from the body. Along with the rib cage, the clavicle helps protect the heart from external trauma.

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The hip bone (os coxae) is an irregularly shaped, bilateral bone of the bony pelvis which is also known as the innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone. In reality, it is a compound structure which consists of three smaller bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. The ilium is the largest and most superior part of the bone, the ischium is located posteroinferiorly, and the pubis or pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone.

Function

The hip acts as a multi-axial, ball-and-socket joint upon which the upper body is balanced during stance and gait. The balance and stability provided by the hip joint allow motion while supporting forces encountered during daily activities. The congruity of the femoral head with the acetabulum allows the rotational motion required to perform these tasks without any detectable translational motion which would destabilize the joint and increase the risk of dislocation. The inherent stability provided by the osseous anatomy of the joint coupled with the stabilizing forces of the fibrous capsule and neuromuscular anatomy defines the absolute limits of motion of the hip joint before the occurrence of bony impingement.

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The patella, also known as kneecap, is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body and is located anterior to knee joint within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, providing an attachment point for both the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament. The patella primarily functions to improve the effective extension capacity of the quadriceps muscle by increasing the moment arm of the patellar ligament. Additionally, the patella protects the quadriceps tendon from frictional forces by minimizing tendon contact with the femur and acts as a bony shield for deeper structures in the knee joint.

The patella is located deep to the fascia lata and fibers of the rectus femoris tendon anterior to the knee joint. The superior third of patella acts as the attachment point for the tendinous fibers of the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius of the quadriceps, while the vastus medialis and lateralis attach on the medial and lateral borders of the patella respectively. The individual tendons of the muscles that make up the quadriceps femoris coalesce at their attachment points and continue superficially over the anterior surface of the patella to form the deep fascia, which adheres to the bone. The patellar ligament envelopes the inferior third of the patella and attaches the bone to the tibial tuberosity.

The patella primarily functions to improve quadriceps efficiency by acting as a fulcrum to increase the moment arm of the extensor mechanism of the knee. In physics, a moment refers to the tendency of a force to cause rotation of an object around a specific point or axis; it is equal to the product of a force and its moment arm, the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that force to the axis of rotation. The force required for knee extension (torque) is directly dependent on the moment arm of the knee joint, the perpendicular distance between the patellar ligament and the axis of rotation at the knee.

During extension from a fully flexed position, the patella initially serves primarily as a link between the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament, allowing the quadriceps to generate torque on the tibia. However, twice as much torque is needed for the final 15 degrees of extension compared to that which is required to get to that point from full flexion, and the patella helps achieve this by increasing the moment arm during extension. By displacing the quadriceps tendon-patellar ligament linkage away from the axis of knee rotation, the effective moment arm is increased, which contributes an additional 60% of torque that is needed for the last 15 degrees of knee extension.

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10040-spine-structure-and-function#:~:text=Your%20spine%2C%20or%20backbone%2C%20is,spine%20and%20cause%20back%20pain

https://expresschiropracticfrisco.com/3-main-functions-spine/

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531475/#:~:text=The%20scapula%20is%20an%20important,upward%20rotation%2C%20and%20downward%20rotation