# data[].attributes.body
1981

Definition: Ronald Reagan republican runs against Jimmy carter he wins in a LANDSLIDE

Causes:
- Stagflatoin = the economy is the in the tank and inflation is runnign wild
- government is over taxing the people
- Jimmy carter had just been president as democrat and he was not a very good president and now the US wants a CHANGE in the government --> Reagan!
- Iranian hostage crisis, rising unemployment, declining government and US power

Effects:
- lead to one of first conservatives elected
- Conservative realignment in national politics
- he supported more traditional things such as no abortions, nuclear family, wanted smaller government, more agressive forieng policy, less taxes, brining jobs back
- Day he is sworn in the Iranian hostages are released
- expanded military
- helped end cold war, supported tearing down the Berlin wall
- Loss in confidence and decreas in Liberalism
--> programs like social secuirty, New deal, Great society --> ALL STOPS

Significance:
- Policies and campaing based on individual freedoms
- HUGE SHIFT from liberalism time to conservative time

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1970s

Definition: Justification of returning back to traditional values based due tomEvangelical Protestantism.

Causes:
- growing economic, political issues regarding high taxes, wanting reduced government and the issues people began having with too much government spending
- People were very unhappy with the Carter presidency and were wanting a change
- people began having issues with secular material aspects of American society
- People felt that society had gone too far and was leaving important traditional values, too many civil rights movements changing society
--> High divorce rate, birth control, gay rights = bad in their eyes

Effects:
- trying to reinstate prayer in schools
- wanting to repeal the right to abortion
- ban pornography
--> go back to traditional values!
- Way to discriminate groups by using religion
- Evangelical Christianity is on rise

Significance:
- Way to discriminate against groups by using religion

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1979-1981

Definition: Radical protests capture and seize the American Embassy taking many hostage for 444 days

Causes:
- US had been getting involved in Iran's affairs with the coup
- Shah who the US placed is not feeling good and US takes him in to help --> IRANIAN PEOPLE HATE THE SHAH
- They want him returned to Iran
- Ayatollah incites military and students to attack

Effects:
- Carter freezes Iranian assets in the US
- He tries different secret mission to get them out and it fails
- This attempt leaves many military men dead
--> Carter is not able to get the people out
- They are held hostage for 444 days
- On day of Ronald Reagan  being sworn in they are released
- Lost in trust and confidence in America
- rise in converatism
- lead to Jimmy Carter not being elected

Significance:
- America is feeling powerless and little trust in the government
- Used to be such a big world power and now cant trust government and government is not getting anything done

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1973-1974

Definition: Crisis that occured in America when Arab nations issues an oil embargo on US causing mass economic disparity, job loss and confidence loss.

Causes:
- Arab-Isreali war is occurring and US steps in and supports Isreal
- Arab members were though apart of OPEC
--> organization of Petroleum Exporting countries
--> So by support the opposing side in this war Arab nations imosed an embargo on oil --> this banned and reducuced SIGNFICANTLY the amount of oil being produced and sold to US

Effects:
--> US has almost no oil
- Oil prices SKY ROCKET
- reltations with arab nations worsens
- Oil is so high and so scarce peopel are lining up for blocks
--> Oil affects everything
- Now people are looisng jobs as companies have to offshore because its too expensive here
- MAJOR issue of carter presidency --> Reagan being elected

Significance:
--> US has almost no oil

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1976

Definition: Election of Jimmy Cartern democrat over Genral Ford Republican

Causes:
- Jimmy carter ran as a democrat moderate
--> He was an outsider
- he is elected and tries to improved civil rights, make government nicer
- Worked to try and combat growing inflation and other econic issues

Effects:
- He does not get elected
- Oil crisis --> oil embargo causing prices to SKY rocket for oil, he does little to fix this
- established carter ceneter
- Iranian hostage ciris --> different failed messages trying to get out the Americans, he freezes Iranian assests in the US
--> HUGE election of ronald reagan

Significance:
- Very good many but not fit to be president

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1972

Definition: People sent from the white house (Nixos) sneak into the Democratic National Comittie headquaters and bug it

Causes:
- Elections are coming up and Nixon wants to spy on Democratic national comittie
--> then he knows what they're planning and what they are gonna say, like a head up
- so he has peopelo bug theri committee

Effects:
- These people who bugged it are caught and arrested
- Nixon is like white house had nothinhg to do with this
- people are just continuing to trust government less and less
- These people say Nixon did not have involved
- But the tapes revleaed that he did know about it
- He is forced to resign but not put into jail since he is pardonded

Significance:
--> shows public these people are doing bad thigns and getting away with it

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1970

Definition: Shooting at anti-war protest at Kent State.

Causes:
- Anti-war sentiments are increasing as public is learnign more about what happened in the War
--> student activists began to organize protest
--> Anti-war protest is held at Kent State university

Effects:
- Open fire by national guardsmen on protestors
- Killing 4 and injurying others
- increased distrust in governemnt
- rallies are held, even more protest
- shows gap betweeen government and activists

Significance:
- shows gap betweeen government and activists

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1969

Definition: Nixons use of bombs in Camboida to destroy supplies from Vietcong and North vietnamese.

Causes:
- US is trying to elimante Vietgon and North vietnamese forces in Cambodia
- Trying to beat communism
- Vietnam war

Effects:
- tries to keep it secret from public
- but later story is leaked
- contributes to anti-war sentiments and less trust in governemtn

Significance:
- contributes to anti-war sentiments and less trust in governemtn

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1969

Definition: Coined by Nixon practice of teaching South Vietnamese amry how to fight while removing American forces.

Causes:
- Incrasing anti-war sentiments and public wanting OUT of vietnam
- war is not going in favor of US and it is clear how much longer and more resources it is going to take
- already had done so much

Effects:
- After America removes all troops South Vietnemse army looses
--> Vietnam becomes run by communists and its capitol falls to North vietnam and viet cong
- South Vietnamese try and escape and come to America
- Nixon tries to paint it as a win for America

Significance:
- Shows America as a retreating country, not world super power

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1964

Definition: Gives President, without congress approving, the right to fight Vietnam.

Causes:
- Reports come out that off the coast of Vietnam  North Vitnamese had fired down US navy ships
--> president wants a way to respond to this threat and others

Effects:
- Expansion of presidents power
- Justified more US involvement in war
- America continues to get more inovled --> full-scale inovlement in war
- Anti-war sentiments later and public feeling like the preisdent has too much power

Significance:
- President can declare war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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In office from 1963-1969

Definition: LBJ was a president who shcoked the public by not running for second term and with his "Great Society"

Causes:
- JFK is assianted so LBJ comes itno office
- He had been JFKS VP --> becomes preident
- Cold war times he must navigate

Effects:
- Waged a "War on poverty"
--> tried to implement social programs in order to help fight poverty
--> riased taxes, increased federal government size
- his plan was called the great society nwhich had many different programs like medicare and meidcare, head first
- does not run for second term because of black lash and the isseus regarding the Vietnam war, as he had been mass bombing and overusing his powers
- Gulf Tokin Resolution

Significance:
- War on poverty and resign

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1963

Definition: Lee Harvey Oswald kills JFK.

Causes:
- Oswald was a marxist and wanted change in governemnt as he did not agree with JFK
- JFK is in a motorcarde in Texas --> he gets shot by Lee Harvey Oswald

Effects:
- President becomes Lyndon B Johnson
- The Warren Commision is made
- Oswald is capture
- lead for there to need to be a clear way to pick next president
- cold war issues, hard to just switch prsidents

Significance:
- Preisdent is killed

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1962

Definition: Statement regarding nation after WWII ideals.

Causes:
- Activism is rising and many young acitivsts are getting angrier and angerie at war
--> anti war sentinments are just increasing activism
--> Port Hurons tatement is the SDS (students for a Democratic Society) their founding document

Effects:
- Founded SDS
--> studetns lead protest agaisnt war
- started are taking. activism into their own hands
- took issue with hwo america was handiling forieng affairs such as cold war, civil rights, poverty, racsim and more

Significance:
- anti-war sentiments
- wanting change withing governemt

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1960s

Definition: New younger political activists who wanted to enact change in society, to more liberalism. SDS = students for a Democratic Society.

Causes:
- Genertaion is growing up teens are seeing the chaous of the war and the lies from the government
--> wnating change
- Younger generation is also starting to get involved in civil rights movemnt
- Genertion is taking up activism
- 1968 Democratic national convention

Effects:
- questioning of authoirty
- focusing on self-fullfilment
- helping underprivleged and workign class
- female reproductive rights
- anti-war sentiment
- different acts and court cases passed agaisnt discrimination
- rebirth of feminism also is happening

Significance:
- Younger generation is pushing for changes

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1969

Definition: Uprising that occured when Stonewall inn was raided by poilce.

Causes:
- Gay people and homosextuals have to be very secretive about their beliefs but some are more out there, just facing massive discrimination
- Many homosextuals go to Stone wall in, police know this and go raid it

Effects:
- Lead to civil rights movement for homosextuals
- brings many previously silent gay people out and wanting to enact change
- riots occur in streets

Significance:
- kicks starts civil rights movment for homosextuals

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1927-1993

Definition: Organizer of United Farm workers.

Causes:
- Many differnt civil rights movements and groups taking charge
- Chavez was inspired by Dr. MLK and his nonviolence activism
--> wanted to create change regarding Latino farmers

Effects:
- Took it into his own hands regarding social justice, human rights, civil diosbidence and activism
--> helped create United Farm Workers
--> Fighitng fo rmany employed Lations who were migrant farm workers
--> trying to improve pay and conditions

Significance:
- Helped peolpe of his movment gain a voice
- Farmworks found they had power and could enact change

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1973

Definition: Supreme court case that legalized abortions.

Causes:
- "Jane Roe" sues henry wade
- She is challening making abortion illegal in Texas
- Roe said it abridged her personal privary right and was to vague
- Privacy rights violated --> 1st, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th
--> this time period if also time period of liberalism and activism uptick
- womens movement is also incrasing --> wanting and fighting for reproductive rights

Effects:
- states can not rule abortions as illegal
- MAJOR advacement for womens rights movement
- reproductive rights for women
- women gaining more control over thier bodies --> more freedoms
- liberalism is icnreasing

Significance:
- reporductive rights

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1979

Definition: Equal Rights Amendment, which pushed for equal rights for both sexes.

Causes:
- Activism is growing and so is liberlaism
--> second-wave of feminim is presetn and differnt groups are fighting for womens rights
- Women are wanting to be EQUAL to men --> regarding work force and every aspect --> ERA

Effects:
- Is not in Constitution as enough states didnt ratify it
- would have lead to women and men being held equally
- showed attempt of activists to enact change
- sex would have been considered a suspect clarifation

Significance:
- based on sex, elimate legal differences

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1966

Definition: National Organization for Women focusing on equality for women in all different aspects of societyl.

Causes:
- Betty Friedman founded this
- Women are being discriminated against and not having equal rights in work place
- Activism is upticking for different civil rights groups and marganilzies groups
--> group of women come together to form acitivst group due to discrimination continued based on sex --> wanting change

Effects:
- faught for equal pay and work
- Fought to end media images objectifying women
- wanted to secure abortion
- fought for birth control
- reproductive rights for women
- trying to promote equality and end violecne against women

Significance:
- feminist movement

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1963

Definition: Betty Freidan man wrote book "The Feminime Mystique" in order to express that many housewives were feeling not fulliflled.

Causes:
- Time when women are being pushed back into house wives --> need to care for family
- Women are not fullfilled in this role
- Women want to have equal positions in the work force and fiferent areas
--> This was how Freidan felt and she wanted to express it

Effects:
- Founded NOW (national Organization for Women)
- Helped bring attention widespread to issue of lack of fullfillment women had
--> sparked second-wave of feminsim
- many women were frustarated with their very tight and rigid gender roles.

Significance:
- many women were frustarated with their very tight and rigid gender roles.

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1962

Definition: Rachel Carson wrote book called "Silent Spring" in order to expose the harmful affects of pesticides.

Causes:
- Liberalism is icnreasign and so is activism
--> now enviornmental issues are being brough to attention just like muckrackers
- Carson was worried about use in agriculture of chemcials like pesticides and the impacts it was having on nature like birds and animals, streams and humans

Effects:
- Incrased enviornemtal activism
- Brought attention to the negative and harmful affects of pesticides
- Establishment of the Enviornmental Protection Agency
- regulation now of pesticides and DDT = banned

Significance:
- Incrased enviornemtal activism and awarness

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1960s-80s

Definition: Civil rights movement focused on discrimination against homosexuals.

Causes:
- Stonewall riots --> previously many homosextuals had watched other civil rights movments and activism form a side, keeping to themselves but after these riots it sparked a change and caused a much more agressive and hands on appraoch to the gay rights movement

Effects:
- brought awarness and destigmatized many things in regard to homosextuals
- helped work to imporve discrimination and more equal rights such as marriee for gays

Significance:
- brought new voice and attention to homosextuals

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1969

Definition: Riots that occured after polcie raided a known hotel for homosextuals.

Causes:
- Homosextuals watches as other civil rights movments up tick and cultural took a turn towards being more activist focused
- Homosextuals many still keep to themselves but some are more open --> here they were meeting at the Stonewall inn when police came and raided it
- This discrimination lead to riots

Effects:
- riots are now Gay Pride Parade
- Helped kick start gay rights movement in the US
- LGTB attidute took a more agressive and impactful turn regarding the movement

Significance:
- Gay rights civil movement begans to start

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1960s-70s

Definition: Women fighting for rights and protesting in regard to work force, their own bodies and different parts of society that they thought lacked equality. Wanting men not to be below but equal.

Causes:
- Activism is increasing in younger activists
- More anti-war protests and civil rights protests
--> uptick in "liberalism"
- Women are continued to not be treated as equal
--> Betty Friedan rights book "The Feminine Mystique" = critizes womens role after war as being only to maintain the family
--> women wanting change

Effects:
- Impacted almost every element of society
- Women gained more of a voice, espeically regarding contraecpetives
- Womens roles changed and become increasinly independent
- many opposed this, even other women as they were scared of being drafted and other things
- Women are fighting for things like abortion

Significance:
- Women fighting for even more rights but this time in different areas such as work force and medically like regarding aboirtion

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1968

Definition: American Indian Movement which focused on trying to imporve and help uplift natives.

Causes:
- Different civil rights movments incrasing and groups standing up for their rights
--> increased activism --> natives wanting to also fight against discrimination
- Natives had been opressed and discrimated against for very long time period and wanting change

Effects:
- Tried to help with high unemployment within native communitties
- tried to increase treaty rights
- tried to help tribes win legal battles regarding reclaiming their land
- educated Native Americans on thier culture

Significance:
- Different groups and movments of people standing up against discrimination

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

# data[].attributes.body
1960s-70s

Definition: Civil rights movement lead by Hispanics in order to fight for equality and against discrimination regarding Hispanics.

Causes:
- Civil rights movment for African American is gaining a lot of traction
- Many groups are participating in fighting for civil rights, liberalism is growing
--> Hispanics have been discriminated against and want to fight now for their rights

Effects:
- Creation of bilingual and cultural programs
- better work conditions
- Teachers who are Chicano are being hired
- more equality and less discrimination
- shows impact of a movement
- different reforms for Chicano community are put into place

Significance:
- more equality and less discrimination for Hispanics

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1965

Definition: Supreme courts say that states can not ban contraceptives.

Causes:
- Warren court --> lead a court where passed a bunch of "activism" cases
- Connecticuit law in place which is meant to punish those who use contraceptives
--> Director of Planned Parenthood, Estelle Griswold is arrested for selling contraceptives
--> She claims this violates her constitutional rights and appealed to court

Effects:
- Court upholds conviction
- Case guarentees contraceptives can be sold and bought and used
- expansion of peoples rights
- women are gaining more rights and use of their bodies
- married people can use contraceptives

Significance:
- married people can use contraceptives

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1966

Definition: Established police having to tell the people they are arresting their constitutional rights.

Causes:
- Warren court --> lead a court where passed a bunch of "activism" cases
- Ernesto Miranda was arrested for rape and kidnapping
- When he was in interrogation the police did not tell him he had the right to remain silent or right to attorney
--> he admittied to crimes and this lead to him being imrisoned

Effects:
- Supreme court rules that by them using this confression as advice and not telling him his rights violted his consitrutional rights
--> now with prionsers the police have to tell them their 5th and 6th amdendment rights
- expansion of help and rights for different groups in society

Significance:
- expansion of help and rights for different groups in society

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1963

Definition: Case that said if you can not afford a lawyer the state is required to provide one.

Causes:
- Warren court --> lead a court where passed a bunch of "activism" cases
- Gideon is charged of crime but he cant afford a lawyer --> he is put into jail but filed a habeas corpus petition as he had no defense attorney
-->Supreme court reviews his case

Effects:
- Supreme court has a unanimous decision that conviction jail was unconstitutional
- Court rules if someone can not pay for an attorney it will be provided
- More involvement of federal government
- Liberalism
- Helping people

Significance:
- Right to attorney

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1968

Definition: Protects all races, sexes, people from different national origins, all skin tones from unfair treatment and discrimination when buying, selling, or financing a house.

Causes:
- Previsouly with the suburban housing towns, they would not (most of them) African Americans to live there and if they did they would be highly discrimanted against
- Liberalism --> US is going through time and changing many thigns
- Civil Rights movement is pushing for equal housing and to remove discrimination regarding housing
- Doctor King is assinated and riots are occurring --> even more pressure onto government

Effects:
- Prohibited discrimination regarding housing
- Success of liberalism
- Housing became more open and different people are moving into different places
- improved nations housing stock
- helped many people buy homes
- step in the right direction for civil rights movement

Significance:
- discrimination regarding housing

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1965

Definition: Removed the quotas and quilfications based on country of origin, allowing more immigrants to enter US.

Causes:
- National origins Act --> quoats are used to limit and only allow portions of people from diferent countries into US
- US is trying to become more open as civil rights movements and country attitude in younger generations and activists is changing
- US pushes forward in attempt to fix the National origins Act and what it did
- Liberlaism direction

Effects:
- Allows for immigration without discrimination
- Liberlism
- Removes exclusion that had been with Asian immigration
- REMOVED national origins quota

Significance:
- Liberalism
- US opening doors more

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1965

Definition: Prohibited usage of literacy tests and other measures that prevented African Americans from voting

Causes:
- Although African Americans had the legal right to vote, continued discrimination through thigns such as literacy test and other measures made voting near imporssibe
- Many civil rights groups made voting registration their main goal through things such as Freedom Summer and other campaigns

Effects:
- outlawed literacy and other discrimination forms to prevent black from voting
- many new black voters registered
- backlash from whites
- allowed African Americans to have more of a voice

Significance:
- voting rights
- Liberalism

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

# data[].attributes.body
1964

Definition: Prohibited any form of discrimination based on national origin, sex, race, religion and color regarding hiring, voting, in public locations.

Causes:
- Continued discrimination against African Americans, even though they were not supposed to be treated differently
- Civil rights movement continues to push for change
- Freedom Summer and other things pushing voter registration
- Birmingam police release dogs and water hoses on non violent degeneration protest --> Kennedyy putting this into place

Effects:
- Helped and attempted to remove discrimination
- Helped to ensure voting rights and desegration of schools
- MAJOR step in movement
- Work place was now more equal
- Resturants, transportation and other public things became more equal also

Significance:
- Helped remove discrimination
- Liberalism

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1966

Definition: Civil Rights group that was seen as more radical due to their militastic image, but they were very helpful to their communities.

Causes:
- Bobby Seale and Huey Newton founded
- Ideas of Black nationalism and self-sufficiency = rising
- African Americans wanted to take a stronger hold on the civil rights movement
- Continued police brutality

Effects:
- Helped imporve communities through welfare programs, creating of schools to help educate African Americans
- community uplift
- nonviolencde --> armed self defense
- challenged police brutality
- although it was self defense they were painted as very agressive and racial party

Significance:
- Self defense, black nationalism and self suffiency

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

# data[].attributes.body
1965 (killed)

Definition: He was a Civil rights leader who promoted black nationalism and self-sufficiency.

Causes:
- became interested in Nation of Islam, and was an important figure --> principal spokesperson
- Wanted to fight for the rights for African Americans
- Challenged MLK
- Spoke at many universities over civil rights matters
--> him and his movement grow in popularity

Effects:
- Helped change and impose new forms of civil rights protests
- Increased black nationalism and self sufficiency in civil rights movement
- groups like black panthers and black power began forming off of these ideals
- was assinated after breaking with NOL

Significance:
- more radical approach
- black nationalism

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1966

Definition: Civil rights group that advocated for African Americans to have pride in their culture and create their own separate society.

Causes:
- African Amerians are being discriminated against and civil rights movements tried to take nonviolent and protest approach, wanting more changing to be done
- Malcom X is assinated
- Black nationalism increasing
- Riots

Effects:
- Organized help for African American communities
- communities that would be independent, not needing help from whites
- Voting rights act is passed
- tried to help with universities and voting for African Americans

Significance:
- Black confidence and building seperate society

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

# data[].attributes.body
1964

Definition: Missipi freedom democratic party, party that began organizing itself separate to the democratic party in Missipisi.

Causes:
- alot of south is still part of democratic party and still voted Democratic
- these white southern democrats are DEEPLY racist and support many things like literacy tests and are opposed to efforts to imporve registering African voters
- prevented black people from being active in the party --> therfore these people wanted to create their own party

Effects:
- a more inclusive democratic party
-party challenged in 1964 sent its delegates to the democratic convention to challenge the Missipi party delegation
- contributes to and shows differences within the southern democratic party

Significance:
- a more inclusive democatic party

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1965

Definition: People gather in Selma Alabama to march to capitol of Alabama to protest restrictions on voting rights for African Americans. They start march and are on bridge and then are violently attacked by state troopers.

Causes:
- Restrictions on voting rights, Alabma is preventing African American from using their constitutional right to vote
- people are wanting change
- MLK organizes this as a way to nonviolently protest the right to vote

Effects:
- met with MASSIVE violence and attacked
- MLK the next day led more protestors to march and they had to turn around
- Couple weeks later around 25 thousand people marched to Montgomery Alabama
- later US Congress finally passed 1965 voting rights act

Significance:
- 1965 voting rights act

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

# data[].attributes.body
1963

Definition: Famouns march where MLK delierved his "I have a dream speach".

Causes:
- trying to pressure on congress and the government to pass acts for civil rights and voting rights
- continued oppression and segregation in the south
- protests are being attacked and killed in the South
- SCLC and MLK organized this march
- NAACP also helped organize this march

Effects:
- March for jobs and equality
- SOOO MANY people attended this
- MLK gives his famous speach
- march demanded civil rights act, voting rights act
- increased civil rights movement

Significance:
- famous march on Washington regarding separation

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1961

Definition: Groups of white and african American civil right activists who would take bus trips through the south to protest bus segregation.

Causes:
- In the south public transit was segregated
- bus terminals are segregated
- People, especially younger activists, are wanting change
- Supreme court had ruled that segregation of interstate transport was illegal, but in south they were not abiding by this
- Wanting to uphold the interstate commerce in southern states

Effects:
- Would go and use "white only bathrooms" and other things
- very violent and many died on these trips
- groups and police officers are very violent
- all of violence was shown across country and world
- during cold war US does not want USSR are seeing these photos
- so have to try and maintain better image

Significance:
- civil rights movement
- nonviolent form of protest

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

# data[].attributes.body
1960

Definition: Student nonviolent coordinating committe, mainly African American students who lead peaceful protests.

Causes:
- Insipred and motivated by MLK
- Segregation, on going racism in US
- Diane Nash cofounded
- younger generation wants a voice

Effects:
- Protesting voting rights for African Americans, segregation in south
- organized freedom rides
- organized sit ins
-freedom summer --> going and trying to help register black voters

Significance:
- Student run civil rights movement

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1960's

Definition: Lyndon b Johnson plan to elimate poverty.

Causes:
- Johnson is inspired by FDR and his new deal
--> trying to help fight the massive poverty
- he thinks government should play role in reducing poverty

Effects:
- Johnson implements the Great Society
- He puts many different social plans in place
- increasing government involvement
- He is particularly interested in housing, health care, and education
- number of those living in poverty = reduced by 40 percent
- Much opposition and political disagreemnts, some peopel think governemnt is being too involved and others think it is not okay for this government involvement and they should not be this dependent on goverment

Significance:
- Social programs to fight poverty
- starting to see ideological division between political groups

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1960s

Definition: Lyndon Johnsons' plan to help fight poverty.

Causes:
- Lyndon Johnson is elected and there is mass poverty and other issues
--> He is inspired by FDR and his social programs and hes trying to build on this

Effects:
- Series of programs he starts like:
--> Medicare/Medicaid = providing medical coverage for elderly people and for people who can not afford health insurance
- headstart = preschool for families
- housing and development act = building many new housing units
- all of these programs are part of his great society

Significance:
- attempt to tackle poverty

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1975

Definition: Fall of Saigon to communists.

Causes:
- Vietnamizaiton by Nixon --> vietnamese soldiers are being trained to fight
- US leaves Vietnam as anti-war sentiments and other issues with war are increasing
--> leaves South Vietnam to fight for themesleves

Effects:
- Vietcong and North Vietnam attacked and defeat the south vietnamese
- Defeat for US and for South Vietnam
- Communism takes over
- all American personal leave vietnam

Significance:
- Communism takes over

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1973

Definition: Act that Congress passed requiring the executive branch to report to Congress before US forces were to get involved in foreign wars.

Causes:
- Vietnam started and congress had never really decided to go to war
- Vietnam started as a small issue that congress never fully passed legislation authorizing the war
- Vietnam kept growing and when Nixon occured he started requiring bombinb of not just vietnam but also cambodia and stuff

Effects:
- Congress is trying to ensure another incident like Vietnam will not happen again
- Congress truing to limit presidents power
- Congress trying to appeal to people and anti-war sentiments
- not very effective though

Significance:
- Congress truing to limit presidents power

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1973

Definition: American soliders leave Vietnam.

Causes:
- Many Americans are dying in Vietnam --> many resources are being used
- increasing anti-war sentiments from pentagon papers and more
- PEOPLE WANT OUT
- Vietnamization = having to train Vietnamese soldiers to fight

Effects:
- North Vietnamese capture Vietnam's capitol
- America tries to paint this as a victory but in reality it was a massive defeat
- Many vietnamese come to US who fled communism
- Vietnam becomes communist country

Significance:
- Leaving Vietnam

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1971

Definition: Documents leaked by former department of defense employ that revealed that the situation in Vietnam was not going well for the US and that the government had lied to the American public and congress about Vietnam.

Causes:
- dissatisfaction and opposition to war --> government has to deceive the public to get involved
- someone leaks the documents as a whistle blower

Effects:
- EXTREME opposition to the war, wanting to get out IMMIDENTALY
- young activists increase
- felt the way US was handling war was VERY wrong
- lead to period of "Vietnamzation" of the war, slowly we are gonna train Vietnamese army and pull out of war

Significance:
- Anti-war sentiments

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1968

Definition: Nixon runs on a platform of law and order and he speaks for a silent majority.

Causes:
- Democat = huber humphrey
--> Lyndon Johnson steps down because the vietnam war was SOOO unpopular
- Anti-war movement is very agaisnt Lyndon Johnson
- 1968 is very hard year as MLK was assisnated and robet kennedy
- rioting in the streets
- counterculture going on

Effects:
- He appeals to southern white people
- appeals to people who had historically voted for republican party
- Nixon wins the election

Significance:
- he wins
- beneging as converatives as a cultural

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1968

Definition: Offensive launch of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese against places and troops in South Vietnam.

Causes:
- US and South Vietnamese troops are attacked by coordinated efforts from North Vietnamese army and Viet Cong (Souther communsit rebels)
- North Vietnamese army and Viet Cong continue to launch major offensive actions across Southern Vietnam

Effects:
- US and Southern Vietnamese troops put end to this --> suffering of major losses by North Vietnamese
- This shows the HUGE impact and battle of the war
- Showed that victory was not coming soon and this was going to be a much longer fight
--> Increase in Anti-war sentiments as peoples opinions changed as the war seemed to lengthen

Significance:
- anti-war sentiments

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1968

Definition: When American soliders whent into to areas where "Viet Cong" sympathesizers were and tried to remove these but ended up killing more than 300 Vitnamese people.

Causes:
- Company C is Vietnman and under a lot of strain
- Charlie company has lost lots of men in missions, booby traps and more
- Charlie Company is investigating villages with recent Viet Cong activity
- Company was supposed to go through and destroy supplies for Viet Cong, like resources or animals
- Medina tells his company that people in village are the enemy (anyone running or communist sympathesizers)
--> Company fires at places and people they think are Veit Cong sympathisers

Effects:
- Americans saw this and it fuled anti-war sentiments
- Press reported on it
- resulted inkilling of 300 Vietnamese
- Caused US to be divided over issue of war
- showed service members needed to be more well trained
- showed faults on US part regarding war

Significance:
- MASSIVE WAR CRIME
- caused anti-war sentiments

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1957

Definition: When 9 African American students attended highschool in Arkansas, escorted by the armed guard.

Causes:
- Schools are finally being forced to desegregate
- Governor of Arkansas is opposed to this and refuses to let the students enter
- Govenour calls in National Gaurd to block the students from entering

Effects:
- Preisdent Eisenhower is forced to deploy 101st airforce and send in Federal troops to help them enter the school
- Preisdent Eisenhower has to federalize the National guard so they cant prevent the students from entering
- Students are able to attend school but face EXTREME backlash and discrimination
- helped forward civil rights movement and desegation of schools

Significance:
- Young activist bravery and helping lead changes in civil rights movement
- Fight for education equality

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1960

Definition: When students at North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro organized at white-only counters sit-ins.

Causes:
- Civil Rights movment is increasing in action to fight the segregation
- Brown vs. Board of education --> success leading to Plessy vs Fuergson overturned
- Montgomery Bus boycotts --> resulting in desegration of busses
--> continued nonviolent forms of protest
- African Americans are allowed to order food but not sit at country --> wanting change

Effects:
- African American students taking action into their own hands
- Nonviolent forms of protest
- Spread more wide, students sitting at sit ins
- sense of pride and courage increasing in African Americaans through these movements
- Protests are arrested
- HUGE display of bravery
- forced places to change their segregation policies

Significance:
- Young Activists taking charge
- Nonviolent forms of resistance against segregation

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1957

Definition: Southern Christian Leadership Conference, civil rights organization focused on ending segregation through nonviolent and religious inspired actions.

Causes:
- Founded by MlK
- Montgomery Bus Boycotts --> nonviolent protest against segregation of busses leading to suecces in supreme court ruling to completly desegrate Montgomery's busses
- Religious leaders wanted to come together and fight for civil rights
--> all this inspired creating of SCLC

Effects:
- tried to desegreate public places and schools
- Sit-ins protesting desegration
- planned different action such as protests, marches and boycotts
- helped plan March of Washington, Selma Voting Rights Campaing, and March to Montgomery
- Some said it was not radical enough, too moderate
- Helped with passage of federal Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act

Significance:
- Religious civil rights group
-nonviolence
- fighting racial segregation

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1929-1968

Definition: Civil Rights activist most known for his "I have a dream" speach and his nonviolent approach to equality for African Americans.

Causes:
- Continued discrimination against African Americans --> civil rights movements increasing
- "Jim Crow Era"
- MLK Jr was raised in a middle class very religious family --> Christianity being a strong part of his belifies and strategies
- Was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi strategies of nonviolence
- influenced by black church and secular leaders

Effects:
- Civil rights organizations  --> organize March on Washington
- At this march many African Americans and whites take to Washington to protest and demand equality (getting rid of segregation, unequal wages, education equality, voting rights and other civil rights.)
- Here MLK Jr gives his "I have a Dream Speach". --> he starts to rise to prominence
- Increased prominence also as Southern Christian Leadership Conference leader founder
- Selma --> he calls for march across Alabama to Selma the capitol to protest end of violence and voting rights (trying to influence governor)
- implemented nonviolence protest strategies --> many usedn these
- helped forward the Civil Rights movement
- helped end segregation
- helped with passage of Civil Rights Act 1964
- Helped with passage of Voting Rights act 1965
- was assinated

Significance:
- " I have a dream speach"
- nonviolent ways of reform
- very prominent Civil rights activist

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1955

Definition: A major boycott against busses that lead to desegregation of busses.

Causes:
- Busses required African Americans to sit in back of busses
- Would require them to pay in front then get out of bus and walk to back, sometimes they would drive away and leave the African Americans who had payed on the street
- Rosa Parks takes her seat on bus and then refuses to get up and give it to a white man --> she was arrested
--> SPARKED HUGE BUS BOYCOTTS

Effects:
- Civil rights movement is gaining momentum and using new strategies such as sits in and boycotts
- African Americans do not use BUSSES FOR A YEAR
- MLK raises to prominence soon
- Supreme Court gets involved and declares city busses can not be segregated

Significance:
- Civil rights movement
- Desegregation

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1955

Definition: Emmitt Till was a 14 year old African American murdered because he was accused of flirting with a white woman.

Causes:
- Heighted racism
- Emmitt was visiting relatives in Missipi
- He allegedly "flirited" with a white women
- Her husband found out and him and his brother --> kidnapp and burden him

Effects:
- open casket funeral --> show the racism and what had happened to Emmitt
- verdict in case was "not guilty" --> showed the baised and racism in the court system
- later the white lady said that Emmitt never did anything to her

Significance:
- brought attention to b brutality to Jim Crow segregation
- Increased civil rights movement

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1954

Definition: MAJOR supreme court case that overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson, separate does not mean equal.

Causes:
- Plessy vs. Feurgson rules separate but equal, segregation is okay basically
- Oliver Brown sues schools sue district of Topeka because his daughter, black,  was denied entrance to the schools "all white school"
- Continued discrimination in education for African Americans --> wanting change

Effects:
-  Supreme Court rules "Seperate but equal" = construtional
- Across America school districts must desegregate
- Victory for civil rights movement
- desegragtion of other places like housing, public places and other things
- education now improving for African Americans --> more opportunities

Significance:
- Desegration
- Increased improvements for civil rights movement

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1948

Definition: Executive order from President Truman which lead to desegragtion of the US military.

Causes:
- Civil rights committee is established and pushing for desegragation
- Truman is scared the USSR is going to use racial inequality against US
- Need for increased troops for Korea war

Effects:
- Military is no longer segregated
- Shows changing tide
- Hope for African Americans

Significance:
- desegregation
- helped civil rights movement

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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National Interstates Highway Defense Act

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National Interstates Highway Defense Act

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1956

Definition: Act to build and increase highways put forward by Eisenhower.

Causes:
- People are now buying and producing more cars since during war this wasn't really a thing (people want to spend their money!)
- Cold war concerns --> Eisenhower wants to build "defense highways" to provide an escape during war time
--> also making it easier for mobilization

Effects:
- Lead to increased suburb settlement as people can now go out further and commute
- Travel moves faster
- Motels and fast food start popping up for roadtrips and since people can go more places further distance
--> Promoting tourism (another example being malls)
- Many of these highways were made to go through African American and lower class neighborhoods, it costed less to buy this land and was not as important (level of discrimination)

Significance:
- Cold war concerns --> mobilization preparation
- Continued discrimination
- Consumerism
- Increase in movement

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1946-1964

Definition: Major increase in population following WWII

Causes:
- After War people are like now we can have babies!
- Wanting to get women back into house role, you now need to take care of all these babies!
- not much contraceptives and things like Birth Control to prevent having children

Effects:
- women are being pushed back into domestic roles
- Women are getting married earlier
- improved health care and families doing better economically
- American Consumerism is doing really good
- Push of the nuclear family

Significance:
- Nuclear family
- Women's role in society
- New cult of domestically

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1947

Definition: Suburban subdivisions in NY.

Causes:
- GI Bill and US economy is doing better after the War--> increase in middle class
- Suburbs are expanding along with middle class as people want to move out and away from cities
- house shortages after the war

Effects:
- Increase in families moving to suburbs
- Housing discrimination
- African Americans are not allowed to live here
- Increasing housing and used as a model for other places

Significance:
- Blocking of races and ethnicities in subdivisions
- Suburban housing expansion

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1944

Definition: Gave Veterans loans and helped with education, a way to try and help them in life.

Causes:
- After WWII US economy is doing well
- US knows a lot of service men are coming home
- US knows they are coming back and need to be brought back into the society
- US governemnt is trying to provide aid and help while also bringing up society

Effects:
- Leads to BOOOOM in middle-class suburban America
- Educated a lot of individuals who previously would not have able to be educated
- Still around to this day
- Helps many Veterans work their way up
- stimulates post-war growth and economy of US --> people can buy houses, cars, and more things
- baby boom comes at same time

Significance:
- Helps many Veterans work their way up

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1950s

Definition: Attack on US citizens and their liberties, because of concern of infiltration of the US government by communism.

Causes:
- Communism fear and paranoia are at all time high during Cold War
- Joseph McCarthy is a senator from Wisconsin
- He leads another series of hearings in senate
- He said that at all levels of US government = US spies
- He thinks that all of the US positions are infiltrated with spies

Effects:
- He stands up and says he has a list of 205 communists working in state department
- he fans flames of fear and paranoia
- People are increasingly fearing  communsim
- McCarthy is violating civil liberties of many Americans
- People have to go before congress, with no evidence against them but are being convicted of things

Significance:
- People are being accused of inflation by communism

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1953

Definition: American couple accused of spying for USSR and are executed.

Causes:
- increased paranoia and fear of communism --> many to try and find the possible communists within the US
- Concern = in the context of the Cold war
- Rosenbergs were suspected of being communists and tied to party
--> government thought they were spies

Effects:
- first American citizens to be accused of treason in peacetime
- Governemnt taking action beacuse of cold war times
- Jewish couple, some think they were targeted more cause they were Jewish
- Only Americans executed for espionage during Cold War
- Heightened the paranoia because many thoght this was confirmation of spies present in US

Significance:
- Communist paranoia during Cold War

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1947

Definition: House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) is a committee in congress with the purpose being to investigating communist threats in the US. Hollywood Ten were Hollywood writes and directions targeted by the Committe.

Causes:
- Many Americans had attended communist meetings and things for ideological purposes
- Many did not know the horrors of communism
- Many people in Hollywood would attend these
- The growing threat of communism with Cold War --> wanting to remove every possible threat

Effects:
- HUAC investigates government employees, private citizens and more to see if they had communist ties
- HUAC targets these Hollywood actors and writers
- Many refused to answer questions about POSSIBLE affiliations with the communist party when called to the House
- Refusing to testify = leading them (10 in total) to be black listed from Hollywood

Significance:
- Increased search for POSSIBLE communists in America
- Showed a paranoia that gripped the country
- Actions that usually the US would not do (government encouraging black listing) but under certain circumstances like cold war its okay

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1979

Definition: Detente is a softening of Cold War tensions. SALT II is the strategic arms limitation talks, a way to try and reduce nuclear weapons number.

Causes:
- Both sides continue to build up arms so much -->
- People are recognizing that nuclear war is too devastating for the whole world and both sides
- push for less weapons to be made and tested

Effects:
- Nucleaur war is too devastating for everyone --> steps taken to prevent this
- SALT II talks makes people think that President Carter is too soft on the USSR
- Some people wanting President who would be harsher on USSR like Reagan
- Senante never ratifies the treaty because USSR invades Afghanistan

Significance:
- Ease on Tensions and Arms

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1961

Definition: USSR builds wall between East and West Germany to stop western migration.

Causes:
- Germany is split into 2, east germany is occupied by USSR and West is occupied by US
- Many people living in east are moving to the west because they dont want to live in east
- Looks really bad for USSR to have peopel fleeing and saying how bad the East was

Effects:
- Hardening of Cold War tensions
- now not just an ideological iron curtain, now a physical boundary separating the two
- many people die trying to cross this wall
- When the USSR falls people usually say its when the wall fell, so when the wall was broken communism basically collapsed

Significance:
- Symbolizes the divide between communist easter germany and then capitalist western Germany

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1962

Definition: USSR instalation of missles in Cuba and Kennedy demands a withdrawal of the weapons.

Causes:
- John F Kennedy = very young president
- Soviets installed missles in Cuba
- Cuba is just off coast of Florida
- Now missiles are very close to US
- Both sides have nuclear weapons
- One small thing could lead to MASSIVE nucealur war

Effects:
- Kennedy says Moscow has to withdraw these weapons
- HUGE fear this could precipitate nuclear war
- USSR says they will remove the missiles from Cuba if the US removes theirs in Turkey
- closest we had come to an actual showdown nuclear war
- White house and The Kremalin decide to have a hot line to deal with future crisis
- US and USSR agree to a Limited Test Ban Treaty
--> everytime they test their weapons its like other side has to advance now
--> treaty is a way to try and stop the escalating of these nuclear weapons

Significance:
- MAJOR  nuclear weapon scare

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1961

Definition: Invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles living in US, while the US provided air reinforcement.

Causes:
- Revolution in Cuba --> putting communist leader named Fidel Castro in charge
- He overthrows US-supported government
- Now Cuba is less business friendly with US
- Many Cubans opposed to his government's move to US
- Cuba is very close to US and so Communism is very close

Effects:
- CIA involvement
- US thinks the Cubans would welcome this invasion and they would overthrow Castro
- MASSIVE failure
- most of people invaders are killed or captured
- VERY embarrassing for the Kennedy administration

Significance:
- Seen as a massive failure on part of CIA and Kennedy administration

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1956

Definition: Egypt takes control over the Suez Canal

Causes:
- Egyptian President wanted to nationalize the Suez Canal
- US and Great Britian don't want the canal nationalized because then it would impact their businesses
- Canal closes for 6 months
- Britain and France try to occupy the canal by sending in forces to prevent nationalization

Effects:
- Egypt takes control from Great Britian
- Britian is becoming less and less powerful
- USSR supports nationalization --> they support Egypt
- Potential for USSR and US to go to war (US supports france and england)
--> emerged as a front in the war

Significance:
- Defining moment showing Britain power in world is diminishing
- Almost a hot war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1953

Definition: CIA financed coup to overthrow Iranian president

Causes:
- Iranians elected President Mossadegh
- Mossadegh decided to nationalize the oil in Iran
- nationalzie= state takes over oil, profits are going to be reinvested in the country
- British and US companies that were benefiting from oil were furious

Effects:
- CIA overthrows president
- Shah is put into place instead
- Shah rules as a brutal autocrat
- Perception in Middle East is that US is backing this brutal autocrat
- Justified in US because of Cold War, "nationalizing" is something socialists would support

Significance:
- US is involving itself in other countries affairs
- Iran is now very anti-american
- Justiying these actions based on cold war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1954

Definition: CIA does covert military action and overthrows democratically elected government.

Causes:
- CIA is formed and getting involved in other countries buinsesses
- In Guatemala a democratic is conducted and a socialist president is elected
- US felt that socialists are too close to communists
- US also did not like the fact Guzmans government was hostile to some of our big buisness
- Support of united fruit company, large American businesses

Effects:
- Overthrow democratically elected president
- Overthrows Guzman
- put in place a dictator that wont go communist
- shows US expansion of power
- a lot of mistrust and distrust in US
- CIA is in use
- continuation of involvement in central and south American affairs

Significance:
- US government intervening to stop spread of communism

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1957

Definition: First satellite launched by the USSR as Part of the Space race called Sputnik.

Causes:
-Competition between USSR and US
- Going into space meant you can use satellites to spy on other countries
- concern of dominating space = concern of use of weaponry
- Cold war USSR is trying to assert dominace in space

Effects:
- USSR is first
- US is almost humiliated by this
- US starts having to play catch up game
- US starts building up our own space capacities
- Science focused schools start popping up
- other elements of space race like starting funding NASA

Significance:
- USSR and US competition

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1950-1953

Definition: Three year war between communist (supported by China and USSR) north korea and capitalistic (US and other allies support) south Korea.

Causes:
- Korea had been occupied by Japenese
- When Japan surrendered --> At end of War korea is divided at the 38th parallel (line of latitude)
- Soviets = in North Korea and supporting it
- US = supports South Korea
- When war was over with Japan --> two sides are supposed to come together and vote for government
- North Korea troops invade South Korea
- United Nations tell North Korea to leave, but they ignore them and so United Nations sends in troops to help South Korea

Effects:
- Many Americans loose their lives
- proxiy war --> not fighting soviet union but fighting country USSR is supporting
- fighting ends and new border is established very close to the orginal line
- still two divided koreas, no peace
- all lives lost almost for nothing
- North Korea = crazy now

Significance:
- proxiy war within the larger cold war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1949

Definition:  Mao Tse Dung lead the movment to defeat the Chinese nationalist government.

Causes:
- China for centuries had been made up of ruling dynasties and tons of peasants, no industrial revolution
- Communism is spreading from USSR
- Mao Tse Dungo comes along and is like communism!
- Nationalist government is not liking communism
- Both sides work together to defeat Japan, but once Japan is defeated and no common enemy --> civil war breaks out

Effects:
- Communists win
- BIGGEST country in Asia is now communist
- fear of spread of communism across asia --> Korea war and Vietnam war both cases US and allies are fighting communism

Significance:
- BIGGEST country in Asia is now communist
- spread of communsim and fear

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1947

Definition: Centeral Intelligence Agency, agency that spies and gathers intelligence on foreign countries.

Causes:
- Desire to gather intelligence on Soviet operations
- Soviets had used espionage to influtrate our building of atomic bomb --> our distrust grows
- Pearl harbor ---> desire to know whats going on in other countries and to protect us
- Need growing for all intelligence efforts especially regarding foreign countries
- growing in power and international actitivtes

Effects:
- CIA is founded
- CIA gets involved in other countries businesses
- CIA gets involved in overthrowing governments and governments too friendly to socialists, backfiring

Significance:
- shows the expansion of federal government
- ongoing cold war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1950

Definition: Secret state department report that announced USSR was hostile and building weapons so the US should act the same.

Causes:
- Soviet Union wants to keep up with US
- Cold war divisions
- Both sides want to spread their influence to other countries
- 1949 China had went communist --> fear of USSR and Chinese communists

Effects:
- US builds MASSIVE infrastructure build-up of nuclear weapons
- relationship between USSR and US gets worse
- Trying to deter soviet aggression

Significance:
- Trying to deter soviet aggression

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1949

Definition: Soviets developed Atomic bomb just like the US.

Causes:
- Soviets wanna keep up with the US as we had an atomic bomb
- Soviets used espionage to successfully develop their own bomb
- Yalta conference --> trueman tells stalin they are gonna drop the bomb on japan but stalin isn't phased because he had already known as they had spies on the nuclear bomb creation
- spies in manhattan project

Effects:
- now threat of nuclear eniliation --> US can drop bomb but so can Soveits
- Therefore if Cold war becomes hot war this is going to be very serious
- created the "ColdN War" partly because of existence of incredibly destructive weapons

Significance:
- Spies on US
- Nuclear threat

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1949

Definition: North Atlantic Treaty Organizaroin, this said an attack on a member of NATO = an attack on all of the nations.

Causes:
- Soviet hostitlies
- Soviet occupation of Eastern European countries (Wont stay in their own space)
- Soviets announced that they had exploded an atomic bomb --> upping the steaks

Effects:
- directed against the Soviets
- hardening of cold war divisions --> us vs them
- soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact

Significance:
- hardening of cold war divisions --> us vs them

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1948

Definition: Since allies can not get into Berlin they used aircraft to crop supplies into the Western part of Berlin.

Causes:
- After the second world war when the allies occupied Berlin they divided it into quarters
- soviets have a quarter, British have a quarter, and so do french and America
- three western segments combine --> west berlin
- Berlin is in Eastern Germany
- Stalin surrounded Berlin so supplies could not go into berlin

Effects:
- This went on for 15 years
- Succesfful --> stalin lifted the blockade
- Germany was split into two countries

Significance:
- illustrates that Stalin intends to occupy companies he liberated

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1946

Definition: Big economic assistance plan to help European countries.

Causes:
- Europe is devastated by second world war, lot of hunger, poverty and issues
--> these issues can lead to better appeal of communism
--> this idea of financial assistance = rebuild europe and get economy started and help so they wont be attracted to communism

Effects:
- $12 billion dollars to help Europe
- there has to be no protectionism
- no tarrifis
- certain other conditions given with the money, establishing liberal trade
- soviets declined
- really angered the soviets as they viewed this as the US getting closer to western Europe

Significance:
- Leading to cold war
- US trying to stop expansion of communism

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1947

Definition: Truman said the US will support countries threatened by aggression from communists.

Causes:
- Both Greece and turkey are faced with communist uprisings inside ---> need help
- Britian is broke and cant help
-  need to prop up these govenments so they don't fall to communism
--> trumeman comes up with this to help stop communists

Effects:
- Trueman sends $400 million to Greece and Turckey to help these countries fight communist take over
- marks US entry into the cold war
- Britian is handing over torch to US
--> US is now more powerful country

Significance:
- Cold war
- US is in power

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1946

Definition: Speach in which Churchill refers to the symbolic division between western (Capitalistic) and eastern Europe (communists).

Causes:
- Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe
- Soviets setting up communist governments in these eastern European countries
- Soviets liberated eastern Europe from nazis (that's why they are present)

Effects:
- Creation of soviet block (big all eastern Europe is communist and freindly to USSR)
- diviosn of Europe
- beginning of cold war in Europe (Two sides)

Significance:
- Communism expansion and division

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBb_TVqMy7c

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APUSH Review: Period 7 In 10 Minutes! (1890 - 1945)

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1945

Definition: Truman, Churchill, and Stalin dicussion of how to implement the Yalta agreements.

Causes:
- It becomes apparent war is coming to end and Germany is going to be defeated
--> now needing to know what to do with postwar for the allies the Yalta Conferene is held where the matters are discussed

Effects:
- Very different view points, communism with the soviets does not align with US values
- Germany being defeated meant there was no longer a common enemy or goal
- Allies are not being brought together
- How to handle the Nazi leaders war crimes
- How do they handle Japan, Germany?
- Poland was to become Soviet Satalite
- Would later lead to Cold War between Soviets and US

Significance:
- Allies coming together to determine how to handle post-war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1933-1945

Definition: Mass genocide of Jews

Causes:
- Antisemitism
- Germany is in bad place due to treaty of Versillaes, very harsh towards them --> they are in deseperate need of leader and Hitler seems appealing
- Hitler implements a totalitarian regimine and starts spreading Natzi regime
- natizism grows in support
- hitler tries to take over other areas of world and spread these belieifes

Effects:
- Many many Jews and others killed
- Concentration camps
- World War 2
- USSR and Britian and US all work to defeat this regime
- Eventually Germany is stopped

Significance:
- Mass genoicde

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1945

Definition: Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Causes:
- Pearl harbor bombing = US Declares War on Japan
--> US and Japan are fighting
- American lives being lost fighting
--> America wants to end this and save as many lives as possible fast
- Thought an invasion of japan would require too many people
- Japan wont surrender
--> new strategy = atomic bomb

Effects:
- Hiroshima = 80,000 killed
- Nagasaki = 60,000 killed
--> Japan ends up surrending
- many continue to face issues from bomb due to radiation
- ended world war

Significance:
--> Japan ends up surrending

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1945

Definition: Conference with Winston Churchill, FDR, and Stalin over the aims of the war and what the postwar world would look like.

Causes:
- During war our allies are Britian and Soviet Union
- Western allies had liberated many places and it became apparent that Germany would be defated
- Needed to plan out post war
- A lot of distrust between these groups as Soviet Union was a communist country so we do not agree with them
- Soviet union says when Germany is defeated they will enter pacific war

Effects:
- layed out plans for postwar Europe but stalin does not follow these plans
- leaders drew out Europe and new world map
- "Buffer zone" was wanted by Stalin to separate USSR and Germany

Significance:
- Allied leaders meet to discuss post war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1944

Definition: Invasion of Normandy by British and American soliders.

Causes:
- Eruope is at war with Germany
- Britian and France in spesific
- France is taken over by Germany
- US ends neutrality and gets involved in the War
- US and Britian come together to help France

Effects:
- Normandy is in norther france
- liberation of western Europe from Natzi control
- Beginning of liberations from the Nazis
- thousands of Americans served in Europe now

Significance:
- Start of liberations

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1944

Definition: Supreme court cause of Korematsu who sued the US for him being put into an internment camp.

Causes:
- Pearl harbor lead to increased racism and fear of Japense-Americans
- Now Japense-Americans are seen as a threat and the solution the US comes up with is to put them into internament camps
- This was very unconstitutional as it forced them to leave all their business and things behind

Effects:
- Supreme court says civil liberties can be put on hold in times of war
- Shows racism
- illustrates issues of balancing civil liberties and war time priorities

Significance:
- Supreme court rules in favor of the US

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1942

Definition: Interned the Japenese

Causes:
- Pearl harbor --> fear of anyone of Japense decent (even if they were American citizens)
--> fear they were gonna spy on US or sympathize with the Japense cause
- racism

Effects:
- required japense along the west coast to leave thie lives (buinsesesm, homes, friends , belongings) behind to go to these camps where they remained fro the rest of the war
- Japesnese-Americans were very compliant as they wanted to show their support and help with the war
- Japense Americans loose much money in their businesses and homes

Significance:
- shows anti-asian racism in the US as Germans and Italians are not rounded up (even though at war with those countries also)

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1941

Definition: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Causes:
- Japan is allied with Germany in WW2
- Germany wants to take over Europe while Japan wants to take over South East Asia
- Japan wants to create a sphere of influence in the pacific
- Japan is worried US will try and stop it
- Lots of US navy is stationed at pearl harbor
- Japan thinks if pearl harbor is bombed it will be harder for US to come at them

Effects:
- US public is now like no more isonalistis we now want to take the war to japan
- they see it as an attack on the homeland
- ended US isolatism
- begins the Pacific wars
- US declares war on Japan
- Since Japan is allied with Germany and Italy
- Germany and Italy declare war on US
- We are now involved in war

Significance:
- ended US isolatism
- increase in public want to get involved in war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1941

Definition: His arguments for why America should get involved in the war

Causes:
- Eruope is at war
- FDR is creating an argument for things like lend lease and why we should support the allies
- Presidents have to make an argument when trying to take country to war
- FDR delivers this at his state of the union adress

Effects:
- Freedom of speach, freedom from want, freedom of worship, freedom from fear
- symbols of Americas war objectives
- these princips are developed further in the Atlantic charter

Significance:
- symbols of Americas war objectives

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1941

Definition: Allowed president to supply arms to a country if he thought it was nessiary.

Causes:
- War in Europe
- we are neutral but slowly getting involved
- Britian needs help with fight
- at first we are allowing countries to buy arms and carry on theri ships (cash and carry) --> getting more and more involved

Effects:
- Increasing support for allies
- loaning weapons to countries
- increased participation in war
- eventually we get involved in war

Significance:
- decreasing neutrality

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1940

Definition: Committee that opposes the war, isolationists

Causes:
- War is going on in Europe between Germany Britian and France
- we at first are staying netural at first
- this group is formed to push to stay natural because they don't want to be involved in Europe affairs but also because some are anti-Semitic

Effects:
- Push hard to not go to war
- delayed US entry
- after attack of pearl harbor and war comes to the US the movement basically diminishes
- opposed legislation like lend lease

Significance:
- Isonlastionalists

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1935-1939

Definition: Acts with the intent of giving allies minimal support but staying Neutral.

Causes:
- Germany and britian and France are all at war
- America claims we are going to remain natural but send minimal help to allies

Effects:
- A way to stay natural while also providing aid for allies
- most of the population agreed that this was the correct position for the US
- Eventually we get more and more involved in the War

Significance:
- Initial stance of US

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1939

Definition: Britain and France declare war on Germany.

Causes:
- Treaty of Versailles left Germany with VERY harsh terms and bad situations
- Germany is desperate for a new ruler --> Hitler
- Hitler is totalitarian
- Germany is given ultimatum to not invade any places (it had started invading places)
- Germany invades Poland
- Great Britian and France declare war on germany

Effects:
- Britian and France enter war with Germany
- US begins mobilizing for war, just initially to kinda help allies but STAYING NEUTRAL

Significance:
- Eventually we join this war

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1935

Definition: Part of 2nd new deal for retirement benefits for workers 65 or older, provides unemployment benefits, and benefits for the disabled or families who loose their breadwinner.

Causes:
- FDR is in office and puts in new deal to help fix the great depression
- first part of new deal is just fixing unemployment and more emergency needs
- later he goes in with second part to help with long term fixes

Effects:
- sets up new role of government in peoples lives
- now social welfare programs
- peoples living conditions improve
- safety net is almost created
- certain ocupations are not eligible for social secuirty (like domestic services) --> doesn't cover EVERYONE

Significance:
- trying to help long term issues
- safety net is created

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources:

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1933

Definition: FDR's program designed to help lift the US out of the Great Depression

Causes:
- The great depression
- banks are in terrible condition
- change from series of republican president with hands off approach to a democrat with a more hands on approach to government involvement
- people are unemployed and poor

Effects:
- restore trust in banks
- relief for the rural poor
- more jobs
- regulating industries
- support for the eldery, those who had their breadwinner die
- social welfare programs
- governemnt expansion for these programs

Significance:
- new hands on form of government regarding social issues

- videos
- visuals

Helpful links to resources: