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In Italy, the Northwest Peninsula was made up of many states. Up until 1848, when the French Revolution was thought of and the ideas and reasons came up. Guiseppe Mazzini led the Roman Republic against the Austrian's Sicilians. Napolean's troops fought and won against them ad came to Rome to reinstate the Pope trying to get independence. The king of Sardinia, Victor Emannuel ii led the unification of Italy.

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In Argentina, the people of the country were all trying to get independence. Napoleon had defeated Spain and all South America had heard. General Jose de San Martin had liberated many parts of South America from Spain. The country got their independence in 1816. More countries had gone to fight for independence and Argentina and their allies had won Patagonia.

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In Chile, around the 1800, Chile fought against Spain. The leader Theroux led them to independence. In 1810, Chile had won independence from Spain. Then in 1818, they gained their own independence and became and official country. Argentina and Chile fought together against the neighboring countries which pushed the south to gain control against Europe.

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Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of Sardinia until Italy gained their independence.  when Italy fought and won, King Victor Emmanuel II then became Italy's ruler. He made a huge impact and development for the future. After the revolution, he became the commander of the division.

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Victor Emmanuel II, (born March 14, 1820, Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Sardinia-died January 9, 1878, Rome, Italy), king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.

Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an Austrian archduke. After the Revolution of 1848, when war broke out with Austria, Victor Emmanuel was given command of a division. In the luckless campaign that followed he proved a brave soldier but an indifferent general.

Ascending the throne on his father's abdication, he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left and paying an indemnity to Austria, which brought him considerable opprobrium in Italy. In November 1852 he made the momentous decision to turn the government over to the able, determined Count Cavour, whose skillful manoeuvres over the next few years made him king of Italy. At the decisive battles of Magenta and Solferino, he commanded the Piedmontese corps in person, and following the armistice of Villafranca, he exercised a valuable restraint on Cavour, who wanted to continue the war alone. The following year Victor Emmanuel secretly encouraged Garibaldi in the conquest of Sicily and Naples; he then led his Piedmontese army into papal territory to link up with Garibaldi in the face of an excommunication by Pius IX.

Following Cavour's death in 1861, Victor Emmanuel played a more direct role in government and despite setbacks achieved two notable triumphs: the acquisition of Venetia through war on the side of Bismarck's Prussia in 1866, and of Rome after the withdrawal of the French garrison in 1870. The occupation of Rome as the national capital so antagonized Pius IX that he refused all overtures toward reconciliation, and no meeting ever took place between the two sovereigns; nevertheless, on Victor Emmanuel's death in 1878 Pius permitted his burial in the Pantheon.

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Victor Emmanuel II | Unification of Italy, Risorgimento, Savoy Dynasty

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Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy. Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an

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The ruler of Argentina when they got independence was Juan Manuel de Rosas. He was a strong political and military leader. He was the governor of Buenos Aires for a while. He grew up wealthy and was very educated.  He led and fought in many wars and battles to being a strong leader.

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Juan Manuel de Rosas, (born March 30, 1793, Buenos Aires, Arg.-died March 14, 1877, Burgess Farm, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.), military and political leader of Argentina, who was governor (1835-52) of Buenos Aires with dictatorial powers.

Rosas was of a wealthy family that held some of the largest cattle ranches in Argentina. He received his primary education in Buenos Aires but spent most of his youth in the countryside. He gradually acquired land of his own, south of the Salado River, in Buenos Aires province. He gathered a force of men subject to him and became a gaucho (cowboy). He married Encarnación Ezcurra y Arquibel in 1813 and then began to administer a meat-salting plant known as Los Cerrillos.

In 1820 Col. Manuel Dorrego, governor of Buenos Aires, appointed Rosas head of the provincial militia. After Dorrego was overthrown in 1828, Rosas opposed the new governor, Juan Lavalle. Rosas reconvened the former legislature, which elected him governor on Dec. 5, 1829. As head of the Federalist Party, Rosas was opposed by Lavalle's unitarios (centralists). Although it appeared that he could remain in office after his three-year term, he decided to leave his post to his legal successor but returned to the governorship once again in 1835. He agreed to return only under the condition that he receive dictatorial powers.

Rosas's 17-year dictatorship, although professing to be federalist, was in fact centralist and noted for its law and order through tyranny. His spies and the Mazorca, a ruthless secret police force, intimidated all opposition, so that by 1840 few dared to oppose him. He also ordered the display of his portrait in public places and churches as a sign of his supreme command. Finally a coalition of Brazilians, Uruguayans, and native Argentinians, under the leadership of Justo José de Urquiza, overthrew Rosas at the Battle of Caseros (Feb. 3, 1852). Rosas was forced to flee to England, where he spent the last years of his life as a farmer. First buried in Southampton, his body was repatriated in 1989 and now rests in Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Maren Goldberg.

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Juan Manuel de Rosas | Argentine military and political leader

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Juan Manuel de Rosas, (born March 30, 1793, Buenos Aires, Arg.-died March 14, 1877, Burgess Farm, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.), military and political leader of Argentina, who was governor (1835-52) of Buenos Aires with dictatorial powers. Rosas was of a wealthy family that held some of the largest cattle ranches in Argentina.

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The leader of Chile during the early 1800's when they gained their independence. He was a Argentine soldier and helped lead them to victory against Spain. He then helped Chile get independence and was the leader when they won against Spain and Europe. He was from Spain and his family grew up there. He became a military leader which led him to his great accomplishments.

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José de San Martín, (born February 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]-died August 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).

Early life and career

San Martín's father, Juan de San Martín, a Spanish professional soldier, was administrator of Yapeyú, formerly a Jesuit mission station in Guaraní Indian territory, on the northern frontier of Argentina. His mother, Gregoria Matorras, was also Spanish. The family returned to Spain when José was six. From 1785 to 1789 he was educated at the Seminary of Nobles in Madrid, leaving there to begin his military career as a cadet in the Murcia infantry regiment. For the next 20 years he was a loyal officer of the Spanish monarch, fighting against the Moors in Oran (1791); against the British (1798), who held him captive for more than a year; and against the Portuguese in the War of the Oranges (1801). He was made captain in 1804.

The turning point in San Martín's career came in 1808, following Napoleon's occupation of Spain and the subsequent patriotic uprising against the French there. For two years he served the Sevilla (Seville) junta that was conducting the war on behalf of the imprisoned Spanish king Ferdinand VII. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel for his conduct in the Battle of Bailén (1808) and was elevated to command of the Sagunto Dragoons after the Battle of Albuera (1811). Instead of taking up his new post, he sought permission to go to Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, but traveled by way of London to Buenos Aires, which had become the principal centre of resistance in South America to the Sevilla junta and its successor, the Cádiz-based Council of Regency. There, in the year 1812, San Martín was given the task of organizing a corps of grenadiers against the Spanish royalists centred in Peru who threatened the revolutionary government in Argentina.

One possible explanation for this startling change of allegiance on the part of a soldier who had sworn fealty to Spain is that it was prompted by British sympathizers with the independence movement in Spanish America and that San Martín was recruited through the agency of James Duff, 4th earl of Fife, who had fought in Spain (and who caused San Martín to be made a freeman of Banff, Scotland). In later years, San Martín averred that he had sacrificed his career in Spain because he had responded to the call of his native land, and this is the view taken by Argentinian historians. Undoubtedly, peninsular Spanish prejudice against anyone born in the Indies must have rankled throughout his career in Spain and caused him to identify himself with the creole revolutionaries.

In the service of the Buenos Aires government, San Martín distinguished himself as a trainer and leader of soldiers, and, after winning a skirmish against loyalist forces at San Lorenzo, on the right bank of the Paraná River (February 3, 1813), he was sent to Tucumán to reinforce, and ultimately replace, Gen. Manuel Belgrano, who was being hard pressed by forces of the viceroy of Peru. San Martín recognized that the Río de la Plata provinces would never be secure so long as the royalists held Lima, but he perceived the military impossibility of reaching the centre of viceregal power by way of the conventional overland route through Upper Peru (modern Bolivia). He therefore quietly prepared the masterstroke that was his supreme contribution to the liberation of southern South America. First, he disciplined and trained the army around Tucumán so that, with the assistance of gaucho guerrilleros, they would be capable of a holding operation. Then, on the pretense of ill health, he got himself appointed governor intendant of the province of Cuyo, the capital of which was Mendoza, the key to the routes across the Andes. There, he set about creating an army that would link up overland with the soldiers of the patriotic government in Chile and then proceed by sea to attack Peru.

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José de San Martín, (born February 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]-died August 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).