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•Mainly based on skepticism

•Knowledge comes from doubt of the world

•Knowledge and ideas are innate

•Sense perception is unreliable

•Only when certainty is attained could an idea be true (correspondence truth test)

•Thought and reason makes human beings true
Correspondence truth test: when a claim corresponds with a fact

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•All knowledge comes from experience (sense perception)

•The human mind is born empty

•Ideas are limited by experience

•Ideas correspond to realities in the external world, the mind can’t invent knowledge without experience.

•E.g.  A blind person cannot comprehend color because they could not experience it.

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•Locke’s approach

•Human mind is born empty

•Knowledge is gained through experience.
Descartes claims that innate ideas exist based on the notion that human perceive the existence of God.

Not everyone believes in God

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“evolution has given us an interface that hides reality and guides adaptive behavior… perception is not about seeing truth, it's about having kids.”

1. What does Hoffman mean? (tip: use the word ‘survival’ in your answer).
I think Hoffman means that through evolution, our biological build-up is designed to have us see our construction of reality instead of the real reality because it could keep us safe and ensure our survival.

2. What are the implications of this in terms of the way we ‘see’ reality? (tip: use the word ‘streamline’  and/or ‘hack’ in your answer)

3. Connect your answer to one AoK by explaining what it means for the discovery or construction of knowledge in this AoK.

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For example, think about the different aspects of the ‘JTB’ definition of knowledge. Does this give us an answer to this IA prompt? Is one aspect of ‘JTB’ more important than others? Do we need a different definition?Which objects could help to illustrate your answer?

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For example, think about the different aspects of the ‘JTB’ definition of knowledge. Does this give us an answer to this IA prompt? Is one aspect of ‘JTB’ more important than others? Do we need a different definition?Which objects could help to illustrate your answer?

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JTB refers to 'Justified True Belief'. Anything that is justified and is believed by a certain being can be counted as knowledge. In my opinion, I think the "Belief" part of JTB is the most important. This is because for an individual, knowledge is only true when they believe in it. If a person does not believe in something even if it is justified, then this knowledge could not be knowledge for them. I think this definition suits the term knowledge very well. Something that could help illustrate this answer is religion. It could be justified, but if a person is not a follower of a religion, then the religion's teachings could not be knowledge for this person. An example is Buddhism. It is regarded the most accurate with science since its teachings share similar points with Western philosophic and psychological thoughts. This is evidence that it could be justified. However, a person that is not a Buddhist will not regard Buddhism teachings as knowledge because they don't have belief in it.

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My Metaphor:
The brain is a factory that selects, organizes, and interprets the sensations received.

Hoffman's metaphor
Space and time are the desktop on your laptop, and physical objects are the icons on the desktop. It is designed to hide reality.

Comparison
Hoffman's metaphor is more complete because it is much more detailed and better elaborated. The objects chosen in the metaphor work very similar to the perception of the brain.

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The brain constructs reality so that we see what meets our expectations.

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This is a screenshot of my biology notes. It is handwritten and was written during the teacher's lecture in class. Logically speaking, it is very unlikely for the brain to recall every single word in the lecture. That being said, all of my notes are written based on my memory. Since memory isn't trustworthy, there is a possibility that there will be errors in my notes. In addition, the teacher is probably lecturing based on their memory as well. It could be possible that they recalled something wrong and made a wrong speech, which will lead to an error in my notes. In fact, during class today I had to change my notes because I found out that it was an error. I had written: "polysaccharides"=1 unit of sugar, but I found out that it actually meant many units of sugar, and the term for 1 unit of sugar is "monosaccharides". However, I remember hearing the teacher say that "polysaccharides" means one unit of sugar. Since this does not correspond with reality, it shows that writing notes from memory is not completely credible, and therefore will decrease its reliability. I chose this object because it is something that is closely related to me and is linked to memory, a factor that I think will decrease the reliability of knowledge.

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I think what the speaker means by this quote is that just because we see it doesn't mean that it's true, because the brain interprets information based on its context. E.g. In one example, 1 tile appeared lighter when the light was switched on because the brain was interpreting that it was supposed to see a lighter tile according to the law of physics.

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I think the reason I saw a black and white castle after I blinked is because my brain perceived it as a black and white picture. I also think it has something to work with the retina and how we perceive color. The receptor cells in our eyes produce an afterimage

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This quote means that the brain does not associate with seeing or hearing, it only receives electrochemical signals. It doesn't matter where the signals are coming from; the brain will be able to process this information as long as it receives them. The speaker used an example of blind people being able to 'see' an object through different body parts e.g. forehead, back, and tongue. This indicates that the brain doesn't know if what is seen/heard is true because they could be actually coming from places other than the eyes/ears.

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Justified: It can be verified
true: It is a fact
Belief: Since knowledge is a possession, it is only considered knowledge when you believe it is true.

I like this definition because it narrows down the abstract concept of 'knowledge' and makes it more specific and easier to understand.

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Knowing means that I have knowledge, while believing means that I trust something is true. An opinion is a judgement based on facts while belief is something created based on personal values.

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To know something means that I am sure that something is real. For example, in my opinion it is real that I take psychology, therefore I know that I take psychology.

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Object 3: Funny Picture of architecture on twitter

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Object 3: Funny Picture of architecture on twitter

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I encountered this photo while doing research. It shows a door of a room opening to a badly designed staircase. This photo has gone viral on Twitter, but there is no evidence that it is real since there is a possibility of it being photoshopped. It is an image that has been re-tweeted countless times, therefore it is not the original image, and people could make changes to it. It shows that information going viral is a ground on which we might doubt a claim.
Justification:
This object shows that even if evidence exists, it is possible that it is not persuasive enough to support the claim because the validity of the evidence cannot be determined. In the case of this photo, it isn't possible to determine whether it was photoshopped or not. If the person who took the photo included a video of the scene, it would be much more persuasive for people to believe it. We are learning through this object that the validity of the evidence of a claim is strongly influential on how a knower receives knowledge.

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Sheet music is a way of organizing music to show how it could be played. It allows people to learn to play a piece of music. Playing music from memory is an example of first-order knowledge. It is WHAT we know. However, playing music from sheet music is an example of second-order knowledge, because it is HOW we know. This way of organizing knowledge allows music players to develop a better understanding of the piece of how it should be performed.

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-First-order knowledge is directly about the world. It has a narrow scope, related to a specific aspect of an area of knowledge. First-order knowledge questions generally (but not always) ask, "What do we know?" They are more descriptive and factual.
-Second-order knowledge is about the process of finding out about the world. It has a broad scope, related to one or more entire areas of knowledge. Second-order knowledge questions generally (but not always) ask, "How do we know?" They are more analytical and debatable.
-Your DP subjects are mostly concerned with first-order knowledge. TOK is mostly interested in second-order knowledge.

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This space probe was designed by NASA to investigate the outer solar system and interstellar space beyond our solar system. It allows us to learn about what is unknown out there. Since humans have a craving for seeking knowledge about the unknown, we have studied and created many space probes just like this one to satisfy our curiosity.

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Great Job just spread it out a little.

As an Outline, I would recommend the following.

Introduce the object and explain its real-world context.

Explain the connection of the object and the IA Prompt you are talking about.

Justify why you've chosen this object by explaining what we can learn about ToK (how do we know, what we know) and the world through this object.

Please bombard me with questions now.

Mr. K

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Your approach is good, but it would be better if you didn't just choose a generic music sheet with notes. It would be more helpful if you showed us the actual music sheet that you are using to practice on your instrument, such as the piano. This way, it will be easier to provide a real-world context by simply mentioning that it is the music sheet you are practicing with.

In the next paragraph, please explain the connection between your chosen object and the IA Prompt briefly.

The last paragraph should be the longest. Here, you can do a thorough analysis of your chosen object and explain what we can learn about the nature of knowledge through it.

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Your metaphor comparing our brain and sense of perception to a factory is a creative way to approach the topic, but it could benefit from some refinement. Let's discuss ways to improve it:

1. Clarity: While the factory metaphor is intriguing, it might need further clarification. How does the selection, organization, and interpretation in the factory relate to our sensory perception?

2. Provide concrete examples: Offer specific examples or scenarios to illustrate your metaphor. How do we "select," "organize," and "interpret" in our perceptual processes, much like a factory?

3. Structure: Organize your explanation into distinct sections to create a smoother flow, making it easier for the reader to follow.

Now, challenging your metaphor, can you provide a more detailed explanation of how the factory metaphor relates to the way our brain processes sensory information and forms our perception of reality?

With a bit of fine-tuning, your metaphor can become even more effective in conveying your ideas. Keep up the creative thinking!