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Telephoto photography is a type of photography that brings distant subjects closer with the use of long focal lengths. While shorter focal lengths exaggerate subjects closest to you, telephoto lenses allow you to emphasize and bring faraway subjects closer, from people to wildlife to mountains.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens.

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A macro lens is a lens that specifically allows you to focus extremely close to a subject so that it appears large in the viewfinder (and in the final image).

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Prime lenses are well-suited for different types of photography, such as portrait photography, where the wide aperture creates beautiful bokeh background blur. Their sharpness and low-light performance also make them ideal for landscape, street, and astrophotography

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens.

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The Crop tool allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area. Select the Crop tool (C) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like setting the aspect ratio or width and height values, to get the effect you want.

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Clipping masks allow you to link two layers together. For instance, you can create a shape or text and then link a photo to fit within the parameters of that shape or text. You can also use a clipping mask to make selective adjustments to a single layer of your document. This may sound complicated, but it's not!

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Transform in Photoshop is a powerful feature that allows users to modify images or objects within the program to fit their creative needs. This essential tool enables resizing, reshaping, rotating, and moving elements within a document, making it a valuable skill for any Photoshop user.

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Kerning is the spacing between individual letters or characters. Unlike tracking, which adjusts the amount of space between the letters of an entire word in equal increments, kerning is focused on how type looks — creating readable text that's visually pleasing.

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Baseline is the invisible line on which most letters—that is, those without descenders—sit.

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Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text

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The Sponge Tool in Photoshop is a versatile tool used for manipulating the saturation levels in an image. It can either saturate or desaturate colors depending on the settings you choose.

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The Smudge tool simulates a brush smearing wet paint. The brush picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you swipe or nudge it. Use the Smudge tool to gently reshape important edges into more appealing and softer lines. In the Photoshop toolbox, the Smudge tool is a pointing-finger icon.

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The Crop tool allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area. Select the Crop tool (C) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like setting the aspect ratio or width and height values, to get the effect you want

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The Straighten tool is designed for ease of use: You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you. So find the reference line that I encouraged you to determine in Step 1, then drag the Straighten tool across!

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The Paint Bucket tool Mode setting allows you to create more advanced color fills for interesting effects and a higher degree of control. Choose from toolbar options like Darken, Multiple, Color Dodge, and more to create different effects.

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want. Add point text (to add a few words like a heading or title) or paragraph text

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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Magnify or reduce the view of your image with the Zoom tool. Select the Zoom tool from the toolbar. In the tool options bar, choose the Zoom In option to magnify your view or the Zoom Out option to reduce the image view.

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations.

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- The rectangular marquee tool in Photoshop, of course, enables you to create selections of rectangular shapes, but there is a related tool called the elliptical marquee tool, that enables you to create selections that, of course, have elliptical or even circular shapes.

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The Quick Selection tool allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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The Polygonal Lasso is what you use when you need to select an unusual, angled shape. It is ideal for shapes that are not proportional and are therefore poorly suited to the marquee. Likewise, it is the right choice for complex, multi-sided shapes.

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he Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select. If you click on the sky, it selects the sky; click on a person's face, and you have the entire face selected in just seconds.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting. When to use the Clone Stamp tool. The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area.

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The Patch tool is one of the most used and most helpful tools for photo editors. If you want to remove something distracting from the background of an image or even out an area that appears irregular, such as acne on a model's face, you're going to want to use this tool.

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Move Tool - The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox

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The difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image. Contrast determines the number of shades in the image. A low-contrast image (left) retains detail, but tends to lack dimension and look soft. An image with normal contrast (center) retains detail and dimension, and looks crisp.

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In the menu bar, select Image > Adjustments > Vibrance. Experiment by adjusting the sliders. The Vibrance slider affects the intensity of colors. It has the strongest effect on muted colors in the image.

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The Hue/Saturation command adjusts the hue (color), saturation (purity), and lightness of the entire image or of individual color components in an image. Use the Hue slider to add special effects, to color a black and white image (like a sepia effect), or to change the range of colors in a portion of an image

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In Photoshop, color balance is achieved by adjusting the intensities of the cyan, magenta, and yellow tones. The adjustment can be performed using the Color Balance adjustment feature, which allows us to individually fine-tune colors in highlights, shadows, and mid-tones.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is.

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A scrim is a panel of diffusion material, preferably in a frame, that is placed in front of a light source in order to modify the quality of the light striking your subject. The scrim differs from a large soft box in one very important way; the light passing through the diffusion material of the scrim can be moved.

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there. A reflector is good for creating fill light or lessening shadows.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter.

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A full-frame camera is a camera with a full-frame sensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. The biggest advantage of a full-frame camera is that it has no crop factor

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The crop factor is sometimes referred to as "magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier". This usage reflects the observation that lenses of a given focal length seem to produce greater magnification on crop-factor cameras than they do on full-frame cameras.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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Post-processing encompasses every change you make to a video or photo after you download the RAW file to your computer. It's the process that takes unrefined images and polishes them into perfect captures.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images.

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Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier.

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A digital single-lens reflex camera (digital SLR or DSLR) is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor

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Red, blue, and yellow are three primary colors that create a triadic color scheme. Triadic colors create a vibrant color palette by separating each color, regardless of the specific hues.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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HDR stands for High Dynamic Range and refers to a technique that expresses details in content in both very bright and very dark scenes.

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JPEG files (or JPG files) are a type of raster image file format that uses compression to store data, and has the file extension . jpg. This compression allows for smaller file sizes, which makes them ideal for use on the web.

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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RAW files contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder. The RAW file format stores the largest amount of detail out of any raster file type, which photographers can then edit, compress, and convert into other formats.

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A file format refers to the structure and organization of data within a file. It determines how the data is encoded, stored, and interpreted by various software applications. Different file formats are designed for specific purposes, such as text documents, images, videos, audio, and more.

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“Straight Out Of Camera.”

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PPI (Pixels per Inch) refers to the number of pixels that make up every inch of a digital image. It's used to describe image resolution on a screen, rather than in print. DPI, meanwhile, refers to number of dots in every inch and is generally used for print purposes.

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help you to get accurate exposure and color in your photographs

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An aspect ratio is a proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Essentially, it describes an image's shape. Aspect ratios are written as a formula of width to height, like this: 3:2.

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to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio.

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The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen

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A menu bar is a feature of most computer graphical user interfaces that implement windows

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roups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.

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A toolbar is part of a window, often a bar across the top, that contains buttons that execute commands when you click them.

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal

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when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something

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Highlights are the brightest elements in an image

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Every image has a mix of shadows, highlights, and midtones. Shadows are the darkest parts of the image, highlights are the brightest parts, and midtones are everything in between.

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the term 'shadow' is used to describe the darkest parts of an image.

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Burst mode is a camera feature that allows you to take multiple photos in quick succession with a single press of the shutter button

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Panning is a photographic technique that involves moving the camera horizontally along with a moving subject to capture a sense of speed around it.

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Light painting is a photographic technique that involves moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence

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Long exposure photography is a technique that involves capturing a single image over an extended period of time. By using a slow shutter speed

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Camera shake is the term used to describe the involuntary blurring of a picture that occurs when the camera is moving at the time of exposure

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Tripods and monopods are essential tools for photographers and videographers to stabilize their cameras and capture sharp images

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation

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Bulb mode is a camera setting that allows you to take ultra-long exposures with ease. It is simply a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera.

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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Evaluative metering is the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography and can be applied in most shooting scenarios. As its name suggests, it takes a series of readings in zones that cover the entire frame, and then calculates the overall average exposure value.

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enter weighted metering is a camera metering mode. Center weighted metering places the highest importance in determining a correct exposure on information contained in the center of the frame.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder

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The most precise of the metering modes, spot metering evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame.

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the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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gives you complete control over your camera's settings, including aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. And by manually adjusting these settings, you can achieve more creative control over your photos

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the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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the camera mode where all settings are automated, including shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings.

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bokeh is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in out-of-focus parts of an image, caused by circles of confusion.

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he distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image.

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity

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measure how much light enters your lens and how bright your exposure is

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a space through which light passes in an optical or photographic instrument, especially the variable opening by which light enters a camera.

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In digital photographs, the term noise refers to a certain type of visual distortion. It looks similar to grain found in film photography

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Film grain is an optical effect that resembles a vast field of tiny particles in images developed from celluloid film