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Inclusive Teaching Tools and Strategies | CRLT-Engin

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Elements of Equity-focused Teaching (EfT)

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International Women's Day is a time to celebrate the achievements of women throughout history and to reflect on the progress that has been made towards gender equality.

However, while many women have made significant contributions to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( STEM), their stories are often overlooked or forgotten.

Today we wanted like to shine a light on 20 historic female engineers whose groundbreaking work has helped to shape our world, but who are often not given the recognition they deserve. These women have paved the way for future generations of female engineers, and it is time for us to honour their achievements and remember their names.

Emily Roebling (1843-1903)

Emily Roebling was a remarkable engineer and the unsung hero behind the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge. After her husband, Washington Roebling, the chief engineer of the bridge, fell ill and was unable to continue working on the project, Emily stepped in to take over. She spent the next 11 years overseeing the construction of the bridge, including managing the finances, liaising with the workers and politicians, and even taking engineering courses to expand her knowledge.

Emily's hard work and determination paid off when the Brooklyn Bridge was finally completed in 1883, becoming a symbol of innovation and progress. Despite her vital role in the project, Emily's contribution was largely ignored by the media and society, and she remained largely unrecognized until recent years. Her legacy as a pioneering female engineer continues to inspire and empower women in STEM today.

Edith Clarke (1883-1959)

Edith Clarke was a trailblazing electrical engineer and inventor, best known for her invention of the Clarke calculator, a graphical device used to solve electrical engineering problems. Born in 1883 in Maryland, Clarke was the first woman to earn a degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1919. She later went on to become the first female professor of electrical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Clarke's contributions to the field of electrical engineering were groundbreaking, particularly in the area of power system analysis. In addition to the Clarke calculator, she also developed the graphical analysis method, which allowed engineers to analyze complex electrical networks using diagrams rather than complicated equations. Clarke's innovative work helped to pave the way for modern electrical engineering, and will continue to inspire and empower those who follow in their footsteps.

Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

Lillian Gilbreth was a pioneering industrial engineer and psychologist who is known for her groundbreaking work in the fields of human factors and efficiency in the workplace. Born in 1878 in California, Gilbreth earned a Ph.D. in psychology from Brown University in 1915.

She later became one of the first female professors of engineering at Purdue University. Gilbreth's most notable contributions to the field of industrial engineering were her studies on motion and time, which helped to improve workplace efficiency and productivity.

She is also credited with inventing several household devices, including the foot pedal trash can and the shelves inside refrigerator doors. Gilbreth was a champion for women's rights and worked to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. She was the first woman elected to the National Academy of Engineering and received numerous awards throughout her career, including the Hoover Medal and the National Medal of Science. Gilbreth's legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM is a source of inspiration and empowerment that will continue to fuel progress and change in the world.

Martha Coston (1826-1904)

Martha Coston was an inventor and entrepreneur who is best known for her invention of the Coston flare, a signaling device used by the United States Navy. Born in 1826 in Maryland, Coston was widowed at a young age and left to support herself and her children. In 1859, she discovered a notebook that her late husband had left behind, containing sketches and notes for a signaling system using different colored flares. Coston took up the challenge of completing her husband's work, and spent the next 10 years refining the design and securing a patent for the Coston flare.

Her invention was quickly adopted by the US Navy and played a vital role in naval operations during the Civil War and beyond. Coston went on to build a successful business around her invention, and she was the first woman to receive a contract from the US government. Despite facing significant challenges as a female inventor in a male-dominated field, Coston persevered and her legacy as an innovative engineer continues to inspire women in STEM today.

Hedy Lamarr (1914-2000)

Hedy Lamarr was a Hollywood actress and inventor who made significant contributions to the field of wireless communication. Born in Austria in 1914, Lamarr became famous in the 1930s and 1940s for her acting roles in films such as "Algiers" and "Samson and Delilah." However, Lamarr was also an accomplished inventor and held several patents related to wireless communication. During World War II, Lamarr co-invented a frequency hopping spread spectrum system, which was designed to prevent radio-controlled torpedoes from being jammed by enemy signals.

Although the technology was not immediately implemented, it later served as a basis for modern Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS technologies. Despite her groundbreaking work, Lamarr's contributions to science and engineering were largely overlooked during her lifetime. It was only in the later years of her life that Lamarr began to receive recognition for her achievements, and she was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014. Lamarr's legacy as a pioneering female inventor and advocate for women in STEM has left an enduring legacy of inspiration and empowerment that will continue to shape the world for years to come.

Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau (1867-1941)

Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau was a pioneering American chemical engineer, celebrated for her design of the first commercial penicillin production plant. Born on 27 October 1910 in Houston, Texas, Rousseau was the daughter of a clothing store owner. She achieved her Bachelor of Science degree from Rice Institute in 1932 and later earned her Doctor of Science degree in chemical engineering from MIT in 1937, becoming the first woman in the USA to receive a doctorate in the subject. Her doctoral thesis focused on "The effect of solute on the liquid film resistance in gas absorption."

In the professional realm, Rousseau began her career with E. B. Badger in Boston. During World War II, she played a pivotal role in overseeing the design of production plants for penicillin and synthetic rubber. Her innovative approach to the deep-tank fermentation of penicillium mold revolutionized the large-scale production of penicillin. Additionally, Rousseau contributed to the development of high-octane gasoline for aviation fuel and later worked on refining distillation column design and plants for the production of ethylene glycol and glacial acetic acid. During the construction of an ethylene glycol plant in Texas, a worker questioned her authority, only to be informed by the foreman that Rousseau was the mastermind behind the plant's design.

After a distinguished career, Rousseau retired in 1961 and later became an overseer of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In recognition of her groundbreaking contributions, Rousseau received numerous accolades. In 1945, she became the first woman to be accepted as a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. A decade later, in 1955, she was honored with the Achievement Award of the Society of Women Engineers. In 1983, she was bestowed with the prestigious Founders Award of the AIChE, marking her as the first female recipient of the award.

Mary Walton (1846-1912)

Mary Walton was an inventor and environmental activist who made significant contributions to the field of noise reduction. Born in 1846 in New York City, Walton was concerned about the negative effects of noise pollution on public health and well-being. In 1881, she invented a system to reduce the noise pollution from elevated trains in New York City. Her invention, which involved suspending the tracks on rubber blocks and enclosing the wheels in sound-absorbing boxes, greatly reduced the noise levels and improved the quality of life for residents living near the tracks.

Walton's invention was later adopted by other cities around the world, and helped to pave the way for modern noise reduction technologies. Despite her groundbreaking work, Walton's contributions to science and engineering were largely overlooked during her lifetime. However, her legacy as a pioneering female inventor and environmentalist has blazed a trail of inspiration and empowerment for future generations to follow.

Beatrice Hicks (1919-1979)

Beatrice Hicks was a trailblazing engineer who made significant contributions to the fields of acoustics and industrial safety. Born in 1919 in California, Hicks was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. She went on to become the first female engineer hired by the Western Electric Company, where she worked on the development of sonar systems during World War II.

Hicks later founded the Society of Women Engineers, an organization dedicated to promoting the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. Her most notable contributions to the field of engineering were in the area of industrial safety, where she developed new technologies to detect and prevent accidents in the workplace. Hicks was also a pioneer in the field of acoustics, and her work helped to improve the design and efficiency of sound systems in large buildings and public spaces.

Despite facing significant barriers as a female engineer in a male-dominated field, Hicks persevered and her legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM continues to serve as a role model, inspiring and empowering future generations to reach for the stars.

Elsie Eaves (1898-1983)

Elsie Eaves was a pioneering structural engineer who made significant contributions to the design and construction of large dams and other major infrastructure projects. Born in 1898 in Texas, Eaves graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a degree in civil engineering in 1926.

She later became one of the first female engineers to work on the design of the Hoover Dam, which remains one of the largest and most impressive engineering projects in history. Eaves was also instrumental in the design and construction of other major dams, including the Parker Dam and the All-American Canal. Her work helped to improve the safety and efficiency of these structures, and paved the way for modern dam design and construction techniques. Eaves was a champion for women's rights and worked to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields.

She was the first woman to be elected to the American Society of Civil Engineers, and she served as president of the Society of Women Engineers. Eaves' legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM serves as a powerful reminder of what can be accomplished, inspiring and empowering the next generation to do even more.

Kate Gleason (1865-1933)

Kate Gleason was a pioneering mechanical engineer who made significant contributions to the fields of manufacturing and industrial design. Born in 1865 in New York, Gleason grew up in a family of engineers and entrepreneurs.

She later attended Cornell University, where she earned a degree in mechanical engineering in 1888, becoming the first woman to do so. After graduation, Gleason worked in her father's machine tool manufacturing company, where she quickly rose through the ranks to become the company's president. She was known for her innovative designs and manufacturing techniques, which helped to improve the efficiency and productivity of the company's operations. Gleason's most notable contribution to the field of engineering was her invention of a machine that could produce bevel gears, a type of gear used in machinery that was previously difficult to manufacture. Her invention revolutionized the industry and helped to pave the way for modern manufacturing techniques.

Gleason was also a pioneer for women's rights and worked to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. She was the first woman elected to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and she served as president of the Society of Women Engineers. Gleason's legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM will continue to inspire and empower future leaders in the field.

Mae Jemison (born 1956)

Mae Jemison is an accomplished engineer, physician, and astronaut who has made significant contributions to the fields of science and space exploration. Born in Alabama in 1956, Jemison earned a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford University in 1977, and went on to earn a medical degree from Cornell University in 1981. She worked as a general practitioner and later as a medical officer with the Peace Corps, before being selected by NASA to become the first African American woman to travel into space.

Jemison flew on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992, and conducted experiments in materials science, life sciences, and human adaptation to space.

After leaving NASA, Jemison founded the Jemison Group, a technology consulting firm that focuses on social and environmental issues. She is also an advocate for science education and diversity in STEM fields, and has written several books on these topics. Jemison's legacy as a pioneering female engineer and astronaut serves as an enduring inspiration and source of empowerment for the next generation.

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

Ada Lovelace was a visionary mathematician and computer pioneer who is often regarded as the world's first computer programmer. Born in 1815 in London, Lovelace was the daughter of the poet Lord Byron and mathematician Annabella Milbanke.

Lovelace had a passion for mathematics and science from a young age, and was mentored by mathematician Charles Babbage, who was working on a prototype for an early mechanical computer called the Analytical Engine. Lovelace's most notable contribution to computer science was her work on the Analytical Engine, in which she developed an algorithm that could be used to compute Bernoulli numbers.

Her work on the Analytical Engine is considered to be the first example of a computer program, and her visionary ideas about the potential of computers to create and manipulate complex symbols helped to pave the way for modern computer programming. Despite facing significant obstacles as a woman in a male-dominated field, Lovelace's legacy as a pioneering female mathematician and computer scientist has set a high standard of inspiration and empowerment, challenging future generations to surpass it.

Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014)

Stephanie Kwolek was a pioneering chemist and inventor who is best known for her invention of Kevlar, a strong and lightweight synthetic fiber used in a variety of applications, including body armor, tires, and sporting equipment. Born in 1923 in Pennsylvania, Kwolek earned a degree in chemistry from Carnegie Mellon University in 1946, and went on to work as a chemist for the DuPont Corporation. Her work on polymers led to the development of Kevlar in 1965, which was initially intended for use in tires but later became widely used in body armor for law enforcement and military personnel.

Kwolek's invention revolutionized the field of materials science and had a significant impact on public safety and security. She received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 1996. Kwolek was a pioneer for women in STEM and served as a mentor to many young scientists and engineers throughout her career.

Her legacy as a pioneering female chemist and inventor will continue to inspire and empower those who seek to make a difference in the world.

Maria Telkes (1900-1995)

Maria Telkes was a pioneering engineer and inventor who made significant contributions to the fields of solar energy and energy storage. Born in Hungary in 1900, Telkes earned a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Budapest in 1924, and later moved to the United States to continue her work in renewable energy.

Telkes is best known for her invention of the first solar-powered heating system, which used solar energy to heat water for homes and other buildings. She also developed several energy storage technologies, including a thermal storage system that used phase-change materials to store and release heat energy. Telkes' innovative work helped to pave the way for modern solar energy and energy storage technologies, and she received numerous awards and honors throughout her career, including the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award and the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award.

Telkes was a trailblazer for women in STEM and worked tirelessly to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. Her legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for renewable energy continues to inspire and empower women in STEM today.

Alice H. Parker (1895-1920s)

Alice H. Parker was a pioneering inventor who made significant contributions to the field of heating technology. Born in 1895 in New Jersey, Parker was interested in finding a more efficient way to heat homes and other buildings. In 1919, she patented a gas-powered central heating system that used a series of pipes and radiators to distribute heat throughout a building. Parker's invention was a significant improvement over existing heating systems, which were often inefficient and expensive.

However, due to the racial and gender prejudices of the time, Parker struggled to find support for her invention, and her work went largely unnoticed for many years. It wasn't until many years later that Parker's contributions to heating technology were recognized, and she is now considered to be a pioneering female inventor who helped to pave the way for modern heating systems. Parker's legacy as a trailblazing female inventor and advocate for renewable energy has paved the way for future generations to be inspired and empowered to pursue their dreams.

Yvonne Brill (1924-2013)

Yvonne Brill was a pioneering rocket scientist who made significant contributions to the field of propulsion technology. Born in Canada in 1924, Brill earned a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Manitoba in 1945.

She later moved to the United States and began working as a propulsion engineer for NASA and other aerospace companies. Brill's most notable contribution to the field of rocket science was her invention of a new type of rocket engine that used hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide as propellants. Her invention greatly improved the efficiency and reliability of rocket engines, and was used in a wide range of applications, including communication satellites and deep space probes.

Brill was also a trailblazer for women in STEM and worked tirelessly to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. She received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 2011. Brill's legacy as a pioneering female rocket scientist and advocate for women in STEM remains a source of inspiration and empowerment for generations to come.

Mary Jackson (1921-2005)

Mary Jackson was a pioneering mathematician and aerospace engineer who made significant contributions to the fields of aeronautics and science education. Born in Virginia in 1921, Jackson earned a degree in mathematics and physical science from Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in 1942, and went on to work as a teacher and researcher for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later became NASA.

Jackson's most notable contribution to the field of aerospace engineering was her work on the Supersonic Transport program, where she helped to design and test high-speed aircraft. She also worked to promote the inclusion of women and minorities in STEM fields, and was a mentor to many young scientists and engineers throughout her career. Jackson's legacy as a pioneering female mathematician and aerospace engineer continues to inspire and empower women and minorities in STEM today. Her life and achievements were depicted in the 2016 film "Hidden Figures," which brought her groundbreaking work to a wider audience.

Grace Hopper (1906-1992)

Grace Hopper was a pioneering computer scientist and naval officer who made significant contributions to the fields of computer programming and software development. Born in New York City in 1906, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University in 1934, and later joined the United States Navy Reserve as a member of the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) program during World War II. Hopper was instrumental in the development of the first computer programming language, known as COBOL, and her work helped to establish many of the basic principles of modern computer programming.

She also served as a mentor and role model for many young scientists and engineers, and was a strong advocate for women's rights and the inclusion of women in STEM fields. Hopper received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the National Medal of Technology in 1991. Her legacy as a pioneering female computer scientist and advocate for women in STEM continues to inspire and empower future generations.

Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994)

Wilma Rudolph was a pioneering track and field athlete and civil rights advocate who overcame significant obstacles to become one of the most successful athletes of her time. Born in Tennessee in 1940, Rudolph was the 20th of 22 children, and she suffered from polio as a child, which left her with a weakened left leg. Despite this, Rudolph began running as a teenager, and quickly established herself as a gifted athlete.

She went on to compete in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games, where she won a total of three gold medals and became a symbol of strength, perseverance, and excellence.

Rudolph was also a passionate advocate for civil rights and worked to promote equality and social justice throughout her life. She served as a goodwill ambassador for the United States, and was a mentor and role model for many young athletes and activists. Rudolph's legacy as a pioneering female athlete and civil rights advocate continues to inspire and empower people around the world today.

Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

Rosalind Franklin was a pioneering chemist and crystallographer who made significant contributions to the fields of molecular biology and genetics. Born in London in 1920, Franklin earned a degree in chemistry from the University of Cambridge in 1941, and later went on to earn a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge in 1945. Franklin's most notable contribution to science was her work on X-ray crystallography, which she used to study the structure of DNA and other biological molecules.

Her groundbreaking work helped to establish the basic principles of modern molecular biology and genetics, and laid the foundation for many of the medical and scientific advancements of the 20th century. Despite facing significant barriers as a woman in a male-dominated field, Franklin's legacy as a pioneering female chemist and crystallographer continues to inspire and empower women in STEM today.

Her work was instrumental in the discovery of the structure of DNA, and she is considered to be one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.

While we have only highlighted 20 historic female engineers, it is important to acknowledge that thousands of women have contributed to the field of engineering throughout history.

Despite their significant contributions, many of their stories have been overlooked or forgotten. If we have missed any important female engineers in our list, we encourage you to get in touch with us and share their stories.

It is crucial to recognize the achievements of women in STEM fields, and by working together, we can ensure that their legacies are not lost to history

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20 Historic Female Engineers Who Shaped Our World: Honoring Their Achievements On International Women's Day - Born To Engineer

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International Women's Day is a time to celebrate the achievements of women throughout history and to reflect on the progress that has been made towards gender

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HENAAC: Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Ceremony 

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HENAAC: Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Ceremony 

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For 35 years, GMiS has recognized the achievements of America’s top engineers and scientists from the Hispanic community. These STEM leaders, innovators and champions represent the best and brightest minds… Read More »HENAAC Awards

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The Black Engineer of the Year award is BEYA’s most prestigious discretionary award

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The Black Engineer of the Year award is BEYA’s most prestigious discretionary award. During his acceptance speech at the 2024 BEYA STEM Conference, Ken Washington expressed his gratitude for the recognition in his acceptance remarks and thanked the organizers.
He acknowledged that his journey to success was inspired by the many Black Engineers of the Year who had walked the stage before him. His first experience at the BEYA gala ballroom was almost twenty years ago, and it left him amazed by the sight of so many STEM professionals who looked like him and shared his history. Washington also mentioned several trailblazers, such as Linda Gooden, Art Johnson, Alicia Boler David, Freeman Hrabowski, Stephanie Hill, and Colin Parris, who had all made significant contributions to their field and society, inspiring countless engineers and aspiring engineers. Washington acknowledged that his award was not about him but a testament to the people who inspired him and helped him reach his current position. He encouraged aspiring engineers and those already in the STEM field to seek out someone they admire and learn from them. He underscored the crucial role of building a broad and diverse network of mentors, sponsors, allies, mentees, and colleagues. He urged young engineers in the audience to stay curious and committed to learning something new, especially in today’s artificial-intelligence-powered and hyper-connected world. Washington reflected on how this advice had propelled his transformation from a mainframe to a core computing expert, from internal combustion engineers to battery electric vehicles, cars to smart mobility, and smart devices to smart home devices. He is now part of the team working on technologies like artificial intelligence to surgical-assisted robots that can change the lives of more than two people every second. Finally, Washington underscored the profound influence of having the right people in your life, especially family, who can nurture and shape your journey in ways that no one else can. Last summer, Medtronic announced Washington as Chief Technology and Innovation Officer. According to the CEO, Medtronic is a 75-year-old company with 100,000 employees, the world leader in medical technology, but it only had a chief technology officer last year. Washington leads a team of over 13,000 engineers, scientists, and physicians who deliver products and therapies that advance their mission to alleviate pain, restore health, and extend life. Washington and his team are helping take Medtronic and the whole industry to the next level. He leads technology development and execution across sectors, including robotics, consumer products, automotive, and space, to accelerate innovation-driven growth in service of the company’s mission.

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Great MOOC and opportunity to collaborate with Bennett Goldberg, PI at the ISTP

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Great MOOC and opportunity to collaborate with Bennett Goldberg, PI at the ISTP

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This program is designed to advance the awareness, self-efficacy, and ability of STEM faculty, postdocs, graduate students, and staff to cultivate inclusive learning environments for all their students and to develop themselves as reflective, inclusive practitioners.

Drawing on embodied case studies and vignettes, participants will engage in deep reflection and discussions around topics of equity and inclusion in learning environments across a variety of institutional contexts. synchronous and synchronous online activities will be extended through in-person and virtual face-to-face learning communities on participating campuses.

Upcoming Opportunities

Registration for the project's first Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is now open via edX! Please visit the Overview of the Course page for more information about the content.

In addition to the MOOC, participants can register for synchronous learning communities facilitated at institutions across the country. Learn more about these communities and how to participate on our Learning Communities page.

Questions? E-mail inclusivestemteaching@gmail.com.

Inclusive STEM Teaching Project collaborator, Tazin Daniels, Ph.D. from the University of...

Welcome, explore our new site! Learn more about what our program offers...

Welcome, explore our new site! Learn more about what our program offers...

We are excited that you have joined our Inclusive STEM Teaching community....

We are excited that you have joined our Inclusive STEM Teaching community....

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This program is designed to advance the awareness, self-efficacy, and ability of STEM faculty, postdocs, graduate students, and staff to cultivate inclusive learning environments for all their students and to develop themselves as reflective, inclusive practitioners.

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The VIBE acronym stands for views, inclusion, benefits and burdens, and equity. This article has great questions for engineering educators and practitioners to consider.

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Faculty Focus | Higher Ed Teaching & Learning

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Decision Making for Equity: Applying the VIBE Framework for More Equitable Outcomes

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We need to ensure that our habits of mind, courses, policies, and everyday practices don't promote exclusion and perpetuate inequitable outcomes.

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Engineering is at the heart of any STEM education since it involves mathematics, science, and technology. Regardless of whether you are talking about civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, or industrial engineering, they all play a vital role in our society. Engineers push the boundaries of applied science while solving many problems plaguing society. Engineering also pushes society forward by being on the cutting edge of innovation. Today's students will be tomorrow's engineers so teaching them about the history of the field can help them develop the problem-solving skills necessary to succeed. Check out our list of famous engineers every student should know!

1. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Nikola Tesla was a Serbian American inventor and engineer. Many of his inventions centered around the possibility of wireless communication. Tesla spoke on his achievements during public lectures where he used showmanship to appeal to celebrities and wealthy patrons. While he died in relative obscurity, in 1960 the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the International System of Units (SI) measurement of magnetic flux density the tesla.

Learn more: Nikola Tesla at History.com

2. Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

Thomas Edison was an American inventor and businessman who contributed to the development of many fields. Edison is probably one of the first names that come to mind when thinking about famous engineers and for good reason since he aided in the invention of the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the light bulb. He also founded the first industrial research laboratory.

Learn more: Thomas Edison at Library of Congress

3. Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923)

Gustave Eiffel was a French engineer who played a role in the design and construction of various bridges and the French railway network. He is best known for the design and construction of the Eiffel Tower. He also contributed to the building of the Statue of Liberty. Following his retirement, he made significant contributions in the fields of both meteorology and aerodynamics.

Learn more: Gustave Eiffel at American Society of Civil Engineers

4. Henry Ford (1863-1947)

Ford worked as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. He built the first gasoline-powered carriage, known as the Quadricycle, during his time with the Edison Company. In 1903, Ford founded the Ford Motor Company, which was responsible for rolling out the Model T automobile, and eventually introducing technology in order to mass-produce them. While he was highly influential in the industrial world, he drew criticism for his anti-Semitic views.

Learn more: Henry Ford at History.com

5. Emily Roebling (1843-1903)

Emily Warren Roebling was an American socialite, builder, and businesswoman. Her husband, Washington Augustus Roebling, was the chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge. When he became too sick to continue working, Emily took over his responsibilities, largely overseeing the construction of the bridge between 1869 and 1893.

Learn more: Emily Roebling at Britannica

6. Elon Musk (b. 1971)

One of the youngest famous engineers on our list, and perhaps one of the most controversial, Elon Musk was born in South Africa. He co-founded PayPal, formed SpaceX, and was one of the first investors and CEO of the electric-car company Tesla. More recently, he acquired Twitter and changed its name to X.

Learn more: Elon Musk at Britannica

7. Hedy Lamarr (1914-2000)

Hedy Lamarr was a striking Austrian American actress famous for starring in films like Samson and Delilah and White Cargo. Lamarr was also brilliant and responsible for pioneering the technology that would aid in the development of Wi-Fi, GPS, and Bluetooth communication systems.

Learn more: Hedy Lamarr at National Women's History Museum

8. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)

An obvious choice for any list of famous engineers, Alexander Graham Bell was best known for inventing the telephone. He first developed the idea for electronic speech as a way to help his hearing-impaired mother. He also invented the microphone. Graham Bell took over the little-known National Geographic Society at the turn of the century and transformed National Geographic Magazine from a dry journal to one filled with beautiful photographs and intriguing writing.

Learn more: Alexander Graham Bell at PBS

9. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance, but he was also an engineer, architect, and inventor. While he is best known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, he was the first to draw up plans for what would eventually become a helicopter.

Learn more: Leonardo da Vinci at History.com

10. Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

Ada Lovelace belongs on any list of famous engineers since she is considered by many to be the first computer programmer. English mathematician Charles Babbage developed the first prototype of a digital computer, but it was Lovelace who created the first program for it. Lovelace's father was the famed poet Lord Byron. During her early life, she was privately tutored, self-educated, and then finally helped in her advanced studies by the first professor of mathematics at the University of London.

Learn more: Ada Lovelace at Britannica

11. Archimedes (287-212 BCE)

Living during the third century BCE, Archimedes was the first to discover that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of the cylinder that encloses it. He also discovered a law of buoyancy and allegedly invented a screw enclosed in a pipe that raised water from one level to another.

Learn more: Archimedes at Britannica

12. Aprille Ericsson-Jackson (b. 1963)

Aprille Ericsson-Jackson was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in mechanical engineering from Howard University. She was also the first African American woman civil servant to earn an engineering PhD at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. During her decades-long career with NASA, she has worked as an aerospace engineer, project and program manager and executive, and a technologist. Her contributions to the designing of spacecraft and instruments has been essential in gaining a better understanding of space science.

Learn more: Aprille Ericsson-Jackson at Small Business Innovation Research

13. Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

Lillian Gilbreth was an industrial/organizational psychologist who was a pioneer in the field of applying psychology to time and motion studies. In addition to being a psychologist, she was one of the first female engineers to earn a PhD. The 1948 film Cheaper by the Dozen was based on her life and how she applied the concept of industrial engineering to running a large family.

Learn more: Lillian Gilbreth at National Women's History Museum

14. Carl Benz (1844-1929)

Carl Benz was a German engine designer and automotive engineer, and his Benz patent motorcar was the first modern automobile in series production. Often referred to as the father of the automobile, he received a patent for his motorcar in 1886. He was also granted the first flat engine patent in 1896.

Learn more: Carl Benz at Britannica

15. Satya Nadella (b. 1967)

Indian American business executive Satya Nadella is the executive chairman and CEO of Microsoft, overseeing much of the company's acquisitions and innovations in technology. Prior to becoming CEO, he was integral to the building and running of Microsoft's computing platforms.

Learn more: Satya Nadella at Britannica

16. George Stephenson (1781-1848)

George Stephenson was an English civil and mechanical engineer who developed the "Rocket," an early railway locomotive. Along with his son Robert, he was a pioneer in rail transport and was crucial to the development of the first passenger railways.

Learn more: George Stephenson at Britannica

17. Kate Gleason (1865-1933)

Kate Gleason was born in Rochester, New York, and studied mechanical arts at Cornell University in 1884. She began her engineering career at a machine-tool factory that her father owned. Along with her father, she designed a machine that could mass-produce beveled gears. As a result of her success in the machine-tool business, she became the first woman elected to membership in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

Learn more: Kate Gleason at Engineer Girl

18. George Washington Carver (1864-1943)

George Washington Carver was born into slavery, though he would eventually earn a master's degree in agricultural science from Iowa State University. He is credited with discovering hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes. Carver taught and conducted research at Tuskegee University for decades.

Learn more: George Washington Carver at History.com

19. Chris Toumazou (b. 1961)

Chris Toumazou is an English Cypriot electronic engineer who co-invented semi-conductor DNA sequencing. This invention would revolutionize genetic testing. Toumazou has also won the European Patent Office European Inventor Award for this and other healthcare-related innovations.

Learn more: Chris Toumazou at TedMed

20. Yvonne Brill (1924-2013)

Yvonne Brill was a Canadian American rocket and jet propulsion engineer who was involved with both NASA and the International Maritime Satellite Organization. Her invention of the Electrothermal Hydrazine Thruster helps to keep satellites in orbit. During her time at NASA, she oversaw the development of rocket engines for their space shuttles. Like many famous engineers, she has also won numerous awards and been bestowed with many honors.

Learn more: Yvonne Brill at Smithsonian Institution

21. Steve Wozniak (b. 1950)

American Stephen Wozniak holds many titles including, but not limited to, entrepreneur, electrical engineer, computer scientist, computer programmer, philanthropist, and inventor. He is best known for co-founding Apple Computer with Steve Jobs. Apple would go on to become the most famous technology company in the world.

Learn more: Steve Wozniak at Britannica

22. Wright Brothers (Wilbur 1867-1912; Orville 1871-1948)

Americans Wilbur and Orville Wright were Midwestern businessmen and bicycle mechanics who many credit with the invention of the airplane. They completed the first successful flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903. And these aviation pioneers never even attended college!

Learn more: Wright Brothers at History.com

23. Andrew Viterbi (b. 1935)

Italian Jewish American electrical engineer Andrew Viterbi certainly belongs on any list of famous engineers. Everyone has a phone, but not everyone knows his name. They should, however, since his Viterbi Algorithm is responsible for propelling cellular technology forward by eliminating signal interference. He is the co-developer of code-division multiple access (CDMA), the most pervasive cell phone technology in the United States.

Learn more: Andrew Viterbi at USC Viterbi School of Engineering

24. Elijah McCoy (1843?-1929)

Elijah McCoy's parents fled from Kentucky to Canada via the Underground Railroad prior to his birth. He was an inventor who was so highly thought of that the expression "the real McCoy" originated with people requesting his innovations. He was best known for inventions that were focused around machine lubrication-for example, he automated the process for lubricating the moving parts of trains so it no longer had to be done by hand. His patented process was then used in other industries too.

Learn more: Elijah McCoy at Britannica

25. Lynn Conway (b. 1938)

American Lynn Conway is a computer scientist, electrical engineer, and transgender activist who received her advanced degree from Columbia University in 1963. In the 1960s, she worked at IBM, where she invented generalized dynamic instruction handling. This advancement improved performance for modern computer processors. She was also responsible for a microchip design that would revolutionize the electronic design automation industry and lead to many influential high-tech start-ups in the 1980s and 1990s.

Learn more: Lynn Conway at University of Michigan

26. Burt Rutan (b. 1943)

American Burt Rutan is an aerospace engineer and entrepreneur. He was responsible for designing the Voyager, which, in 1986, was the first plane to fly around the globe without stopping or refueling. Rutan designed nearly 50 aircraft during the course of his career and was named one of Time's 100 Most Influential People in the World among other recognition.

Learn more: Burt Rutan at BurtRutan.com

27. Jeanette Epps (b. 1970)

American astronaut Jeanette Epps received her PhD in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland. She graduated as part of the 20th class of NASA astronauts, graduating in 2011. Epps, who currently serves as a member of ISS Operations, is scheduled to fly to the ISS in 2024 with the Space X crew.

Learn more: Jeannette Epps at NASA.gov

28. Rem Koolhaas (b. 1944)

Dutch architect Remment Koolhaas has made Time's list of the World's Most Influential People and has also been inducted into the American Philosophical Society. He is considered by many to be one of the most significant architectural minds and urbanists of his time. He currently serves as a professor in the Graduate School of Design at Harvard.

Learn more: Rem Koolhaas at Britannica

29. Carver Mead (b. 1934)

American scientist and engineer Carver Mead has taught engineering and applied science at the California Institute of Technology for over four decades. While he has founded more than 20 companies, he is best known for his pioneering work in the field of modern microelectronics.

Learn more: Carver Mead at California Institute of Technology

30. Marissa Mayer (b. 1975)

Billionaire Marissa Mayer is undoubtedly best known for her time spent at Google and Yahoo. During her time at Google, she taught computer programming at Stanford and mentored students at a local charter school. For her teaching, she was awarded the Centennial Teaching Award and the Forsythe Award. She served as president and CEO of Yahoo from 2012 through 2017. Mayer herself graduated from Stanford with a B.S. in symbolic systems and an M.S. in computer science, specializing in artificial intelligence.

Learn more: Marissa Mayer at Britannica

31. Evelyn Wang (b. 1978)

Mechanical engineer Evelyn Wang was appointed by President Joe Biden to serve as the Director of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E). Her role oversees the agency's goal of funding and supporting promising energy research. An MIT graduate and now professor, Wang's interests include, but are not limited to, thermal management, energy conservation, and water harvesting.

Learn more: Evelyn Wang at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

32. Nikolaus Otto (1832-1891)

German engineer Nikolaus Otto invented the compressed-charge internal combustion engine, which ran on petroleum gas. This discovery would eventually lead to the development of the modern internal combustion engine.

Learn more: Nikolaus Otto at Britannica

33. Thomas Telford (1757-1834)

Thomas Telford was a Scottish civil engineer who was best known for his work on canals, roads, and bridges. Although he was responsible for many things, including 1,200 miles of new and improved roads, he was perhaps best known for the design and construction of the Menai Bridge in Wales, the largest suspension bridge in the world at the time it was built.

Learn more: Thomas Telford at Britannica

34. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

While many know the names of Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, is considered to have been just as influential in the world physics. He is particularly well known for his formulation of electromagnetic theory. His field equations led directly to the concept of electromagnetic radiation. It was this concept, along with the work of Michael Faraday (another name on our list), that would eventually pave the way for Einstein's theory of relativity.

Learn more: James Clerk Maxwell at James Clerk Maxwell Foundation

35. Bill Gates (b. 1955)

Bill Gates is certainly one of the most recognizable names on our list. Gates, a computer programmer and entrepreneur, developed software for the first microcomputers while just a sophomore at Harvard University. He would then go on to become a co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, which would become the world's largest personal computer software company. He also co-founded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a nonprofit that fights poverty, disease, and inequity around the world.

Learn more: Bill Gates at Britannica

36. Seymour Cray (1925-1996)

American electrical engineer Seymour Roger Cray is generally considered to be the father of supercomputing. He is known for designing a series of computers that were at one time the fastest in the word. He's also known for founding Cray Research, where many of these supercomputers were built.

Learn more: Seymour Cray at Britannica

37. John Bardeen (1908-1991)

No list of famous engineers would be complete without American physicist and electrical engineer John Bardeen since he is the sole person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics twice. The first of the two was for his invention of the transistor, and the second was for his theory of conventional superconductivity.

Learn more: John Bardeen at The Nobel Prize

38. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Anyone known as the father of electricity certainly belongs on a list of famous engineers. English scientist Michael Faraday contributed significantly to the studies of both electromagnetism and electrochemistry, and it was his work that would eventually allow electricity to become practical for use in technology.

Learn more: Michael Faraday at Science History Institute

39. James Watt (1736-1819)

Scottish instrument maker and inventor James Watt developed the steam engine. This invention contributed significantly to the Industrial Revolution and its effects were far reaching. Additionally, he developed an early steam locomotive and patented a double-acting energy. If you're wondering why his name is familiar, it is probably because of the unit of measurement that was named after him.

Learn more: James Watt at Britannica

40. Alice H. Parker (1895-1920?)

Inventor Alice H. Parker patented a system of central heating that utilized natural gas instead of coal or wood. This idea allowed for the conservation of energy and was directly responsible for the central-style heating systems found in most homes today.

Learn more: Alice H. Parker at Black Past

41. Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859)

As one of the most prolific and famous engineers of his time, Isambard Kingdom Brunel is certainly a lock on our list. Brunel was an English civil and mechanical engineer who oversaw the design and construction of hundreds of bridges, over two dozen railway lines, three major ships, and much more.

Learn more: Isambard Kingdom Brunel at American Society of Civil Engineers

42. Sergey Brin (b. 1973)

Everyone knows Google, but not everyone knows the name Sergey Brin. Brin is an American businessman who dropped out of his PhD program in computer science at Stanford University to become a co-founder of Google with Larry Page. As of the writing of this list of famous engineers, Brin is the 10th-richest person in the world.

Learn more: Sergey Brin at Britannica

43. Carlos Slim (b. 1940)

Regardless of whether you consider Carlos Slim more of a businessman or an engineer, there is no denying that it was his engineering background that helped him amass his wealth. He has credited some of his success in the business world to his mathematical fortitude and background in linear programming. In 2010, he took the title of world's richest man from Bill Gates, although he currently sits at 11th wealthiest.

Learn more: Carlos Slim at Academy of Achievement

44. Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014)

Stephanie Kwolek attended the women's college at Carnegie Mellon University before applying for a job as a chemist with the DuPont Company. She would eventually go on to create a series of synthetic fibers that were exceptionally strong and stiff. One of those fabrics, Kevlar, is used in over 200 applications, including bulletproof vests.

Learn more: Stephanie Kwolek at Science History Institute

45. Christina Koch (b. 1979)

Christina Hammock Koch is the youngest of all the famous engineers on our list. She has been an astronaut since 2013 but began her career with NASA as an electrical engineer at the Goddard Space Flight Center. She then spent a year at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Koch also contributed to instrument development for several NASA missions. She is perhaps best known for setting a record for the longest single space flight by a woman after completing 328 days in space.

Learn more: Christina Koch at NASA.gov

46. Neil Armstrong (1930-2012)

Neil Armstrong is undoubtedly one of the most recognizable names in American history. He was an aeronautical engineer and research scientist who then went on to become a pilot and eventually an astronaut in 1962. His greatest feat, and the one he is best remembered for, is being the first person to walk on the moon, in 1969.

Learn more: Neil Armstrong at NASA.gov

47. Tommy Flowers (1905-1998)

Tommy Flowers earned a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of London. He then went on to join a telecommunications branch of the General Post Office. He would eventually design the world's first programmable electronic computer, which would come to be known as "Colossus." This invention would prove crucial to the efforts to decode German messages during World War II.

Learn more: Tommy Flowers at The Centre for Computing History

48. Hemiunu (fl. 2570 BCE)

Egyptian Hemiunu lived during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu and was descended from royalty. His father was Prince Neferma'at and his mother was Princess Atet. Hemiunu was likely responsible for the building of the Great Pyramid, thus earning him a spot on our list of famous engineers.

Learn more: Hemiunu at Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum

49. Ann Dowling (b. 1952)

Ann Dowling was the first woman professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Cambridge. She is an expert in combustion and acoustics and her research has focused on efficient, low-emission combustion for aero and industrial gas turbines and aircraft. She has won numerous awards including the James Watt International Gold Medal.

Learn more: Ann Dowling at Royal Academy of Engineering

50. Frances Arnold (b. 1956)

Frances Arnold earned a degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering in 1979. She then went to work for the Solar Energy Research Group in the hopes of finding alternatives to fossil fuels and nuclear power. In 2018, she won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for her work on directed evolution of enzymes. Her discoveries have led to applications of new enzymes for everything from pharmaceuticals to renewable fuels.

Learn more: Frances Arnold at The Nobel Prize

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50 Famous Engineers Everyone Should Know

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Engineering is vital to society since it pushes science forward and solves problems. Check out our list of famous engineers to know!

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5 Indigenous scientists who’ve made an impact on their fields

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International Women's Day is a time to celebrate the achievements of women throughout history and to reflect on the progress that has been made towards gender equality.

However, while many women have made significant contributions to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( STEM), their stories are often overlooked or forgotten.

Today we wanted like to shine a light on 20 historic female engineers whose groundbreaking work has helped to shape our world, but who are often not given the recognition they deserve. These women have paved the way for future generations of female engineers, and it is time for us to honour their achievements and remember their names.

Emily Roebling (1843-1903)

Emily Roebling was a remarkable engineer and the unsung hero behind the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge. After her husband, Washington Roebling, the chief engineer of the bridge, fell ill and was unable to continue working on the project, Emily stepped in to take over. She spent the next 11 years overseeing the construction of the bridge, including managing the finances, liaising with the workers and politicians, and even taking engineering courses to expand her knowledge.

Emily's hard work and determination paid off when the Brooklyn Bridge was finally completed in 1883, becoming a symbol of innovation and progress. Despite her vital role in the project, Emily's contribution was largely ignored by the media and society, and she remained largely unrecognized until recent years. Her legacy as a pioneering female engineer continues to inspire and empower women in STEM today.

Edith Clarke (1883-1959)

Edith Clarke was a trailblazing electrical engineer and inventor, best known for her invention of the Clarke calculator, a graphical device used to solve electrical engineering problems. Born in 1883 in Maryland, Clarke was the first woman to earn a degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1919. She later went on to become the first female professor of electrical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Clarke's contributions to the field of electrical engineering were groundbreaking, particularly in the area of power system analysis. In addition to the Clarke calculator, she also developed the graphical analysis method, which allowed engineers to analyze complex electrical networks using diagrams rather than complicated equations. Clarke's innovative work helped to pave the way for modern electrical engineering, and will continue to inspire and empower those who follow in their footsteps.

Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

Lillian Gilbreth was a pioneering industrial engineer and psychologist who is known for her groundbreaking work in the fields of human factors and efficiency in the workplace. Born in 1878 in California, Gilbreth earned a Ph.D. in psychology from Brown University in 1915.

She later became one of the first female professors of engineering at Purdue University. Gilbreth's most notable contributions to the field of industrial engineering were her studies on motion and time, which helped to improve workplace efficiency and productivity.

She is also credited with inventing several household devices, including the foot pedal trash can and the shelves inside refrigerator doors. Gilbreth was a champion for women's rights and worked to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. She was the first woman elected to the National Academy of Engineering and received numerous awards throughout her career, including the Hoover Medal and the National Medal of Science. Gilbreth's legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM is a source of inspiration and empowerment that will continue to fuel progress and change in the world.

Martha Coston (1826-1904)

Martha Coston was an inventor and entrepreneur who is best known for her invention of the Coston flare, a signaling device used by the United States Navy. Born in 1826 in Maryland, Coston was widowed at a young age and left to support herself and her children. In 1859, she discovered a notebook that her late husband had left behind, containing sketches and notes for a signaling system using different colored flares. Coston took up the challenge of completing her husband's work, and spent the next 10 years refining the design and securing a patent for the Coston flare.

Her invention was quickly adopted by the US Navy and played a vital role in naval operations during the Civil War and beyond. Coston went on to build a successful business around her invention, and she was the first woman to receive a contract from the US government. Despite facing significant challenges as a female inventor in a male-dominated field, Coston persevered and her legacy as an innovative engineer continues to inspire women in STEM today.

Hedy Lamarr (1914-2000)

Hedy Lamarr was a Hollywood actress and inventor who made significant contributions to the field of wireless communication. Born in Austria in 1914, Lamarr became famous in the 1930s and 1940s for her acting roles in films such as "Algiers" and "Samson and Delilah." However, Lamarr was also an accomplished inventor and held several patents related to wireless communication. During World War II, Lamarr co-invented a frequency hopping spread spectrum system, which was designed to prevent radio-controlled torpedoes from being jammed by enemy signals.

Although the technology was not immediately implemented, it later served as a basis for modern Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS technologies. Despite her groundbreaking work, Lamarr's contributions to science and engineering were largely overlooked during her lifetime. It was only in the later years of her life that Lamarr began to receive recognition for her achievements, and she was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014. Lamarr's legacy as a pioneering female inventor and advocate for women in STEM has left an enduring legacy of inspiration and empowerment that will continue to shape the world for years to come.

Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau (1867-1941)

Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau was a pioneering American chemical engineer, celebrated for her design of the first commercial penicillin production plant. Born on 27 October 1910 in Houston, Texas, Rousseau was the daughter of a clothing store owner. She achieved her Bachelor of Science degree from Rice Institute in 1932 and later earned her Doctor of Science degree in chemical engineering from MIT in 1937, becoming the first woman in the USA to receive a doctorate in the subject. Her doctoral thesis focused on "The effect of solute on the liquid film resistance in gas absorption."

In the professional realm, Rousseau began her career with E. B. Badger in Boston. During World War II, she played a pivotal role in overseeing the design of production plants for penicillin and synthetic rubber. Her innovative approach to the deep-tank fermentation of penicillium mold revolutionized the large-scale production of penicillin. Additionally, Rousseau contributed to the development of high-octane gasoline for aviation fuel and later worked on refining distillation column design and plants for the production of ethylene glycol and glacial acetic acid. During the construction of an ethylene glycol plant in Texas, a worker questioned her authority, only to be informed by the foreman that Rousseau was the mastermind behind the plant's design.

After a distinguished career, Rousseau retired in 1961 and later became an overseer of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In recognition of her groundbreaking contributions, Rousseau received numerous accolades. In 1945, she became the first woman to be accepted as a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. A decade later, in 1955, she was honored with the Achievement Award of the Society of Women Engineers. In 1983, she was bestowed with the prestigious Founders Award of the AIChE, marking her as the first female recipient of the award.

Mary Walton (1846-1912)

Mary Walton was an inventor and environmental activist who made significant contributions to the field of noise reduction. Born in 1846 in New York City, Walton was concerned about the negative effects of noise pollution on public health and well-being. In 1881, she invented a system to reduce the noise pollution from elevated trains in New York City. Her invention, which involved suspending the tracks on rubber blocks and enclosing the wheels in sound-absorbing boxes, greatly reduced the noise levels and improved the quality of life for residents living near the tracks.

Walton's invention was later adopted by other cities around the world, and helped to pave the way for modern noise reduction technologies. Despite her groundbreaking work, Walton's contributions to science and engineering were largely overlooked during her lifetime. However, her legacy as a pioneering female inventor and environmentalist has blazed a trail of inspiration and empowerment for future generations to follow.

Beatrice Hicks (1919-1979)

Beatrice Hicks was a trailblazing engineer who made significant contributions to the fields of acoustics and industrial safety. Born in 1919 in California, Hicks was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. She went on to become the first female engineer hired by the Western Electric Company, where she worked on the development of sonar systems during World War II.

Hicks later founded the Society of Women Engineers, an organization dedicated to promoting the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. Her most notable contributions to the field of engineering were in the area of industrial safety, where she developed new technologies to detect and prevent accidents in the workplace. Hicks was also a pioneer in the field of acoustics, and her work helped to improve the design and efficiency of sound systems in large buildings and public spaces.

Despite facing significant barriers as a female engineer in a male-dominated field, Hicks persevered and her legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM continues to serve as a role model, inspiring and empowering future generations to reach for the stars.

Elsie Eaves (1898-1983)

Elsie Eaves was a pioneering structural engineer who made significant contributions to the design and construction of large dams and other major infrastructure projects. Born in 1898 in Texas, Eaves graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a degree in civil engineering in 1926.

She later became one of the first female engineers to work on the design of the Hoover Dam, which remains one of the largest and most impressive engineering projects in history. Eaves was also instrumental in the design and construction of other major dams, including the Parker Dam and the All-American Canal. Her work helped to improve the safety and efficiency of these structures, and paved the way for modern dam design and construction techniques. Eaves was a champion for women's rights and worked to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields.

She was the first woman to be elected to the American Society of Civil Engineers, and she served as president of the Society of Women Engineers. Eaves' legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM serves as a powerful reminder of what can be accomplished, inspiring and empowering the next generation to do even more.

Kate Gleason (1865-1933)

Kate Gleason was a pioneering mechanical engineer who made significant contributions to the fields of manufacturing and industrial design. Born in 1865 in New York, Gleason grew up in a family of engineers and entrepreneurs.

She later attended Cornell University, where she earned a degree in mechanical engineering in 1888, becoming the first woman to do so. After graduation, Gleason worked in her father's machine tool manufacturing company, where she quickly rose through the ranks to become the company's president. She was known for her innovative designs and manufacturing techniques, which helped to improve the efficiency and productivity of the company's operations. Gleason's most notable contribution to the field of engineering was her invention of a machine that could produce bevel gears, a type of gear used in machinery that was previously difficult to manufacture. Her invention revolutionized the industry and helped to pave the way for modern manufacturing techniques.

Gleason was also a pioneer for women's rights and worked to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. She was the first woman elected to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and she served as president of the Society of Women Engineers. Gleason's legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for women in STEM will continue to inspire and empower future leaders in the field.

Mae Jemison (born 1956)

Mae Jemison is an accomplished engineer, physician, and astronaut who has made significant contributions to the fields of science and space exploration. Born in Alabama in 1956, Jemison earned a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford University in 1977, and went on to earn a medical degree from Cornell University in 1981. She worked as a general practitioner and later as a medical officer with the Peace Corps, before being selected by NASA to become the first African American woman to travel into space.

Jemison flew on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992, and conducted experiments in materials science, life sciences, and human adaptation to space.

After leaving NASA, Jemison founded the Jemison Group, a technology consulting firm that focuses on social and environmental issues. She is also an advocate for science education and diversity in STEM fields, and has written several books on these topics. Jemison's legacy as a pioneering female engineer and astronaut serves as an enduring inspiration and source of empowerment for the next generation.

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

Ada Lovelace was a visionary mathematician and computer pioneer who is often regarded as the world's first computer programmer. Born in 1815 in London, Lovelace was the daughter of the poet Lord Byron and mathematician Annabella Milbanke.

Lovelace had a passion for mathematics and science from a young age, and was mentored by mathematician Charles Babbage, who was working on a prototype for an early mechanical computer called the Analytical Engine. Lovelace's most notable contribution to computer science was her work on the Analytical Engine, in which she developed an algorithm that could be used to compute Bernoulli numbers.

Her work on the Analytical Engine is considered to be the first example of a computer program, and her visionary ideas about the potential of computers to create and manipulate complex symbols helped to pave the way for modern computer programming. Despite facing significant obstacles as a woman in a male-dominated field, Lovelace's legacy as a pioneering female mathematician and computer scientist has set a high standard of inspiration and empowerment, challenging future generations to surpass it.

Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014)

Stephanie Kwolek was a pioneering chemist and inventor who is best known for her invention of Kevlar, a strong and lightweight synthetic fiber used in a variety of applications, including body armor, tires, and sporting equipment. Born in 1923 in Pennsylvania, Kwolek earned a degree in chemistry from Carnegie Mellon University in 1946, and went on to work as a chemist for the DuPont Corporation. Her work on polymers led to the development of Kevlar in 1965, which was initially intended for use in tires but later became widely used in body armor for law enforcement and military personnel.

Kwolek's invention revolutionized the field of materials science and had a significant impact on public safety and security. She received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 1996. Kwolek was a pioneer for women in STEM and served as a mentor to many young scientists and engineers throughout her career.

Her legacy as a pioneering female chemist and inventor will continue to inspire and empower those who seek to make a difference in the world.

Maria Telkes (1900-1995)

Maria Telkes was a pioneering engineer and inventor who made significant contributions to the fields of solar energy and energy storage. Born in Hungary in 1900, Telkes earned a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Budapest in 1924, and later moved to the United States to continue her work in renewable energy.

Telkes is best known for her invention of the first solar-powered heating system, which used solar energy to heat water for homes and other buildings. She also developed several energy storage technologies, including a thermal storage system that used phase-change materials to store and release heat energy. Telkes' innovative work helped to pave the way for modern solar energy and energy storage technologies, and she received numerous awards and honors throughout her career, including the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award and the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award.

Telkes was a trailblazer for women in STEM and worked tirelessly to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. Her legacy as a pioneering female engineer and advocate for renewable energy continues to inspire and empower women in STEM today.

Alice H. Parker (1895-1920s)

Alice H. Parker was a pioneering inventor who made significant contributions to the field of heating technology. Born in 1895 in New Jersey, Parker was interested in finding a more efficient way to heat homes and other buildings. In 1919, she patented a gas-powered central heating system that used a series of pipes and radiators to distribute heat throughout a building. Parker's invention was a significant improvement over existing heating systems, which were often inefficient and expensive.

However, due to the racial and gender prejudices of the time, Parker struggled to find support for her invention, and her work went largely unnoticed for many years. It wasn't until many years later that Parker's contributions to heating technology were recognized, and she is now considered to be a pioneering female inventor who helped to pave the way for modern heating systems. Parker's legacy as a trailblazing female inventor and advocate for renewable energy has paved the way for future generations to be inspired and empowered to pursue their dreams.

Yvonne Brill (1924-2013)

Yvonne Brill was a pioneering rocket scientist who made significant contributions to the field of propulsion technology. Born in Canada in 1924, Brill earned a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Manitoba in 1945.

She later moved to the United States and began working as a propulsion engineer for NASA and other aerospace companies. Brill's most notable contribution to the field of rocket science was her invention of a new type of rocket engine that used hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide as propellants. Her invention greatly improved the efficiency and reliability of rocket engines, and was used in a wide range of applications, including communication satellites and deep space probes.

Brill was also a trailblazer for women in STEM and worked tirelessly to promote the inclusion of women in engineering and other male-dominated fields. She received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 2011. Brill's legacy as a pioneering female rocket scientist and advocate for women in STEM remains a source of inspiration and empowerment for generations to come.

Mary Jackson (1921-2005)

Mary Jackson was a pioneering mathematician and aerospace engineer who made significant contributions to the fields of aeronautics and science education. Born in Virginia in 1921, Jackson earned a degree in mathematics and physical science from Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in 1942, and went on to work as a teacher and researcher for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later became NASA.

Jackson's most notable contribution to the field of aerospace engineering was her work on the Supersonic Transport program, where she helped to design and test high-speed aircraft. She also worked to promote the inclusion of women and minorities in STEM fields, and was a mentor to many young scientists and engineers throughout her career. Jackson's legacy as a pioneering female mathematician and aerospace engineer continues to inspire and empower women and minorities in STEM today. Her life and achievements were depicted in the 2016 film "Hidden Figures," which brought her groundbreaking work to a wider audience.

Grace Hopper (1906-1992)

Grace Hopper was a pioneering computer scientist and naval officer who made significant contributions to the fields of computer programming and software development. Born in New York City in 1906, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University in 1934, and later joined the United States Navy Reserve as a member of the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) program during World War II. Hopper was instrumental in the development of the first computer programming language, known as COBOL, and her work helped to establish many of the basic principles of modern computer programming.

She also served as a mentor and role model for many young scientists and engineers, and was a strong advocate for women's rights and the inclusion of women in STEM fields. Hopper received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the National Medal of Technology in 1991. Her legacy as a pioneering female computer scientist and advocate for women in STEM continues to inspire and empower future generations.

Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994)

Wilma Rudolph was a pioneering track and field athlete and civil rights advocate who overcame significant obstacles to become one of the most successful athletes of her time. Born in Tennessee in 1940, Rudolph was the 20th of 22 children, and she suffered from polio as a child, which left her with a weakened left leg. Despite this, Rudolph began running as a teenager, and quickly established herself as a gifted athlete.

She went on to compete in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games, where she won a total of three gold medals and became a symbol of strength, perseverance, and excellence.

Rudolph was also a passionate advocate for civil rights and worked to promote equality and social justice throughout her life. She served as a goodwill ambassador for the United States, and was a mentor and role model for many young athletes and activists. Rudolph's legacy as a pioneering female athlete and civil rights advocate continues to inspire and empower people around the world today.

Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

Rosalind Franklin was a pioneering chemist and crystallographer who made significant contributions to the fields of molecular biology and genetics. Born in London in 1920, Franklin earned a degree in chemistry from the University of Cambridge in 1941, and later went on to earn a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge in 1945. Franklin's most notable contribution to science was her work on X-ray crystallography, which she used to study the structure of DNA and other biological molecules.

Her groundbreaking work helped to establish the basic principles of modern molecular biology and genetics, and laid the foundation for many of the medical and scientific advancements of the 20th century. Despite facing significant barriers as a woman in a male-dominated field, Franklin's legacy as a pioneering female chemist and crystallographer continues to inspire and empower women in STEM today.

Her work was instrumental in the discovery of the structure of DNA, and she is considered to be one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.

While we have only highlighted 20 historic female engineers, it is important to acknowledge that thousands of women have contributed to the field of engineering throughout history.

Despite their significant contributions, many of their stories have been overlooked or forgotten. If we have missed any important female engineers in our list, we encourage you to get in touch with us and share their stories.

It is crucial to recognize the achievements of women in STEM fields, and by working together, we can ensure that their legacies are not lost to history

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20 Historic Female Engineers Who Shaped Our World: Honoring Their Achievements On International Women's Day - Born To Engineer

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International Women's Day is a time to celebrate the achievements of women throughout history and to reflect on the progress that has been made towards gender

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The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science

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Explore the lives and achievements of female Nobel Laureates who broke new ground in physics, chemistry and medicine.

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This list of African Americans inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, plus the medical space science.

African-Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation. A 2014 study by economist Lisa D. Cook linked violence towards African-Americans and lack of legal protections over the period 1870-1940 to lower innovation.

Among the earliest was George Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.

A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.

A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor is Lonnie George Johnson, an engineer. Johnson invented the Super Soaker water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to Larami Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by Hasbro, the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies - "It's who I am, it's what I do." As of 2019, Johnson holds over 120 patents, with more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems.

Name

Years

Occupation(s)

Inventions / accomplishments

References

Banneker, Benjamin

1731-1806

Almanac author; surveyor; farmer

Constructed wooden clock; astronomer; assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia; authored a series of almanacs and ephemerides; naturalist: recorded observations on emergences of periodical cicadas and on the behavior of honey bees.

Beard, Andrew

1849-1921

Janney coupler improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892

Bell, Earl S.

1977-

Inventor, entrepreneur, architect, industrial designer

Invented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005)

Blackwell, David

1919-2010

Mathematician, statistician

First proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory; one of the eponyms of the Rao-Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators

Boahen, Kwabena

1964-

Bioengineer

Silicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina

Boone, Sarah

1832-1905

Inventor

Ironing board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily

Bouchet, Edward

1852-1918

First African-American to receive a PhD in any subject; received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876

Bowman, James

1923-2011

Physician

Pathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences

Boykin, Otis

1920-1982

Inventor, engineer

Artificial heart pacemaker control unit

Brady, St. Elmo

1884-1966

Published three scholarly abstracts in Science; collaborated on a paper published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

Brooks, Charles

1865- ?

Inventor

Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch

Cannon, Thomas C.

1943-

Inventor

Led a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector (TOFC), the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions, and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable.

Cardozo, William Warrick

1905-1962

Pediatrician

Sickle cell anemia studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the Archives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid today

Chappelle, Charles W.

1872-1941

Electrician, construction, international businessman, and aviation pioneer

Designed long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc.

Dabiri, John

1980-

Biophysicist

Expert on jellyfish hydrodynamics and designer of a vertical-axis wind farm adapted from schooling fish

Ellis, Clarence "Skip"

1943-2014

Computer scientist

First African American with a PhD in computer science; software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC

Goode, Sarah E.

1855-1905

Inventor

Cabinet bed invention; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States

Gilbert, Juan E.

1969-

Computer scientist

Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishments

Jr. Jackson, John W.

1953-2007

Co-inventor of imaging x-ray spectrometer. NASA engineer. United States of America Army Civilian Engineer.

Jackson, Dr. Shirley

1946-

Physicist

Helped develop technologies leading to the invention of the touch-tone telephone, portable fax, solar cells, fiber optic cables, and the technology enabling caller ID and call waiting.[citation needed ]

Jarvis, Erich

1965-

Neurobiologist

Duke University neuroscience bird songs studies

Johnson, Isaac

18xx- ?

Inventor

Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage

Johnson, Lonnie

1949-

Mechanical engineer, nuclear engineer, inventor

Invented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with NASA; holder of over 80 patents

Kountz, Samuel L.

1930-1981

Transplant surgeon, researcher

Organ transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications

Latimer, Lewis

1848-1928

Inventor, draftsman, expert witness

Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet

Lee, Raphael Carl

1949-

Paul and Aileen Russell Professor, Pritzker School of Medicine; MacArthur Fellow, Searle Scholar, founder and chairman, Avocet Polymer Technologies, Inc.; founder and chairman, Renacyte BioMolecular Technologies, Inc; discovered use of surfactant copolymers as molecular chaperones to augment endogenous injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holder of many patents covering scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments[citation needed ]

Mahoney, Mary

1845-1926

Nurse

First African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States

McCoy, Elijah

1844-1929

Inventor

Invented a version of the automatic lubricator for steam engines, McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen.

McWhorter, John

1965-

Specializes in the study of creole language formation

Morgan, Garrett

1877-1963

Inventor

Invented an early version of a gas mask called a smoke hood, and created the first traffic light that included a third "warning" position which is standard today. Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair-straightening.

Nriagu, Jerome

1944-

Geochemist

Studies toxic metals in the environment; supporter of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman Empire

Ross, Archia

Turn of 20th century

Inventor

A runner for stoops (1896), bag closure device (1898), a wrinkle-preventing trouser stretcher (1899), a garment-hanger (1903), and a holder for brooms and like articles.

Russell, Jesse

1948-

Engineer, inventor

Wireless communications engineer

Sowell, Thomas

1930-

Economist, social scientist

Economist, social theorist and political philosopher

Tyree, G. Bernadette

19xx-

Program Director, Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases, at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health

Walker, Arthur B. C. Jr.

1936-2001

Astronomer

Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona

Wilkins, J. Ernest Jr.

1923-2011

Mathematician, engineer, nuclear scientist

Entered University of Chicago at age 13; PhD at 19; worked on the Manhattan Project; wrote over 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences

Wright, Jane C.

1919-2013

Cancer research and surgeon

Noted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer

Wright, Louis T.

1891-1952

Surgeon

Led team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans

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List of African-American inventors and scientists - Wikipedia

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This list of African Americans inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, plus the medical space science.

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By Amy Cowen on September 13, 2023 3:34 PM
Celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month by learning more about some of the many Hispanic and Latinx scientists and engineers who have made important contributions to science history.
Update! This post has been updated for 2023 to include additional scientists and engineers.

Learn More about these Hispanic and Latinx Scientists and Engineers

In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month (Sept 15-Oct 15), we highlight a few of the Hispanic and Latinx scientists and engineers who made (and are making) important contributions to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The list below is only a sampling of noted scientists through history and working in STEM fields today.

To encourage students to learn more about these scientists and to explore related science projects and careers for scientists they find interesting, for each scientist, we have included a short biographical summary, links to 1-2 hands-on science projects related to the scientist's area of study, links to relevant science career profiles, and a link to a biography.

Note: Educators can use this career worksheet to guide student exploration and reflection about STEM careers.

1. 3. Helia Bravo Hollis, biologist and botanist

Helia Bravo Hollis was a biologist and botanist whose research focused on the collection and classification of cacti in Mexico. ( Biography)

Learn more about related careers: Plant Scientist

2. 4. Franklin Chang-Díaz, astronaut

Franklin Chang-Díaz is a mechanical engineer and astronaut. As the first Hispanic NASA astronaut, he was involved in seven space shuttle missions, including Columbia and Endeavor. ( Biography)

Interested in mechanical engineering and space science? Learn more with science projects like: Bottle Rocket Blast Off! and Catching Stardust

Learn more about related careers: Mechanical Engineer, Aerospace Engineer

3. 6. France Córdova, astrophysicist

France Córdova was the 14th director of the National Science Foundation. As an astrophysicist, Córdova conducted multi-spectral research on x-ray and gamma ray sources and instruments used in space. She also served as NASA's chief scientist and, later, president of Purdue University. ( Biography)

Interested in astrophysics and space science? Learn more with a science project like: X-Ray Vision: Seeing Into Space

Learn more about related careers: Physicist and Astronomer

9. 26. Evangelina Villegas, chemist

Evangelina Villegas was a chemist whose work centered on cereal grains and the genetic engineering of wheat and maize with improved nutritional content to help fight malnutrition in areas around the world. ( Biography)

Interested in agricultural technology and genetic engineering? Learn more with science projects like: Genetically Modified Foods and A Sweet Sequence: The Cacao Genome

STEM Career Worksheet

To encourage students to learn more about these scientists and to explore related careers in science, technology, engineering, and math, use our free STEM Career Worksheet along with this post.

If you use the "Get Inspired by these Hispanic Scientists and Engineers" post and career worksheet with students, we would love to hear your feedback. Email us at scibuddy@sciencebuddies.org with your comments or story.

Diversity in STEM

To help students see themselves with a future in STEM and to broaden understanding of science history, it is important for students to learn about a diverse range of scientists and engineers. This includes celebrating the stories of women, African American, Asian American Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Native American scientists and engineers, scientists with disabilities, and other scientists from around the world.

Note: Individual scientist photos used in this post are in the public domain with exception of:
Albert Baez (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Helia Bravo Hollis ( Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 4.0)
Nicole Hernandez Hammer ( Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0)
Mario Molina ( Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0)
Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski ( Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 4.0)
Lydia Villa-Komaroff ( Amy Poehler's Smart Girls)
Paul A. Sanchez ( John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation)
Evangelina Villegas ( CIMMYT, CC BY-SA 4.0)

You Might Also Enjoy These Related Posts:

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Hispanic Scientists and Engineers - Hispanic Heritage Month | Science Buddies Blog

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Learn more about these Hispanic and Latinx scientists and engineers as part of Hispanic Heritage Month.

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Search directory for Black scientists and engineers.

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THE DIGITAL REPOSITORY FOR THE BLACK EXPERIENCE

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0 Final Dec 3 2021 Inclusive Engineering Classroom Strategies Matrix (1).docx

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Hi Ellen, Eleftheria and I have a case study we developed (that got the second place in a case competition last month) which infuses equity and justice considerations in statistics, transportation, and mathematical modeling. I would love to share if you think it fits the theme!

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Checklist of Inclusive Teaching Practices - U Michigan CRLT

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Checklist of Inclusive Teaching Practices - U Michigan CRLT

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Center for Research on Learning and Teaching

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Inclusive Strategies Reflection (4 domains): crlt.umich.edu

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I'd be really excited to host a group where we:

share video recordings of our class

do a self-evaluation of our teaching

collect a little data to help guide a change to improve our teaching

maybe use the CORE PCK tool to think more deeply about our pedagogy

maybe use the Wiseman & Gilbert’s Teaching Practices Inventory to identify changes that would better support students(LINK)

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see what might be transferrable

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College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at Illinois

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Objectives

I find the readings and resources very helpful. I was not familiar with a lot of the terms and common practices (for example, discovering myself as a first-generation college student). The readings and videos help a lot in giving me examples of implementing some of the DEI friendly strategies in the classroom and open my eyes to more perspectives that I didn't consider in the past.

1-page letter of application discussing why the applicant wants to participate in the program, the goals they hope to achieve, and the course to be designed or revised. In addition, list the diversity resources (e.g., courses, workshops) the applicant has taken before.

2-page CV

A 100-word statement of support from the unit or department leadership.

Sample syllabi if revising a course or a 500-word description of the course to be created or course materials to be re-designed.

Funding and support for the course is provided by the College of LAS Inclusive Excellence office; the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; and the Center for Innovation in Teaching & Learning.

"The facilitators are wonderful, and I have learned so much from them. And the guest speakers are talented, thoughtful, and inspiring.

I thought all of the speakers did a great job-I was engaged with each session and took something away from each meeting. I felt included, and it seemed that others did as well.

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Objectives The 14-week Inclusive Pedagogy Certificate engages in online/in-person (hybrid) experiential learning to teach faculty and instructors practical tools for designing and teaching courses geared towards diverse populations of undergraduate and graduate students. Faculty, specialized faculty, and instructors will gain expertise in:

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This Pedagogical Journal Club addresses topics which might fit nicely with DEEP CoP

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This Pedagogical Journal Club addresses topics which might fit nicely with DEEP CoP

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Auditing instructional lab space for inclusivity (Holly)

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Auditing instructional lab space for inclusivity (Holly)

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This workshop can bring together faculty to share their own practices and to provide best practices for creating supportive, inclusive spaces from physical features (protocols and instructions), cultural norms.

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Geoff Challen has a bunch of videos of people he features in CS124. Things like this seem promising. And align with the Gen-ed requirement of

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Our lessons include profiles of diverse computer scientists and technologists.

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Transparent Teaching - Revising HW (Colleen)

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Transparent Teaching - Revising HW (Colleen)

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One of my friends has led such a workshop - and I think I could run one here too. It involves updating an assignment to be explicit about (1) the learning goals, (2) how to get started, (3) how you'll be graded. etc. I think I'd want a faculty member to attend with a TA. would that be possible?

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Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning

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This page describes the TiLT model of assignment design.

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1. Book club: with https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/the-science-of-effective-mentoring-in-stemm

2. Create mentoring guides: (i.e., make the hidden curriculum in our lab/PhD program explicit - I think we can find some examples of these).

3. Develop templates for mentoring guides that others could adopt.

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Create a lesson on Potty Parity.  Which factors should engineers consider? Discuss the difference between "equality" and "equity."

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Create a lesson on Potty Parity.  Which factors should engineers consider? Discuss the difference between "equality" and "equity."

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DEI mindset is needed from basic principles, design, population tested, etc. Discuss how the processes could have been improved with the R&D of the Pulse Oximeter.  

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DEI mindset is needed from basic principles, design, population tested, etc. Discuss how the processes could have been improved with the R&D of the Pulse Oximeter.  

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On November 21, 2021, the British Health Minister, Sajid Javid, published an article in the Sunday Times pointing out that pulse oximeters tend to be inaccurate in patients with dark skin pigmentation [ 1]. The Minister remarked that "technologies are created and developed by people, and so bias, however inadvertent, can be an issue here too." The article attracted immediate and widespread attention, being covered by newspapers and television channels around the world. Mr. Javid expanded on his concerns during interviews with Andrew Maar on the BBC and Trevor Phillips on Sky News.

A few years after the introduction of pulse oximetry in the 1980s, we noticed that oximeters were less reliable in Black patients. In a 1990 article focusing on oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients, we reported that pulse oximetry was almost 2½ times less accurate in Black patients [ 2].

Given that pulse oximetry operates by shining a light through the skin at two wavelengths-660 nm (red) and 940 nm (infrared)-and measuring the difference in light absorbance at the two wavelengths to estimate arterial oxygen saturation [ 3], we surmised that inaccuracy in Black patients is related to skin pigmentation. Supporting evidence is the increase in the difference in light absorbance between red and infrared wavelengths with use of black nail varnish, causing pulse oximeters to register falsely low saturations [ 4].

Estimates of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry differ from true oxygen saturation in an arterial blood sample (the reference standard). The magnitude of the difference between non-invasive estimates and reference-standard measurements (in a group of patients) is quantified as mean and standard deviation, which statisticians dub "bias and precision." In White patients, the mean and standard deviation of the difference between non-invasive estimates of oxygen saturation and the reference standard are each around 2%, whereas they both exceed 3% in Black patients [ 2]. In our study, a pulse oximeter target of 92% ensured a safe arterial oxygen tension (PaO ₂) greater than 60 mmHg in 91.7% of White patients, but in only 50% of our Black patients [ 2].

In the first rigorous description of happy hypoxia in COVID-19, a situation where patients experience life-threateningly low oxygen saturations without provoking dyspnoea, we discussed several contributors to the phenomenon including the greater unreliability of pulse oximetry in Black patients [ 5]. Managing patients with unreliable measurements of oxygenation is hazardous, partly because dangerously low saturations are missed, but also because low saturations are exaggerated and lead to unnecessary intubation [ 6]. A major contributor to patient mortality in COVID-19 is inappropriate intubation [ 7], and it is possible that unreliable measurements of the oxygen saturations have contributed to increased mortality reported in Black patients [ 8].

In our 1990 article, we deduced that pulse oximetry was less reliable in Black patients because calibration data were drawn largely from White subjects [ 2]. The algorithms employed within software of pulse oximeters are trade secrets and not open to scrutiny [ 3]. We recommended that manufacturers collect data in Black patients to develop better calibration algorithms. In the 31 years since we made this recommendation, we are not aware of any manufacturer attempting to incorporate adjusted algorithms into pulse oximeters. The inaccuracy of pulse oximetry in Black patients is one further example of how medical information generated in (and for) White people contributes to inferior clinical outcome in patients of colour [ 9].

Hopefully, the attention generated by Mr. Javid's highlighting of a significant problem with pulse oximetry will rouse manufacturers into action. Mr. Javid is working with his US counterpart, Xavier Becerra, to introduce new international medical standards. In the meantime, it would help if authors reverted to the more mundane (and precise) terminology of mean and standard deviation and refrained from use of the dodgy terms "bias and precision", which gives rise to the notion that inanimate objects are capable of racial prejudice.

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Pulse oximetry, racial bias and statistical bias

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On November 21, 2021, the British Health Minister, Sajid Javid, published an article in the Sunday Times pointing out that pulse oximeters tend to be inaccurate in patients with dark skin pigmentation [ 1]. The Minister remarked that "technologies are created and developed by people, and so bias, however inadvertent, can be an issue here too."

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Join the Algorithmic Justice League in the movement towards equitable and accountable AI.

We combine art and research to illuminate the social implications and harms of AI.
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In today's world, AI systems are used to decide who gets hired, the quality of medical treatment we receive, and whether we become a suspect in a police investigation. While these tools show great promise, they can also harm vulnerable and marginalized people, and threaten civil rights. Unchecked, unregulated and, at times, unwanted, AI systems can amplify racism, sexism, ableism, and other forms of discrimination.

The Algorithmic Justice League's mission is to raise awareness about the impacts of AI, equip advocates with empirical research, build the voice and choice of the most impacted communities, and galvanize researchers, policy makers, and industry practitioners to mitigate AI harms and biases. We're building a movement to shift the AI ecosystem towards equitable and accountable AI.

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Algorithmic Justice League - Unmasking AI harms and biases

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Artificial intelligence can amplify racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination. We deserve more accountable and equitable AI.

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Share your statement of inclusion in your syllabus.  Feel free to add sample language

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Share your statement of inclusion in your syllabus.  Feel free to add sample language

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Authors' names must be comma-separated, e.g. Obama, Barack. Authors without a comma will be ignored as they are assumed to be an institutional author (e.g. United Nations).

Both .csv and Excel (.xlsx) formats are accepted, but for Excel, only the first sheet will be used.

Option 1

template1.csv has one row for each reading.

The (optional) courseid column enables you to compare results for different courses. It can be numeric or the name of a course. If you just have one course, you can omit this.

The reading column is a citation in the following format: a list of authors (last name, first name) separated by semicolons, with ** after the last author. Everything after the ** is ignored. For example: Agyeman, Julian; Bullard, Robert; Evans, Bob** 2003. Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Option 2

template2.csv has one row for each author.

The readingid column is an identifier for each reading. This allows multi-authored publications to be weighted appropriately.

The (optional) courseid column enables you to compare different courses. If you just have one course, you can omit this.

The author column is the author's name in (lastname, firstname) format. For example: Obama, Michelle.

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Authors' names must be comma-separated, e.g. Obama, Barack. Authors without a comma will be ignored as they are assumed to be an institutional author (e.g. United Nations). Both .csv and Excel (.xlsx) formats are accepted, but for Excel, only the first sheet will be used. template1.csv has one row for each reading.

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Check the gender representation of readings in your syllabi or seminar series

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Check the gender representation of readings in your syllabi or seminar series

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Note: Race predictor less accurate.

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Your bibliography or syllabus is approximately

Names that receive no prediction -- typically because they're uncommon -- or or have a predicted gender probability between 0.4 and 0.6 are listed as 'unknown' for gender. Surnames with no racial prediction -- typically because they're uncommon in the US, because this uses US-based data -- are listed as 'unknown' for race. They are still included in the denominators.

Although the site has changed since it was published, for more information about the underlying logic of the tool, please see:

Sumner, Jane Lawrence. 'The Gender Balance Assessment Tool (GBAT): a web-based tool for estimating gender balance in syllabi and bibliographies.' PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 2 (2018): 396-400.

This tool use the gender prediction algorithm from:

Mullen L (2021). gender: Predict Gender from Names Using Historical Data. R package version 0.6.0 https://github.com/lmullen/gender

and the race prediction algorithm from:

Kaplan, Jacob (2021). predictrace: Predict the Race and Gender of a Given Name Using Census and Social Security Administration Data. R package version 2.0.0. https://github.com/jacobkap/predictrace

Created and inconsistently maintained by: Jane L. Sumner

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Political Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.

Contact email: jlsumner@umn.edu.

Last updated: July 13, 2022

If you feel like contributing to maintain the cost of the server, I would be grateful: Venmo: @jlsumner

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Your bibliography or syllabus is approximately Names that receive no prediction -- typically because they're uncommon -- or or have a predicted gender probability between 0.4 and 0.6 are listed as 'unknown' for gender. Surnames with no racial prediction -- typically because they're uncommon in the US, because this uses US-based data -- are listed as 'unknown' for race.