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Christopher Columbus was sent by the Spanish royalty to go and seek resources and land in South America, “the new world”. Columbus goal was to make these indigenous people their slaves so they can colonize and get gold. He sees that they had no religion and didn’t know how to even use a sword. He writes all, this in a journal entry, a report to the king and queen.

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American Democracy: Great Law of Peace 1500's Dekanawidah

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American Democracy: Great Law of Peace 1500's Dekanawidah

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Dakanawidah

The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was made up of 5 tribes around 1500. Dakanwidah believed in a democracy mostly ruled by the citizens in that tribe. It was believed that his ways influenced the writing of the constitution.

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American Democracy: Common Sense 1776 Thomas Paine

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American Democracy: Common Sense 1776 Thomas Paine

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Thomas Paines goal in writing this document was to persuade Americans living under the control of Great Britain. Many Americans at the time didn’t want to secede from Great Britain.  So, he elaborated on many reasons like saying the Law is King. The Law that Americans create should rule over the people, not a singular king.

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Unit 3 Federal vs State 3.2 Patrick Henry 1777

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Unit 3 Federal vs State 3.2 Patrick Henry 1777

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Patrick Henry helped ratify the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The point of the Artciles was to create a stable government for the United States after being free from Great Britain. Patrick Henry was a supporter of state power, therefore the articles stated that the government should be more state power then federal. And Americans feared the idea of a strong centralized government.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 1787 The US Constitution Roger Sherman 

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 1787 The US Constitution Roger Sherman 

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Roger Sherman personally opposed slavery. But, he didn't want slavery to stop the ratification. So he created the 3/5s compromise meaning that slaves were just 3/5 of a person in the population. These slaves still did not have any of same rights as before. At this time, in the 1787's, slavery was extremely prevalent in the United States in the South. Lots of Northern States did abolish it, but all Southern states didn't.

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American Democracy 1787 The Federalist Papers James Madison 

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American Democracy 1787 The Federalist Papers James Madison 

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James Madison is a Anti Federalist who believes in a strong Republic. He thinks that groups should have strong leaders that have more control. Overall, he states that Federalists are more patriotic and better people for the country.

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Unit 3.3 James Madison 1787 Constitution Created 

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Unit 3.3 James Madison 1787 Constitution Created 

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James Madison was known as the “Father of the Constitution”. He did believe in state power. There was a Constitutional convention held. The Constution ultimately eliminated the Articles of Confederation  due to too much state power. The constitution implemented more federal power.

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3.4 George Washington 1791 Whiskey Rebellion

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3.4 George Washington 1791 Whiskey Rebellion

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George Washington was the 1st president of the US. He used his power to call up state militias during the Whiskey Rebellion. Farmers were angry that there was a excise tax on their Whiskey and started a violent rebellion in Pennsylvania.

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American Democracy Inaugural Address 1800 Thomas Jefferson

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American Democracy Inaugural Address 1800 Thomas Jefferson

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When elected, Thomas Jefferson became the first democratic republic president. Thomas Jefferson believed in a  weak centralized government and stronger state governments. He didnt like the constitution beliefs and wanted more freedom for American citizens.

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John C Calhoun viewed slavery as a positive good since Britain outlawed the slave trade and some of the United States wanted to do the same. He was one of the most powerful politicians in the Antebellum Era. He said that in all societies, people work under each other. He also said that slaves are better off here in America since they have their owner to “take care” of the,.

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3.5 John Marshall McCulloch vs Maryland 1819

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3.5 John Marshall McCulloch vs Maryland 1819

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Marshall was a federalist in the SCOTUS and made the decision for McCulloch vs Maryland. During this time Congress passed a law opening the new central bank for the US (BUS) and regional branches. McCulloch refused to pay fees from the bank and tried to sue the state he lived in which was Maryland. McCulloch said that opening the federal bank was unconstitutional, but Marshall deemed that it was necessary and proper.

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American Democracy Andrew Jackson Political Cartoons Andrew Jackson 1830's

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American Democracy Andrew Jackson Political Cartoons Andrew Jackson 1830's

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Andrew Jackson always campaigned himself as the common man. Meaning, he came from nothing and was just like any other citizen voting. But, he used his power to his advantage. He was extremely unfair to Native Americans and vetoed many bills.

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3.6 John Ross Cherokee Nation vs Georgia 1831 

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3.6 John Ross Cherokee Nation vs Georgia 1831 

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John Ross was principal chief of the Cherokee nation. The Cherokee tribe had many treaties with the United States to keep their land in Georgia. Georgia wanted the cherokees to leave Georgia but Ross argued that the tribe wants to be treated as a sovereign nation. He took this to the SCOTUS, where he lost and led to the Indian Removal Act. A year later this decision was overturned, but President Jackson did not listen and still forced the Natives out of Georgia.

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3.7 Daniel Webster 1832 Nullification Crisis  

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3.7 Daniel Webster 1832 Nullification Crisis  

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There was a tariff on industrial goods which ultimately benefited the North more than the South and only protected Northern business. Therefore, South Carolina decided to nullify this tax, because it wasn't benefiting them. Jefferson and Madison ultimately came up with nullification. Daniel Webster, a lawyer, who supported the North made a speech saying that it wasn't the Souths places to argue with the law and how other states have no issue paying the tax. In the end, President JAckson sent troops to help enforce the tariff.

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In the 1830’s - 1840’s there were women working in mills in terrible conditions in the north east. It was unsafe and these women worked 13-14 hour days. Not to mention the pay was low, so they went on strike. The hours shifted to 11 hours and the women were able to take breaks. This inspired many to stand up for better work conditions.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 1838 Trail of Tears John Ross

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 1838 Trail of Tears John Ross

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John Ross was the leader of the Cherokee resistance in 1838. He wrote the Cherokee constitution. At this time in history, there was much discrimination against Native American groups. So, Andrew Jackson signed an act that resulted in the Trail of Tears. Native Americans had to travel from the south to Oklahoma to a reservation made. Some Americans thought that Native Americans were uncivilized, but they actually adapted European ways. For example slavery. It was also said that Native Americans would be more protected if they were away.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Ain't I Woman? 1851 Sojourner Truth

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Ain't I Woman? 1851 Sojourner Truth

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Sojourner Truth was a African American woman's activist and abolitionist. She escaped slavery after being sold 4 different times. She also preached around the country as a Methodist. Therefore, she believes in all equality. She delivered a extremely popular speech called "Aint I women" at the Ohios Womens Convention. Truth wanted women to receive rights, just like men. Women are as strong, if not stronger then men.

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American Democracy 1852 Federick Douglass

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American Democracy 1852 Federick Douglass

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Douglass was a abolitionist who escaped from slavery. He became extremely well known and an inspiration for many. He was educated and said a speech during the Fourth of July. In this speech he claimed that the constitution is fun true since slaves are not treated equally.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Constitution and Slavery 1856 Roger Taney

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Constitution and Slavery 1856 Roger Taney

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Roger Taney was a Democratic Republican Lawyer and then became a SCOTUS justice. Roger Taney made the ruling for Scott vs Sanford. Dred Scott traveled to a free state, Illinois, with his owner. He thought he was free, but wasn't. Therefore he sued his owner since he thought he was going to be free. Taney did state that he wasnt free since in the constitution slaves arent citizens. So, slaves cannot sue others.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Attack On Harpers Ferry 1859 John Brown

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Attack On Harpers Ferry 1859 John Brown

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John Brown was a abolitionist in 1859. He thought that using violence to end slavery was the only way to abolish it and he thought it was a calling by God. So, he planned a raid to go to Harpers Ferry, a fort with weapons. He hoped a group of slaves in Virginia would join him. It ended up being a huge failure and he got arrested since people died. During his appeal, he claimed he did no wrong. People portray him as a hero because he died for slavery since he was hung to death.

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3.8 Jefferson Davis 1860 Secession of South Carolina 

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3.8 Jefferson Davis 1860 Secession of South Carolina 

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Jefferson Davis was the Senator of South Carolina and then the first and last president of the Confederacy. South Carolina was the first state to break away and sucede. The Southern States realized that the North had a much greater advantage with population and slavery. One thing is that the constitution stated that if there are slaves that escaped, they need to be brought back to their owners due to the constitution. The North wasn't following that. So they suceded.

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American Democracy: 1872 Susan B Anthony Womens Rights 

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American Democracy: 1872 Susan B Anthony Womens Rights 

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Susan B Anthony was a women in the late 1800s. Her main purpose was to advocate women voting in elections. She argued that the constitution was also made for women, and they are American citizens. Anthony voted in an election and was taken to jail for it.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Horace Gray

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Horace Gray

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In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was very much active in the United States. Chinese people were heavily discriminated and used to work in the US. There was a law where if Chinese people left the US, they had to show a certificate of residence and a white witness. 3 Chinese men, Fong Yue Ting the main person and his friends Wong Quan and Lee Joe. Ting went to leave the US to visit China and was denied to enter since he didn’t have a white man with him. Just his friends. Therefore, he challenged this and Horace Gray, a SCOTUS justice ruled that he cannot come back to the US.

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Andrew Carnegie was a famous figure after the reconstruction era, an era called the Gilded Age, where people started to become extremely wealthy through owing factories. But also a lot of poverty,  Carnegie helped build the rail systems and steel industry. He was a big philanthropist, meaning he donated his money to poor people for that reason that he thought they were inferior to him. He believed that all rich people should do it, and expressed this through his book “The Gospel of Wealth”.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Plessy Vs Ferguson 1896 Henry Billings Brown

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Plessy Vs Ferguson 1896 Henry Billings Brown

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Henry Billings Brown was a Republican SCOTUS Justice for Plessy vs Ferguson. Plessy was 1/8 black and purchased a ticket for the all white cart in a train during Jim Crow (1896). Since he was an 1/8 black, he was arrested and taken to court. Brown made the argument that mixing white people and people of color would only create violence. He wants to "protect' everyone. Then he makes the argument that schools are segregated but people only make arguments about the train carts.

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W.E.B DuBois was a black sociologist, author and activist during the post reconstruction era. He was born during reconstruction. Reconstruction was the period after the civil war since there were millions of emancipated slaves . Black people, post reconstruction, started suffering through many setbacks, like Jim Crow. He wrote a book called “The Souls of Black Folk” which is a bunch of essays describing the experience post reconstruction.

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During the progressive era, Upton Sinclair was a muckraking journalist. He wrote a book called “The Jungle” which is about immigrants working in horrible conditions in the meatpacking industry of Chicago. Though his gaol was to highlight the horrible  and deadly conditions and make them better for the workers, it actually made the public aware of food safety. The FDA passed the pure food and drug act.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Womans Rights 1920 Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Womans Rights 1920 Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Stanton was a womens activist in the 1920's. She argued for equal rights because if women are apart of America, the they automatically should have equal rights. Also, she mentioned male philosophers in her speech, that they think the reason for womens discrimination is all biological. Elizabeth did become the first president for the National Womens Suffrage Association and presented the speech The Solitude of the Self.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination KKK Peak Popularity 1920's Hiram Evans 

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination KKK Peak Popularity 1920's Hiram Evans 

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Hiram Evans became the Wizard Leader in the KKK in the 1920’s. The KKK is a white supremacist group that have been around for many years after the civil war. In this time specifically, they heavily discriminated against immigrants. The KKK and Evans thought that immigrants would ruin the culture of the US since they will always identify as the country they came from.

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Henry Ford created the assembly line to make his cars. He paid his workers a lot and thought that business should be the top of the economy. He thought laws are useless as well. He thought that factory workers deserve more.

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After the Great Depression, there was lots of poverty and people were out of jobs. Therefore, Roosevelt used the government to create social programs to help end poverty. This was more of a democratic view. He wants to do everything necessary .

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Brown Vs Board of Education 1954 Thurgood Marshall 

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination Brown Vs Board of Education 1954 Thurgood Marshall 

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Thurgood Marshall was the Lawyer who represented Brown in the Brown Vs Board of Education trial. Marshall advocated for black rights throughout his life, being a black man. In his future, he became the first African American SCOTUS justice. The case he represented brown in was the fight to integrate black and white schools in the United States. Luckily, this did end up happening.

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The Little Rock 9 were the first group of Black students to enter an all white school in Little Rock Arkansas. The governor of Arkansas did not agree with this decision and tried to stop these kids from entering. But then, Eisenhower sent the National Guard to help and protect the kids to enter. He said that mob rule cannot overturn the decisions of the SCOTUS, since Brown vs Board of Education did state that schools need to desegregate with all deliberate speed.

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Same event but from the perspective of the Governor Arkansas, Orval Faubus. Orval Faubus was against the idea of desegregation within schools he closed them down for a year. Then, the federal government forced the Little Rock Nine to enter the all white school. Faubus argued that it wasn't the place of the government to force the desegregation in schools since they don't have any power in the school system. Also, that desegregating schools will destroy peace and harmony. And Eisenhower sent the US military to force Arkansas to change their ways.

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American Democracy: Inaugural Address 1961 John F Kennedy 

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American Democracy: Inaugural Address 1961 John F Kennedy 

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John F Kennedy was the president during the Cold War. The Cold War was against the United States and the Russia who promoted communism. Russia was known as the USSR. John F Kennedys goal was to protect the US from communism.  During the war he created a strategy called Flexible Response. Kennedy was also an ally to the African Americans.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 1964 Malcom X Speech 

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 1964 Malcom X Speech 

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Malcom X in his earlier life was involved in drugs and gangs. When sent to prison he converted to Islam. Then, he joined the Nation of Islam, a black supremecist group. After going to Mecca, he converted to Sunni Muslim and wanted to promote peace. He created the OAAU for African Americans and Indigenous people. Malcom believed in self defense and that black elope need to be independent and bonded.

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After Kennedy got assasinated, Lyndon B Johnson became president. There was lots of poverty in the United States and people needed jobs. Therefore Johnson made the “War on Poverty” where the government intervened and used funding to prepare individuals for success in society and get jobs.

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American Democracy: CPAC Speech 1980 Ronald Reagan 

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American Democracy: CPAC Speech 1980 Ronald Reagan 

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Ronald Reagan believed that American was great. He also said that it was Gods plan that led to the creation of the US. Reagan thought that families had everything they already needed in the US. He was extremely materialistic so, to him, cars matter. These are all very conservative values

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Ronald Reagan was a republican president who won the election of 1980 against Jimmy carter due to the plans of the economy. He introduced Reganomics which ultimately decreased the inflation in the United States and decreased government spending.

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There were many Mexican American immigrants that immigrated to the southwest part of the United States, like Chavez and worked on farms. These farmers were treated horribly and worked in dangerous and dirty conditions. Therefore, Chavez created a farmers union to try to negotiate with the head farmers. They created boycotts and went on strikes.

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Sandra Day O'Connor was the first female SCOTUS Justice. In the 1960's nuclear power was getting very popular, which increased the need for radioactive waste dump sights. No government, local, state or federal wanted to deal with finding a place to put this waste. Ultimately, the federal government decided to put a waste sight near a small city in New York in agreeance with New York. This was a law. New York then sued the government deeming it was unconstitutional due to public pressure. New York won because of Sandra Day O'Connor, she believed that the law the federal government made was unconstitutional because it violates the state's rights to make decisions.

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American Democracy: Barack Obama 2008 A More Perfect Union

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American Democracy: Barack Obama 2008 A More Perfect Union

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Obama was the first African American President. He promoted more inclusiveness in schools since kids are heavily affected by the quality of some schools. Even though serrated schools are illegal, they truly aren’t since there are so many schools separated.

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 2015 Obergefell vs Hodges

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Unit 2: Diversity and Discrimination 2015 Obergefell vs Hodges

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Prior to 2015, gay marriage was not legalized in most states since it was up to the state government. Therefore, there was an argument that if a gay couple gets married in a state where it’s legal, than is the couple still married if they move to them a state where it’s not allowed. Thus happened to a couple James and John. They sued and it got taken to the SCOTUS. Anthony Kennedy made the descision to legalize it in all states since it applies to the 14th amendment.

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Donald Trump was a republican president elected in 2016. He posed to bring back jobs to America in many ways. A few ways were that he was gonna alter tax laws, making it easier and modern. Also by creating manufacturing jobs in the US by producing more goods in the US. And

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5.1 Donald Trump 2017 Statement on Syria

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5.1 Donald Trump 2017 Statement on Syria

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In 2017 a Syrian dictator launched a bomb on innocent civilians. Trump wanted to protect America and launched a military strike in Syria so that the Syria doesn’t use chemical weapons anywhere else. The weapons are a threat to American and its Allie’s around the world.

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In 1793 the French declared war on Britain. There was no foreign policy in the United States yet. People were swayed on who to support in this war. Therefore, Washington wanted people to stay neutral and wrote the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793. If any citizens try to support either side, they could get in trouble with the law or pay a fine.

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6.2 Declaration of Independence  Thomas Jefferson 1776

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6.2 Declaration of Independence  Thomas Jefferson 1776

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Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence and he believed in a limited government. Colonies suffered a lot under Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence established rights for the colonies.

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James Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution. The Bill of Rights is the powers not delegated to the government but up to the citizens. It introduces a list of amendments to the constitution. He supported the Virgina Declaration,.

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During the Quasi war in France, John Adams didn't want any citizens to get involved. HE came up with the Sedition Act to limit citizens speaking out against the US government or any issues. THis violated the 1st amendment. Democratic Republicans argued this was a violation as well.

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During the Civil War Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus, therefore anyone who spoke out against the union was thrown into jail with no trial or right reason. He did this because in the Constitution it said that if there was a rebellion, he could. This also helped Lincoln to institute the draft.

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During the Great Depression, World War 1 veterans were promised money from the government. BUt the government had to push this back due to the financial crisis. The Bonus Army a group of veterans was upset and decided to protest and camp out at the capital. Hoover asked them to leave, some did and some didn't. Those who didn't rebelled and became dangerous. So, Hoover sent the army to get them out and burn the camp. A few veterans died. He claimed that those who rebelled weren't the veterans.

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Japanese Internment Franklin Roosevelt 1942

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Japanese Internment Franklin Roosevelt 1942

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During WW2, Japan was a threat to the US. IN order to keep the SU safe, the army and Roosevelt thought it was best to send Japanese Americans to Internment camps for a few years. They didn't want spy's here in the US and want national security. AFter this,$38 mil was sent to Japanese Americans. Many of these Americans homes were destroyed and there was hate.

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McCarthy was a senator who scared Americans that communist spy's were all around us. He used HUAC to investigate and punish some innocent citizens that were suspected to be communist spy's. Robeson was an athlete and multi talented person who advocated for Black Americans. He believed that communism would change racism since capitalism promotes racism. He was blacklisted and HUAC investigated him. He thought it was violating his amendments.

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Hoover was the director of the FBI and created a secret program COINTELPRO to itarget groups he believed was a threat to the US. Like the KKK, Black Panther Party, Communists and famous people. COINTELPRO abused their powers when they spayed on citizens and then activists caught them.

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Newton help found the Black Panther Party, who was inspired by Malcom X to fight violence on violence. The 10 point program is goals they want to see in society to help end racism and make things equal. They were seen as a threat to the FBI.

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After 911, the act was used to investigate against terrorists. They wanted to prevent another attack on the US. The act granted the government to look through books and phones. Many citizens and the ACLU feared it violated rights. The DOJ made a statement and said it wasn't.