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4000 BC Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread

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4000 BC Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread

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The cooking made the grain more susceptible to attack by the enzymes that convert starch into sugars. This batch was then mixed with sprouted but unheated grains in water. Yeast was added to the combination of sugar and starch in solution, and this fermented to make beer. (The New York Times).

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600 BC: Chinese use moldy soybeans to treat boils, the first use of an antibiotic

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600 BC: Chinese use moldy soybeans to treat boils, the first use of an antibiotic

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The chinese used moldy soybeans to treat boils and wounds to kill bacteria and stop infection from spreading ( Science learning hub)

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1857: Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation

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1857: Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation

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Pasteur proved that living cells could so many things like the yeast from it can form alcohol from sugar. He also found that contaminated microogranism's found in the air could turn fermentations sour. (Lemelson.MIT)

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1884:  Koch's Postulates was made to describe the relationship between a microbe and a disease

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1884:  Koch's Postulates was made to describe the relationship between a microbe and a disease

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Koch's Postulates was made to describe the relationship between " a casual relationship" between a microbe and a disease. Koch's postulates were later refined and published in 1890. " Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis, both of which are now ascribed to bacteria." (Wiki)

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1914: ASP provides a lot of help with environmental protection

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1914: ASP provides a lot of help with environmental protection

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The ASP process was developed in England 1914 and is capable of stabilising the organic content of wastewater. It can produce high quality effluents also at a affordable cost."Several micro-organisms feed on organic contaminants present in wastewater. They cluster together and gradually build up to larger solids, forming the activated sludge (AS, and also known as floc). Flocs are allowed to settle to the bottom of tanks, leaving a relatively clear wastewater free of organic material and suspended solids." (Microbiology Society)

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1928 Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin

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1928 Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin

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Fleming began to sort through petri dishes containing colonies of Staphylococcus, bacteria that cause boils, sore throats and abscesses. He noticed something unusual on one dish. It was dotted with colonies, save for one area where a blob of mold was growing. The zone immediately around the mold—later identified as a rare strain of Penicillium notatum—was clear. (ACS).

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1953: James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA

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1953: James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA

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They had a huge milestone in molecular Biology.  like their ground-breaking insights into the genetic code and protein synthesis, it also helped with new discoveries, like, genetic engineering, rapid gene sequencing, and monoclonal antibodies. (National library of Medicine)

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1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

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1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

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The first success of the Boyer-Cohen collaboration occurred in spring 1973 and involved one of Cohen’s plasmids, pSC101. Plasmids were already known to transfer drug resistance among bacteria, and this one could make E. coli resistant to the antibiotic tetracycline. (Science History Institute).

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1975: Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies

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1975: Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies

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They immortalized antibody producing cells by fusing them with tumour cells. Monoclonal antibodies has opened up completely new fields for biomedical research and allows precise diagnosis and also treatment of disease. (Nobel Prize)

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March 1980 The US Supreme Court approves the principal of patenting an organism, allowing oil company Exxon to patent an oil-eating bacterium

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March 1980 The US Supreme Court approves the principal of patenting an organism, allowing oil company Exxon to patent an oil-eating bacterium

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On 17 March 1980, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the decision of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals to grant a patent for a bacterium capable of breaking down crude oil. The Supreme Court therewith established that whether or not an invention is a living thing is irrelevant to the question of its patentability. (UNCTAD's Intellectual Property Unit).

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1982: FDA approved Humulin, the first biosynthetic human insulin product

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1982: FDA approved Humulin, the first biosynthetic human insulin product

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In 1982, the FDA approved Humulin, the first medical product that derived from the new biosynthetic technology. Because of this, they promised to "resolve the supply and price volatility inherent in the production of animal insulins, but also enabled the development of efficient manufacturing design and protocols to achieve even greater purity and standard adherence." (FDA)

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1983: Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

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1983: Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

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Small amounts of DNA can be copied in large chunck's  in a short period of time. By using heat you can separate the strands.  (Nobel Prize)

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1983: First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

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1983: First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

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The united states genetically engineered seeds that lead to many farmers using for corn,soy beans, and cotton. Like with everything else they found that there were risks with genetically modified crops. (United States Department of Agriculture)

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1986 DNA fingerprinting evidence is used for the first time in court

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1986 DNA fingerprinting evidence is used for the first time in court

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First used in forensic science in 1986 when police in the UK requested Dr. Alec J. Jeffreys, of University of Leicester, to verify a suspect's confession that he was responsible for two rape-murders. (National Library of Medicine).

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March 1990 CHY-MAX, an enzyme used for making cheese, is the first product of recombinant DNA technology to be used in the U.S. food industry

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March 1990 CHY-MAX, an enzyme used for making cheese, is the first product of recombinant DNA technology to be used in the U.S. food industry

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The first genetically engineered product for human consumption, an enzyme expected to be of wide use in making cheese, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. (Los Angeles Times).

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1996: Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut creates Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell

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1996: Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut creates Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell

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Dolly just started off as a single cell in a test tube from two different sheep's, then was transferred to a surrogate sheep, then giving birth to Dolly. (National Museums Scotland)

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1998: Herceptin was approved for development in 1998 for treatment of breast cancer

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1998: Herceptin was approved for development in 1998 for treatment of breast cancer

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Personalized medicine was promised with the progression of Herceptin that helped target breast cancer. This also meant that there would be challenges when it came to developing new personalized medicine that has to be overcomed. However, over time our understanding of medicine will change greatly overtime and make us have a greater understanding of how to treat problems.(FDA)

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2001 The first draft of the complete human genome (the Human Genome Project) is released

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2001 The first draft of the complete human genome (the Human Genome Project) is released

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The Human Genome Project was a global scientific effort whose goal was to generate the first sequence of the human genome.  This project was critical for advancing policies and earning increase support for the open sharing of scientific data. (National Human Genome Research Institute).

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2003 GloFish, the first transgenic fish expressing green fluorescent protein, are launched as pets in the U.S.

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2003 GloFish, the first transgenic fish expressing green fluorescent protein, are launched as pets in the U.S.

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The GloFish is a trademarked brand of genetically modified fluorescent zebrafish with bright red, green, and orange fluorescent color. Although not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it is the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet.  (Bionity).

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2007: Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time opening the door for personalized stem cell therapies

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2007: Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time opening the door for personalized stem cell therapies

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Scientists reprogrammed skin cells to act like embryonic stem cells. Biologist also believes that they can make any cell behave like embryonic stem cells, just as long as you mix them in with DNA. (National  library of Medicine)

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2008: GFP was discovered and was starting to be developed by "Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien "

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2008: GFP was discovered and was starting to be developed by "Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien "

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The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize to "Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien ." The discovery has allowed scientists to know how to track how cancer cells form new blood vessels and how Alzheimers disease kills brain neurons. (Nobel Prize)

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2010: FDA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer.

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2010: FDA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer.

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Immunotherapy treatment is used to help those with prostate cancer, using the patients own immune system to target the prostate cancer cells. (UCLA Health)

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2010: `The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome

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2010: `The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome

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It creates a molecular and biological foundation for improving health globally, They do that by looking deeper into diseases, diagnosis, and therapies. (National library of Medicine)

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2017: CAR-T therapies approved by the FDA for resistant lymphoma and acute leukemia

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2017: CAR-T therapies approved by the FDA for resistant lymphoma and acute leukemia

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1. Introducing the CAR-T therapies were breakthrough for the time, however there were some problems. There is a 60% relapse rate with the patients. However, there is "extensive research" that will help to solve these problems. (NIH)

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2019: First patients receive CRISPR treatment and have benefited

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2019: First patients receive CRISPR treatment and have benefited

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The First two patients to receive the treatment have benefited with treatable side effects that were temporary."The two patients, enrolled in a pair of ongoing clinical trials, have been free from blood transfusions and disease symptoms for a relatively short time, but the encouraging data offer hope that genome editing might one day offer a safe, durable cure for both blood diseases."(PBS)