# data[].attributes.body
Stigma surrounding Youth offending worsens the criminal behaviour

Class and position in the societal hierarchy encourage rebellious behaviour, especially without a support system

Unemployment and a lack of education is a major factor of Youth offending

Ethnic groups are mostly targeted by Youth Justice officials

Marginalisation is common due to communities in society's eyes being 'underclass' and 'dangerous'

Youth are not treated separately from adults in the criminal justice system

Resources to provide rehabilitation for youth fall heavily on private programs

Private support programs such as Youth Justice Coalition, Ella Baker Centre for Human Rights, and Two Goals

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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Youth Justice Overview. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/health-welfare-services/youth-justice/overview

Davidson, H. (2016). Dylan Voller says he felt defenceless and panicked in restraint chair. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/dec/12/dylan-voller-says-he-felt-defenceless-panicked-restraint-chair-don-dale-northern-territory

Department of Justice and Community Safety. (n.d.). Legislation relating to the Youth Justice Service. Victoria State Government. https://www.justice.vic.gov.au/justice-system/youth-justice/legislation-relating-to-the-youth-justice-service

France, A. (2015). Theorising and Researching the Youth Crime Nexus: Habitus, Reflexivity and the Political Ecology of Social Practices. Bourdieu, Habitus and Social Research. Palgrave Macmillan, 74-90.

IResearchNet Criminal Justice. (n.d.). Juvenile Delinquency. IResearchNet. https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/types-of-crime/juvenile-delinquency/

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Youthful Offender. Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/youthfuloffender

N.T. Government. (2017). Don Dale Youth Detention Centre: Darwin. Northern Territory Government of Australia. https://nt.gov.au/law/young-people/going-to-court-and-sentencing/young-people-going-to-a-detention-centre/don-dale-youth-detention-centre-darwin

Queensland Government. (2010). How the Youth Justice System Works | Your Rights, Crime and the Law. Queensland Government. https://www.qld.gov.au/law/sentencing-prisons-and-probation/young-offenders-and-the-justice-system/youth-justice-in-queensland/how-the-youth-justice-system-works

Turner, J. (2014). Being Young in the Age of Globalisation: A Look at Recent Literature on Neoliberalism’s Effect on Youth. Social Justice. JSTOR, 8-18.

Voller, D. (2021). EXCLUSIVE: ‘I don’t want to just be known as the boy in a restraint chair’. NITV. https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/insight/article/exclusive-i-dont-want-to-just-be-known-as-the-boy-in-a-restraint-chair-dylan-voller/3nxylkzjs

White, R., & Cunneen, C. (2015). Social Class, Youth Crime and Youth Justice. Youth Crime & Justice. Sage, 1-15.

# data[].attributes.body
How does the Juvenile Justice System contribute to the criminalisation of youth, and what are the consequences for their future prospects and reintegration into society?
Why is this important?

To understand how troubled youth can be supported

To decrease the risk of recidivism

Encouraging a more positive outlook on life and how to change it for the better

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Conflict & Consensus

Habitus

Neoliberal

Symbolic Interactionism

# data[].attributes.body
Neoliberalism supporting agenda's economic, social, cultural, and political

'Do it yourself' mantra

Crime is a private problem rather than a public issue

Punishment is the only tool to control young people involved in crime

The Youth Justice System seeks to effectively manage, sort, and contain youth offenders through risk assessment and behaviour management instead of addressing personal and social deficits

Giving youth the tools to help themselves emphasise self-empowerment, reinforcing the neoliberal aspect of taking responsibility

However, the neoliberalism aspect can encourage isolation and self-guilt

Different programs are available for Youth involved in crime to better themselves and support their families

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Location of housing, how much education a young person has received, and the ability of their family to provide largely influences the potential to commit crimes

Unemployment is a major issue for young people, their families, and communities

Unemployment increases crime

Youth offending increases due to societal hierarchical classes and polarisation of rich and poor

The most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups receive the most attention from Youth Justice officials

Limited educational opportunities and geographical location highlight individuals as an 'outsider'

Troubled youth heavily stigmatised

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Determinism suggests youth committing the crime are born bad or made bad

The everyday world that young people engage in and interact with shows how institutions/policies influence the environment around them

Criminal identities are determined by social relationships

A sense of routine, habit, and normality youth associate with crime considering Habitus

Habitus strongly influences decision-making

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Dylan Voller (Voller, 2021)

In 2016, CCTV footage was released exposing the treatment of youth in detention centres in the Northern Territory

What is Don Dale Detention Centre? (N.T. Government, 2017)

Detention Centre located in Darwin

Young people who are remanded or sentenced to detention reside in the centre

What happened to Dylan Voller at Don Dale? (Davidson, 2016)

Dylan was locked in a cell, strapped to a restraint chair by his ankles, wrists, and neck

This would go on for almost 2 hours

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Australia's History of Youth Justice (Department of Justice and Community Safety, n.d.)

The Children, Youth, and Families Act 2005

Sentencing Act 1991

Crimes Act 1958

International History (IResearchNet Criminal Justice, n.d.)

Juvenile Delinquency was heavily influenced by religion

Children who disobeyed parents would be put to death in 1641

Children found guilty of crimes outside Massachusetts were punished via corporal punishment

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What is the Juvenile Justice System? (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2023)

Set of processes and practices for managing children and young people who have committed, or allegedly committed an offence

10-17 age group at time of offence

What is its purpose? (Queensland Government, 2010)

Holding young people accountable for their actions

Skills to create a better future for themselves

Keeping the community safe

What is youth offending? (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

A young person who commits a crime but is granted a more lenient punishment

How will I be answering the question?

Using research from the provided readings and any outside sources such as statistics, cases, and legislation

Using the sociological lens of both conflict and consensus approaches

What sociological theories will I be using?

Habitus

Neoliberalism

Symbolic interactionism

# data[].attributes.headline
How does the Juvenile Justice System contribute to the criminalisation of youth, and what are the consequences for their future prospects and reintegration into society?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does the Juvenile Justice System contribute to the criminalisation of youth, and what are the consequences for their future prospects and reintegration into society?