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Working hours in the mills were long—12 hours a day, 6 days a week. farmers also put in long hours. farmers worked shorter hours in winter. Mill workers, worked nearly the same hours all year.

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in the 1780s Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, a loom powered by water, it allowed workers to produce a great deal more cloth in a day than was possible before.

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in 1764 the spinning jenny was made by James Hargreaves, it was made to spin multiple thread at once. since the middle ages workers would use spinning wheels to make thread but it would take a lot of time because it could spin only one thread at a time.

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the cities had numerous problems, gravel and dirt roads would turn into mud holes,there were no sewers and garbage in the streets, cholera killed thousands, the sewage polluted the water

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in 1793 samuel slater created the first american mill because when he met moses brown, the capitalist had a mill in pawtucket, rhode island,the mill would constantly breakdown so slater improved the machinery. he built what was the first successful textile mill in the united states that was powered by water after this slaters industry was a big success before long, other american manufacturers started to use his ideas

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Lowell girls moved from farms to mill towns to work in factories they got paid low wages and would work 12 hours a day and 6 days a week. Lowell girls lived in boarding houses and had to share rooms with other girls and there were no boys allowed.

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In 1847, Cyrus McCormick opened a factory in Chicago that produced mechanical reapers. The reaper was a horse-drawn machine that cut and gathered wheat and other grains. McCormick’s reaper could do the work of five people using hand tools.

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In 1825, Jethro Wood began the manufacture of an iron plow with replaceable parts. John Deere improved on the idea when he invented a lightweight steel plow. Earlier plows made of iron or wood had to be pulled by oxen, which were strong but slow. A horse, less strong but faster than an ox, could pull a steel plow through a field more quickly.

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boys and girls as young as 7 would work in industries, they would use children for small spaces around large machines to change spindles.

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in the 1800s 5 million people lived in rural areas compared to 322,000 who lived in cities. during the industrial revolution many people left farms for cities because they were attracted to the job opportunities found in factories.