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Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity of documents and clay sculpture, but without any formal classification system

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A Chinese book, Hsi Duan Yu (the washing away of wrongs), contains a description of how to distinguish drowning from strangulation. This was the first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime.

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The first treatise on systematic document examination was published by François Demelle of France

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Marcello Malpighi, an Italian anatomist, made important contributions to the field of histology

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Mathiew Orfila, a Spanish-born Chemist, is considered the father of modern toxicology. His work laid the foundation for the study of poisons and their effects on the human body.

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John Evangelist Purkinje, a Czech physiologist, published a paper on the ridge patterns of fingerprints.

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Henry Goddard, an Englishman, used bullet comparison to solve a murder case, establishing the basis for firearm examination

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Sir Grancis Galton, a British scientist, published a comprehensive study on fingerprints and their individuality

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Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician working in Tokyo, published a paper in the journal Nature suggesting that fingerprints at the scene of a crime could identify the offender. In one of the first recorded uses of fingerprints to solve a crime, Faulds used fingerprints to eliminate an innocent suspect and indicate a perpetrator in a Tokyo burglary

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Sir Edward Henry, an Englishman, developed a more systematic and practical fingerprint classification system.

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August Vollmer, as chief of police in Los Angeles, California, implemented the first U.S. police crime laboratory

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The Lindbergh Kidnapping case highlighted the importance of forensic evidence in criminal investigations, including the use of microscopic hair analysis.

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James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA

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Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA profiling, a technique to identify individuals based on their DNA

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Continued advancements in DNA analysis techniques, such as the use of STR(short tandem repeat) markers, have made DNA profiling even more precise

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Development of forensic databases, like CODIS in the United States, has facilitated the comparison of DNA profiles in criminal investigations

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The use of forensic techniques in cybercrime investigations and digital forensics has become increasingly important in digital age

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Advances in forensic technology, including facial recognition and computerized image analysis, have expanded the range of evidence that can be analyzed