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Conflict between European powers

Especially: England and France

These countries had large colonies --> many conflicts became global

KEY REASON FOR EXPLORATION AND CONFLICT

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Context: Conflicts of England and France spills over to territories in North America

French and Indian War: A Portion of the war in North America

French allied with North American Tribes

Fight against --> British

Economical worked together --> for trading

Trade networks threatened by: British colonial population

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Context:

British colonies are successful and win the conflict

BUT were disorganized --> lost early battles

Albany Plan of Union: An attempt to organize the colonial government to help with the war. (recruiting troops, collecting taxes)

Unsuccessful, BUT set up colonial unity and governance

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Established Great Britain supremacy in North America (France = defeated)

Colonists = proud of effort during war

Great Britain questions abilities of colonists

No more salutary neglect = More forceful in monitoring the colonies

E.g. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1765)

Conflict of Native Americans and colonists: British send their own troops rather than relying on colonists

Britain separates themselves from the American Colonists

Proclamation Line of 1763

Response to Pontiac’s Rebellion

Prohibited American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French --> following the French and Indian War.

British claim land on the other side of the Mississippi river

Leads to colonists angry

British needs to raise more revenue

War = expensive

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Taxation Without Representation (3 rounds)

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Taxation Without Representation (3 rounds)

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Colonists were being taxed without being represented in the British Parliament

Patrick Henry: Key individual in promoting this idea

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Britain clamps down on colonists

Colonists see new rules as threat to liberty

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Required colonial merchants to pay tax to import sugar

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Required colonial to house and feed British soldiers

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Required paper colonies to carry British stamp

First direct tax on colonists

Colonies had a large response

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Declared that Parliament had right to make whatever taxes/laws for the colonies they wanted

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Basically another round of taxes on various colonial products

Including: tea, glass, paper

Result: colonial response intensifies

Boston “Massacre” (1770)

Colonists harassed group of British soldiers in Boston stationed to collect taxes

Soldiers fire on colonists and kill 5 of them

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Boston Tea Party (1773):

Colonists dump tea into Boston harbor in rejection of tax on tea

Led to the “Tea Act” which lowered the price of tea

Colonists --> still wanted to avoid paying the tax

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Closing the port of Boston - No imports and exports from the port

Reducing power of Massachusetts Government

Expansion of quartering act

Quebec Act  (1774)

Expand territory of Quebec and establish roman catholicism as its religion

(took away territory from colonies and differences in religion)

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Philosophical Foundations of the Revolution:

Enlightenment:

1. Rationalism:  Human reason is the key to understanding the world

→ Going against religion and nobility

2. Natural Rights:  All human beings have certain rights

“Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness”

John Locke

3. Social Contract: Government is a contract between people and rulers

→ Power comes from the people

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Colonists rethink relationship with British monarchy

Ideas of independence from Britain

Supported by Thomas Pane (Author of Common Sense) and Benjamin Franklin.

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First Continental Congress (1774) (ANOTHER IMPACT)

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First Continental Congress (1774) (ANOTHER IMPACT)

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Discuss how to handle the Intolerable acts

3 groups of people:

Radicals: large response to England (wanted freedom the most)

Patrick Henry; John Adams

Moderates: medium response to England (not sure if want freedom)

George Washington

Conservantives: mild response to England (doesn’t want to break off of England)

John Jay

Most did not favor Independence

Action Taken:

= Immediate repeal of Intolerable Acts, Boycott of British Goods, Restore Colonial Rights, Meet again in 1775 if needed

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First Continental Congress actions are rejected

War begins

Early fighting/battles

Lexington (Won by Americans): Warned by Paul Revere

Concord (Tied): Warned by Paul Revere

Bunker hill (Lost)

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Split between making peace with Britain, and gaining independence

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Declaration of Independence gets signed (1776)

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Declaration of Independence gets signed (1776)

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Drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Declared independence from Britain

Called for: basic rights and freedom

“Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”

“All men are created equal”

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Sides:

British forces

Loyalists (Tories): those who maintained allegiance to Britain

Colonists

Patriots: those who favored independence

Led by George Washington

Many African Americans (Cause they thought they would be free after statements in the declaration)

Significant military and financial advantages for Britain

Initial losses for patriot army (1775 - 1777)

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Turning point

Encourages France, Spain and Netherlands to join Patriot forces

British had to divert resources to fighting other European countries

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1. Britain recognizes United States

2. Mississippi River = new western boundary

3. Americans pay war debts to Britain and return confiscated property

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The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals (Impacts)

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The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals (Impacts)

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Women:

Women participated in American Revolution as well

“Daughters of Liberty”

Helped organize boycott of British goods

New role for women after Revolution: “republican motherhood”

Women needed to teach children values and beliefs of new republic

African Americans:

Revolution forced many to question slavery

Reason: Went against ideals of Declaration of Independence

Result:

Most states banned importation of slaves

However, slavery continued

Especially in South

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Inspire events worldwide:

French Revolution (1789 - 1799)

Overthrow of king

Latin American Wars of Independence

Overthrow of Spanish colonial rule; leads to creation of Mexico; Gran Colombia

Haitian Revolution (1791 - 1804)

Overthrow of French colonial rule by slaves

slaves freed themselves?

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Many states began to write their own constitutions with political structures:

Some had : executive branch

All had : legislative branch

Little had : judicial branch

Common themes:

“Bill” of basic rights and freedoms

Separation of powers (different branches)

Only: White; male; property owners have voting power

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The first constitution of US and an attempt at national government

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Only one branch of government: Legislative

No executive/judicial branch

Difficult to enforce laws

Each State had one representative, 9/13 had to vote to pass law

Congress got the power to --> wage war; make treaties; borrow money

Congress could not --> regulate commerce and trade between states, and tax

Super weak constitution

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Land Ordinance of 1785:

Established system to sell “western” lands

Raising money for financing public education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787:

Outlined process for admitting new states west of Appalachian Mountains to the US

prohibited slavery in this region

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Inability to enforce Peace of Paris:

Could not pay war debts

Could not stop British from establishing military outposts in the west

Internal economic problems:

Inability to regulate trade between states

States put tariffs on trade to boost their own economies

Inability to establish strong, uniform currency

Internal unrest:

Shay’s Rebellion (1786)

Farmer uprising against economic policies

Attempted to steal weapons

No strong central army to put down revolt

Result: Many Americans called for stronger central government

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Created in Philadelphia:

Goal: draft a new government and fix the Articles of confederation

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Representation in Congress (Legislative Branch of Government):

Virginia Plan: representation on population

New Jersey Plan: representation equal regardless of population (each state = 1 vote)

Result = Connecticut Compromise

Legislative branch split into two = Bicameral (two-house) Congress

House of Representatives: representation on population

Senate: each state gets two members regardless of population

Slavery:

“Should slaves count in population for representation?”

Slavery states: “slaves should count for representation, slaves should not count for taxes”

Non-slavery states: “ Slaves should not count for representation, slaves should count for taxes”

Result:  Three Fifths Compromise

→ slaves are ⅗ human

“Should slave trade continue?”

Result: continue for 20 more years (until 1808)

Trade:

Commercial Compromise: Congress can regulate interstate and foreign commerce

Election of Presidency:

Result: Electoral College

→ each state gets ‘electors” equal to state’s congressional representation

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Debate to approve the Constitution ensured

Federalist

Supported ratification

Argued that stronger central government was needed

Liked the new system

Urban and upper class

Included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

Wrote The Federalist Papers (1788) to persuade people Constitution was beneficial

Anti-Federalist

Opposed ratification

Too much power to the government

Argued that Constitution limited democracy and rights of states and individuals

Common in rural areas and lower economic status

Ratification achieved

Key reason: Federalists add Bill of Rights to Constitution to ensure individual rights and freedoms and limit power of government

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Federalism

Division of power between national government (federal government) and state governments

National government = defense; foreign affairs

State governments = public safety; education

Separation of Powers

3 branches of government:

Legislative: make laws

Includes Congress

Executive: carry out (and suggest) laws

Led by president

Judicial: interpret laws

Led by Supreme Court

Checks and Balances

Each branch can limit powers of other branches

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First 10 amendments to the Constitution

- Amendments: changes to the Constitution

- 1st Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion. press, assembly (protest)

- 4th Amendment: No unreasonable search and seizure

- 5th Amendment: The right to remain silent. Right to not incriminate yourself.

- 6th Amendment: The right to trial by jury

- 8th Amendment: No cruel and unusual punishment

- 10th Amendment: Anything that is not in the constitution goes to the states

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George Washington Presidency (1789 - 1796)

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George Washington Presidency (1789 - 1796)

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French Revolution (1789 - 1799)

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First tasks:

Setting up the executive branch

Various departments

Finance, State, Defense

Finance (Secretary of the Treasury ) = Alexander Hamilton, State = John Jay

Set up Judicial Branch

Congress passes Judiciary Act of 1789

Establishes Supreme Court with 6 members: 1 chief justice; 5 associate justices

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First secretary of the treasury = Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton develops 3-part plan to improve the finances of the US

1. Pay off national debt and have national government take over state debts

2. Impose high tariffs on imported goods to encourage Americans to buy domestically-made products and grow American companies

3. Create a national bank

Place to keep government funds

Centralize printing of money: change money supply to keep currency stable

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Congress passes tax on whiskey

Farmers rebel against tax

Federal government mobilizes troops to put down rebellion

Opposite of Shay’s Rebellion

Shows power of new government

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During Washington's presidency: French Revolution

1793: Proclamation of Neutrality

US would stay neutral during the French Revolution

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Britain continued to have:

Military posts west of the Appalachian mountains

Search and seize American ships

1794: Chief Justice John Jay negotiates the Jay Treaty

Withdrawal of British forces, however, left Naval issues in US unresolved

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Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Set boundary for Spanish Florida

US gains more territory in southeast

Opens more of Mississippi River for trade

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Two main themes from speech:

1. Do NOT form political parties (factions)

2. Do NOT form permanent foreign alliance

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Adams sends diplomats to Paris after French seize US ships

French demand bribes: outrages US and almost leads to war

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Authorized president to deport aliens (non-US citizens) considered dangerous

Made it illegal for press to criticize president or Congress

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 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)

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 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)

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Kentucky and Virginia governments declare Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional

Argued that states have the right to declare federal acts unconstitutional and therefore they can not follow them