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Phonemic Awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate sounds in spoken words. It is the foundation to reading and teaching the relationship between sounds and print.

Skills are taught explicitly, systematically, and complexity.

Practice is performed through playful, short, and interactive activities.

Students mastering these skills are ready for phonics, decoding, and fluent reading.

References:

Ehri, L. C., & Roberts, T. A. (2006). The roots of learning to read and write: Acquisition of letters and phonemic awareness. Guilford Press.

National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching Children to Read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

O'Connor, R.E. & Notari-Syverson, A. (1995, April). Ladders to Literacy: The effects of teacher-led phonological activities for kindergarten children with and without disabilities. America Educational Research Association Annual Meeting. Eric Document.

Temple, C. A., Ogle, D., Crawford, A. N., & Freppon, P., (2018). All Children Read: Teaching for literacy in today's diverse classrooms (5th ed.). Pearson.

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Recognizing words with same ending sounds

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Recognizing words with same ending sounds

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Strategies/Activities:

Rhyme Songs - Pause during nursery rhymes let students finish the rhyming word

Rhyme Sort - Sort picture cards into rhyme families

Rhyme Detectives - Listen to a story and raise hand when they hear a rhyming word

Implementation Tips - Use bilingual rhymes for ELLs and use of visuals for diverse learners

Mastery Check - Students generate at least one rhyme independently

Nest Step - Syllable Segementation

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Browse free rhyming picture cards resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources.

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Breaking words into syllables (e.g., pen-cil)

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Breaking words into syllables (e.g., pen-cil)

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Strategies/Activities:

Clap it Out - Clap once for each syllable

Syllable Hopscotch - Jump oce per syllable

Picture Sort - Sort words by number syllables

Implementation Tips - Kinesthetic learners benefit from movement; provide visuals for ELLs

Mastery Check - Students can segment 2-3 syllable words

Next Step - Phoneme Isolation

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Identify the first, middle, or last sound in words

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Identify the first, middle, or last sound in words

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Strategies/Activites:

I Spy Sounds - "I spy something that starts with /m/"

Elkonin Boxes - Place a marker in the first, middle, or final sound box

Sound Swat - Swat a sound/letter card when teacher calls it out

Implementation Tips - Use mouth pictures to show sound production for ELLs or speech needs

Mastery Check - Students identify initial, middle, and final sounds

Next Step - Phoneme Blending

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Blachman, B. A., Ball, E. W., Black, R., & Tangel, D. M. (2000). Road to the code: A phonological awareness program for young children. Baltimore: Brookes.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00-4769). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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Elkonin boxes are used to build phonological awareness skills by having children segment spoken words into their individual sounds (phonemes). To use Elkonin boxes, a child listens to a word and moves a token into a box for each sound or phoneme.

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Combining sounds to form words (e.g., /c/ /a/ /t/ > cat)

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Combining sounds to form words (e.g., /c/ /a/ /t/ > cat)

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Strategies/Activites:

Stretch and Say - Teacher slowly stretches sounds, students blend together

Guess My Word - Teacher says /b/ /a/ /t/, students respond "bat"

Digital Games - Online tools like ABCya

Implementation Tips - Scaffold with 2-3 phoneme words before longer blends

Mastery Check - Students blend orally to form words

Next Step - Phoneme Segmentation

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Fuzz Bugs Farm Consonant Blends is a great activity for young children to work with consonant digraphs and the different words they create. Help your Fuzz Bugs Farm Animal make its way across the game board by answering different questions and creating words.

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Breaking a word into individual sounds (e.g., cat > /c/ /a/ /t/)

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Breaking a word into individual sounds (e.g., cat > /c/ /a/ /t/)

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Strategies/Actitivies:

Elkonin Boxes - Push counters into boxes for each sound

Finger Tapping - Tap a finger for each sound

Segment & Write - Say sounds, then write letters

Implementation Tips - Link directly to spelling practice, add visuals for ELLs

Mastery Check - Students can segment CVC words independently

Next Step - Apply segmentation into phonics decoding lessons