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Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

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Overview

CAS No. 7439-97-6 (metal)

Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring metal. Metallic mercury is a shiny, silver-white, odorless liquid. When heated it becomes a colorless, odorless gas. Some of the health effects exposure to mercury may cause include: irritation to the eyes, skin, and stomach; cough, chest pain, or difficulty breathing, insomnia, irritability, indecision, headache, weakness or exhaustion, and weight loss. Workers may be harmed from exposure to mercury. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.

Mercury is used in many industries. It's used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and in thermometers, barometers, batteries , and electrical switches. Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to mercury include the following:

Workers in facilities where electrical equipment is manufactured

Workers in fluorescent light bulb (CFL) recycling facilities

Workers in facilities where automotive parts are manufactured

Workers in chemical processing plants that use mercury

Workers in medical, dental, or other health services who work with equipment that contains mercury

Dentists and their assistants when breathing in mercury vapor released from amalgam fillings

NIOSH recommends that employers use Hierarchy of Controls to prevent injuries. If you work in an industry that uses mercury, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheet for hazard information. Visit NIOSH's page on Managing Chemical Safety in the Workplace to learn more about controlling chemical workplace exposures.

The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to mercury. Useful search terms for mercury include "colloidal mercury," "mercury metal," "metallic mercury," and "quicksilver."

NIOSH Chemical Resources

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national institute for occupational safety and health

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Mercury is a naturally occurring metal. Metallic mercury is a shiny, silver-white, odorless liquid. When heated it becomes a colorless, odorless gas.

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Eric X. Li: A tale of two political systems

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How Did China Come to Be: A geographic perspective?

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How Did China Come to Be: A geographic perspective?

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How Did China Come To Be: A geographic perspective | 中国从哪里来？——以地理的视角

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China's 1911 Revolution: The Overseas Chinese and the Revolution

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China's 1911 Revolution: The Overseas Chinese and the Revolution

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海外华侨是辛亥革命之母 / China's 1911 Revolutio: The Overseas Chinese and the Revolution

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Overseas Chinese: Stories of Struggles and Success

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Overseas Chinese: Stories of Struggles and Success

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E01 天下华人：奋斗（上）https://youtu.be/K0fyIRwYG9Y

E02 天下华人：奋斗（中）

https://youtu.be/y8tQeVbhUuc

E03 天下华人：奋斗（下）

https://youtu.be/Ufbcjfz0uZQ

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Overseas Chinese: Stories of Struggles and Success E01 天下华人：奋斗（上）

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UN Global Forest Goals- East Asia Highlights

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UN Global Forest Goals- East Asia Highlights

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https://youtu.be/U4SrQVsvyDA

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CHINESE WILDLIFE TRADE/TRAFFICKING-CHINESE ILLEGAL ANIMANL WILDLIFE TRADE[BAN CHINA KILLING WILDLIFE

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https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/

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FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) provides essential information for understanding the extent of forest resources, their condition, management and uses.

The ongoing assessment, FRA 2025, examines the status of, and trends in, more than 60 forest-related variables in 236 countries and territories in the period 1990-2025. FRA 2025 data are collected using commonly agreed terms and definitions through a transparent, traceable reporting process and a well-established network of officially nominated national correspondents that covers 188 countries and territories.

Insight into the Global Forest Resources Assessment process
This website has been produced with the assistance of the European Union, the Government of Finland, the Government of Norway and the Global Environment Facility. Its contents are the sole responsibility of FAO and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union, the Government of Finland, the Government of Norway and the Global Environment Facility.

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Global Forest Resources Assessments | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) provides essential information for understanding the extent of forest resources, their condition, management and uses. The ongoing assessment, FRA 2025, examines the status of, and trends in, more than 60 forest-related variables in 236 countries and territories in the period 1990-2025.

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https://www.un.org/esa/forests/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Global-Forest-Goals-booklet-Apr-2019.pdf

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Japan's Approach to Sustainable Forest Management

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Japan's Approach to Sustainable Forest Management

# data[].attributes.body
https://youtu.be/FHTn6ZIEMkM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[JICA-Net Library]Japan's Approach to Sustainable Forest Management(Full ver.)

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https://youtu.be/4-kyj4WAcQA

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A window to data and analysis at regional, subregional and country levels on SDG statistics for Asia and the Pacific.

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Asia-Pacific SDG Partnership

Learn More

Publication

March 28, 2022

Building Forward Together: Towards an Inclusive and Resilient Asia and the...

Building Forward Together: Towards an inclusive and resilient Asia and the Pacific is the theme report of the Asia-Pacific SDG partnership for 2022....

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Event

March 28, 2022

Report Launch | The 2022 Asia-Pacific SDG Partnership Thematic Report:...

YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yW661Ks_cdw The 2022 Asia-Pacific SDG Partnership Thematic Report "Building Forward Together - Towards an...

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SDG Data

SDG Progress

Assess progress on SDGs at goal (Snapshot), target (Dashboard), and indicators (Progress Gap) for the Asia-Pacific region and subregions.

Country SDG Profiles

Access data and visualizations on SDG indicators for countries in Asia and the Pacific.

Country Comparison

Compare the latest data of the countries in Asia-Pacific by SDG indicator.

Knowledge Products

Building Forward Together: Towards an Inclusive and Resilient Asia and the...

Building Forward Together: Towards an inclusive and resilient Asia and the Pacific is the theme report of the Asia-Pacific SDG partnership...

Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Leaving No Country Behind

Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Leaving No Country Behind is the theme report of the Asia-Pacific SDG partnership for 2021. Reflecting...

Fast-tracking the SDGs: Driving Asia-Pacific transformations

Fast-tracking the SDGs: Driving Asia-Pacific transformations is the theme report of the Asia-Pacific SDG partnership for 2020 (with...

Acceleration towards SDGs: How to identify the top performers?

This introduces a methodology for identifying top performers in various aspects of sustainable development. Top performers demonstrate...

Partners

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Promoting sustainable solutions for the Asia-Pacific region.

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SEA breakout session: Launch of the Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2022

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The Sustainable Development Goals – Tracking Progress and Engaging Stakeholders in Review

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ESCAP serves as the United Nations’ regional hub promoting cooperation among countries to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. It is the largest regional intergovernmental platform with 53 Member States and 9 associate members.

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Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report

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Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report

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S & E Asia Environmental Issues - YouTube

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SS7G10 Discuss environmental issues across Southern and Eastern Asia. a. Describe the causes and effects of pollution on the Yangtze and Ganges Rivers. b. De...

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What is Deforestation? | Eco Facts | One Tree Planted

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Sustainable Development Report: South Korea (2022)

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Sustainable Development Report: South Korea (2022)

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Korea, Rep.

OECD member

Overview Indicators Policy Efforts

SDG Dashboards and Trends

Click on a goal to view more information.

Dashboards:

SDG achieved

Challenges remain

Significant challenges remain

Major challenges remain

Information unavailable

Trends:

On track or maintaining SDG achievement

Moderately improving

Stagnating

Decreasing

Trend information unavailable

Check us out on social media!

The Sustainable Development Report (formerly the SDG Index & Dashboards) is a global assessment of countries' progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It is a complement to the official SDG indicators and the voluntary national reviews.

All data presented on this website are based on the publication Sachs et al. (2022): From Crisis to Sustainable Development: the SDGs as Roadmap to 2030 and Beyond. Sustainable Development Report 2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Feedback? Questions? Contact us at info@sdgindex.org

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The Sustainable Development Report 2022 tracks the performance of all 193 UN Member States on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

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Sustainable Development Report: North Korea (2022)

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Sustainable Development Report: North Korea (2022)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Korea, Dem. Rep.

East and South Asia

Overview Indicators

SDG Dashboards and Trends

Click on a goal to view more information.

Dashboards:

SDG achieved

Challenges remain

Significant challenges remain

Major challenges remain

Information unavailable

Trends:

On track or maintaining SDG achievement

Moderately improving

Stagnating

Decreasing

Trend information unavailable

Check us out on social media!

The Sustainable Development Report (formerly the SDG Index & Dashboards) is a global assessment of countries' progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It is a complement to the official SDG indicators and the voluntary national reviews.

All data presented on this website are based on the publication Sachs et al. (2022): From Crisis to Sustainable Development: the SDGs as Roadmap to 2030 and Beyond. Sustainable Development Report 2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Feedback? Questions? Contact us at info@sdgindex.org

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The Sustainable Development Report 2022 tracks the performance of all 193 UN Member States on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

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National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

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National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

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国立環境研究所では様々な環境研究に取り組んでいます。

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Wild Classroom Our Planet Educator Guides

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Use these guides in accompaniment with the Our Planet series episodes to help shape supplementary discussions and activities within your 5th-12th grade learning environment.

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Interactive World Forest Map & Tree Cover Change Data | GFW

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Explore the state of forests worldwide by analyzing tree cover change on GFW's interactive global forest map using satellite data. Learn about deforestation rates and other land use practices, forest fires, forest communities, biodiversity and much more.

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Global Forest Watch | Monitoring Forests in Near Real Time

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China Feels Heat on Climate Change Goals

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Production of steel and cement has grown despite carbon curbs.

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We promote use of the Sustainable Development Goals in learning so that children can contribute to a better future for all. From citizenship and justice to climate change and the environment, inspire children to make a difference!

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Connecting educators and parents with tools and resources to help kids explore and understand the world around them. Help inspire the next generation to build a future where people and nature thrive!

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Global Environmental Database (GED) | National Institute for Environmental Studies

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Global Environmental Database (GED) provides data and research results related to global environmental problems with an emphasis on global warming conducted by the Center for Global Environmental Research at the National Institute for Environmental Studies.

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Global Environmental Monitoring | Center for Global Environmental Research

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CGER carries out continuous monitoring of the environment in a wide range of fields relating to global environmental issues such as climate change, with international cooperation.

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Global Environmental Monitoring | Center for Global Environmental Research

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CGER carries out continuous monitoring of the environment in a wide range of fields relating to global environmental issues such as climate change, with international cooperation.

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Unfortunately, Humans have never been excellent stewards of the Earth through the years. To protect the environment and conserve the world

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A new UN report has revealed that the Asia-Pacific region is not on track for achieving any of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or global goals set by the United Nations. The current pace means that the region could achieve less than 10% of the SDG targets.

According to the report titled Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2021, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, only nine of the region's 104 measurable targets are being met.

According to the report, half of the Asia-Pacific goals have not been met, and many are still at a level below 2020. In addition, the report highlighted that progress in achieving environmental goals was very disappointing.

Other goals that the region failed to meet were gender equality (Goal #5) and clean water and sanitation (Goal #6), affordable, clean energy (Goal #7), decent employment, and economic growth (Goal #8), and life on land (Goal #15). It is necessary for countries to achieve their climate global goals.

We celebrated the 2021 Women's Entrepreneurship Day with the awareness that we are still far from making circumstances where female entrepreneurs can thrive every day. To put it simply, countries must rebuild after the pandemic and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, or called global goals, by empowering women as decision-makers and business people.

Due to the limited fiscal space, no country can afford to ignore gender equality. This could increase the region's GDP up to $4.5 trillion per year by 2025. First, however, countries must overcome the obstacles women entrepreneurs face to seize this opportunity.

The limited access of women to information and communication technology, discriminatory legislation frameworks, and cultural and social norms all hinder women's ability to start, sustain, and grow their businesses. The same goes for women's access to finance.

In some countries in the region, the financing gap for women entrepreneurs is as high as $6Billion. The Honorable Minister of Women Affairs of Cambodia stated that 61% of Cambodia's businesses are women-owned. However, only 3% of these businesses have access to loans from financial institutions. Women are also restricted from engaging in productive entrepreneurial activities by the uneven distribution of domestic and unpaid work at the household level.

The past two years have brought new challenges to women entrepreneurs. In the aftermath of the pandemic, the micro, small and mid-sized enterprise (MSME) sector was the most affected. Women entrepreneurs have also suffered a significant loss in economic security.

ESCAP's most recent study on COVID-19 and MSMEs in Vietnam found that women-led MSMEs are twice as likely as men to have had to suspend some or all their business activities. The majority of enterprises owned by women in the region are concentrated in the most vulnerable, informal, or micro sectors. These include the clothing, food, and beverage industries. All of these sectors were severely affected by the pandemic. This segment requires extraordinary attention.

COVID-19 has also contributed to the escalating risks and challenges. Accessing finance was made more difficult by the fact that women-led MSMEs in Asia and the Pacific were unable to obtain funding support because of complicated procedures and documentation.

The internet user gender gap affected women entrepreneurs' ability to use technology and create alternative business models during the pandemic. ESCAP's program on Catalyzing Women's Entrepreneurship, supported by Canada's Government, was a lifesaver during these difficult times for women entrepreneurs.

This program addresses three main barriers to the growth of women-led companies: accessing finance, digital and business skills, and an enabling policy environment.

The programme improves access to financing by supporting women's economic empowerment and moving beyond profit-based financing. The programme helped to create the first global bond that focuses on improving women's lives. The programme has also created innovations at the convergence of finance and technology. For example, the ESCAP/UNCDF-led FinTech Challenge Fund supports tech start-ups to enhance access to finance for female entrepreneurs.

The program promotes digital skills through various digital finance and eCommerce solutions, for example, a digital bookkeeping application in Cambodia or training in e-commerce and other countries. These have helped women entrepreneurs reposition their businesses to be more flexible, capable, and prepared for unexpected events. Therefore, it was encouraging to listen to Vanessa Seow, Vice President at Lazada, state that increasing e-commerce access for women could bring an additional $280 million to the South-East Asia economy between 2025-2030.

Thirdly, the programme fosters a strong institutional and policy environment. Agencies overseeing SMEs as well as gender ministries have helped to guide policy reforms that address the issues faced by women entrepreneurs. Viet Nam's current SME law was re-evaluated in collaboration with the Ministry of Planning and Investment. A new decree is currently being prepared with specific provisions for women-led SMEs.

Solving the complex problems facing our region's female entrepreneurs will require a new collaborative approach that involves partnerships that bring together the private sector, UN agencies, funding partners, governments, and women entrepreneurs. According to Manesha Chadha, J.P. Morgan, the private sector can bring about catalytic funding, innovation, digitalization, and inclusive procurement throughout the value chain of women-led businesses.

To remove multiple obstacles to women's entrepreneurship, it is essential to harness the strengths of many actors. It is impossible to overlook the contributions of women entrepreneurs to COVID recovery and set the region on the path to inclusive, resilient, and sustainable development.

Climate Action and Life Below the Water

A particular concern is a poor performance in achieving goals for climate action (Goal 13) and life below water(Goal 14). The situation is actually worse now than it was back in 2000.

Regressive trends in climate action and life below the water have been observed in all five regions: east and north-east Asia; north and central Asia; south-east Asia; and the Pacific.

More than half of global greenhouse gas emissions are from the Asia-Pacific region.

This region continues to be affected by natural disasters and is one of the most disaster-prone in the world.

According to World Disasters Report 2020, there was a record number of climate-related disasters in the region in 2020. These events affected tens of thousands of people already hard hit by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

While there has been progress in protecting coastal areas, the economic benefits of sustainable fishing and the quality of oceans have declined.

It is not on track to meet the targets of clean water and sanitation.

Water stress is the biggest obstacle facing the region. The situation has deteriorated significantly since 2000 and will likely continue to worsen unless there is collective action.

Green Recovery During Pandemic

Since 2000, the region has not made any progress towards the SDG goals for sustainable communities and cities.

It also missed an opportunity to rebuild better during the pandemic. The pandemic caused large cities in Asia to produce 154 to 228 tonnes more medical waste each day than they did before.

According to the Central Pollution Control Board, India's COVID-19-related bio-medical waste production increased from 3,025 tonnes in June 2020 to 4,527 tons in December 2020.

Addressing Data-Deficit

Due to a lack of data, nearly 40% of the SDG targets can't be measured in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, data were scarce for climate action goals and life below water. It is essential to do more with data to better assess environmental goals.

Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana, United Nations under-secretary-general and ESCAP executive secretary, said: We have the opportunity to rethink our options regarding development paths that are more inclusive, resilient, and respectful of planetary boundaries.

The report stated that nations must ensure that they respond to the pandemic in a way that accelerates progress towards the 2030 Agenda.

UNESCAP has asked governments to renew their commitments under the SDGs monitoring framework to ensure a sustainable and inclusive recovery after covid.

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Asian-Pacific Region Needs To Refocus On Their Global Goals

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The Asia-Pacific region is not on track for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or global goals set by the United Nations.

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Asia-Pacific Forum on Environment and Development

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Asia-Pacific Forum on Environment and Development

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Global Footprint Network: Advancing the Science of Sustainability

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Global Footprint Network: Advancing the Science of Sustainability

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Global Footprint Network is a research organization that is changing how the world manages its natural resources and responds to climate change.

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Hover the mouse over an SDG icon for more information

A world free from hunger and malnutrition where food and agriculture contributes to improving the living standards of all

FAO works with governments and partners to empower some of the world's most marginalized people to end rural poverty.

FAO helps ensure food security by developing ways of growing food that will work in the future so that millions of people don't go hungry.

Good health starts with nutrition. FAO sets global standards and works with governments and the private sector to ensure food quality and safety throughout the food chain.

FAO invests in educational systems for rural communities and supports improved access to primary education and school meals in order to create equal opportunities for all and chances of lifelong learning.

FAO supports gender equality in the agricultural sector in an effort to raise levels of nutrition in local communities and improve agricultural productivity.

FAO works with governments to ensure water use in agriculture is made more efficient, equitable and environmentally friendly.

FAO promotes the use of renewable energies and works to ensure access to modern energy services across the food chain.

FAO seeks better economic opportunities for all by investing in sustainable agricultural practices and food systems that reduce inequalities and create decent jobs.

FAO seeks to secure a future for rural communities via investments in transportation, irrigation, food storage facilities and communication technologies.

FAO works with countries and partners to generate employment in rural areas, ensure access to natural resources for the most vulnerable and connect farmers to markets.

FAO works to improve urban healthcare, water quality and rethink city region food systems to help deter the negative effects of sprawling urbanisation.

FAO coordinates major global initiatives and projects to tackle food waste and loss, partnering with international organisations, the private sector and civil society.

FAO supports countries in responding to the threats of climate change by providing advice, data and tools for better agricultural policies and practices.

FAO, in partnership with governments and fishing communities, implements best practices in fisheries to ensure our oceans are protected as a means of livelihoods.

FAO promotes sustainable approaches to natural resource management and supports endeavours that promote a balance between conservation and development initiatives.

FAO plays a critical role in peacebuilding, restoring rural livelihoods, building resilience and participatory approaches to policymaking.

FAO acts as a neutral policymaking forum and develops partnerships with all concerned with food and agriculture to ensure a world free from hunger.

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Home | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Tracking progress on food and agriculture-related SDG indicators 2021

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Tracking progress on food and agriculture-related SDG indicators 2021

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Data | SDG Indicators Data Portal | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Access the latest trends and current analysis of SDG indicators under FAO custodianship

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Free Public Data Set - Global Footprint Network

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Download the National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts 2019 Public Data Package for free. Ecological Footprint and biocapacity results by country.

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The State of the World's Forests 2022

Forest pathways for green recovery and building inclusive, resilient and sustainable economies

The 2022 edition explores the potential of three forest pathways for achieving green recovery and tackling environmental crises, including climate change and biodiversity loss against the backdrop of the Glasgow Leaders' Declaration on Forests and Land Use and the pledge of 140 countries to eliminate forest loss by 2030 and to support restoration and sustainable production and consumption.

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FAO's flagship publication "The State of the World's Forests" (SOFO) presents data and analysis on the interaction between forests and people every two years, with a focus on a specific pertinent topic.

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Sustainable Development Report: Japan (2022)

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Sustainable Development Report: Japan (2022)

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Japan

OECD member

Overview Indicators Policy Efforts

SDG Dashboards and Trends

Click on a goal to view more information.

Dashboards:

SDG achieved

Challenges remain

Significant challenges remain

Major challenges remain

Information unavailable

Trends:

On track or maintaining SDG achievement

Moderately improving

Stagnating

Decreasing

Trend information unavailable

Check us out on social media!

The Sustainable Development Report (formerly the SDG Index & Dashboards) is a global assessment of countries' progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It is a complement to the official SDG indicators and the voluntary national reviews.

All data presented on this website are based on the publication Sachs et al. (2022): From Crisis to Sustainable Development: the SDGs as Roadmap to 2030 and Beyond. Sustainable Development Report 2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Feedback? Questions? Contact us at info@sdgindex.org

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The Sustainable Development Report 2022 tracks the performance of all 193 UN Member States on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

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Sustainable Development Report: China (2022)

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Sustainable Development Report: China (2022)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
China

East and South Asia

Overview Indicators Policy Efforts

SDG Dashboards and Trends

Click on a goal to view more information.

Dashboards:

SDG achieved

Challenges remain

Significant challenges remain

Major challenges remain

Information unavailable

Trends:

On track or maintaining SDG achievement

Moderately improving

Stagnating

Decreasing

Trend information unavailable

Check us out on social media!

The Sustainable Development Report (formerly the SDG Index & Dashboards) is a global assessment of countries' progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It is a complement to the official SDG indicators and the voluntary national reviews.

All data presented on this website are based on the publication Sachs et al. (2022): From Crisis to Sustainable Development: the SDGs as Roadmap to 2030 and Beyond. Sustainable Development Report 2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Feedback? Questions? Contact us at info@sdgindex.org

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The Sustainable Development Report 2022 tracks the performance of all 193 UN Member States on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Review of Current Knowledge and Data on Marine Litter in Asia

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This study aims to provide a science-based review of the current knowledge and data available on marine litter in the coastal countries of South Asia, North East Asia and South-East Asia.

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The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) works to identify and draw attention to emerging issues of environmental concern. The UNEP Frontiers' report continues to advance this work, signaling environmental issues and solutions for effective and timely responses. Some issues may be local, relatively small-scale issues today, but may have the potential to become an issue of regional or global concern if not addressed early.

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Frontiers 2022: Noise, Blazes and Mismatches

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The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) works to identify and draw attention to emerging issues of environmental concern. The UNEP Frontiers' report continues to advance this work, signaling environmental issues and solutions for effective and timely responses. Some issues may be local, relatively small-scale issues today, but may have the potential to become an issue of regional or global concern if not addressed early.

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Oceans, Seas and Coasts, Water, Air, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Pollution, Risk

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China's Yangtze River is the world's third longest river. It runs for 3,900 miles from the Tibetan Plateau to the estuary of the East China Sea near Shanghai. The Yangtze River Basin has some of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world-from towering mountains and dense forests to fertile wetlands and bustling waterways created by seasonal flooding. The area covers nearly 448 million acres, an area more than four times the size of California.

The Yangtze's rich and complex terrains and climate have created a wide range of natural ecosystems that provide vital habitats for such charismatic species as the snow leopard, giant panda, and Yangtze finless porpoise. Historically, it has also sustained numerous local communities that rely on the river for drinking water, farming, fishery, and transportation. But unprecedented economic growth, combined with expansion of industries and rapid urbanization, in the basin is putting a severe strain on the river.

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Learn about the animals and people of the Yangtze region, including the Yangtze river, as well as the threats it faces, what WWF is doing, and how you can help.

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For millions of us, a walk in the woods changed from a pastime to a necessity during this pandemic. It's about as safe and socially distanced as can be, and access to forests has often helped ease my mind. After being indoors for days on end, forests became a place where I could escape and unwind. Spending time in forests makes me feel better. But what's the science behind that, and could forests be doing more for our health?

Before the pandemic, WWF started asking how forests benefit human health. During the fall of 2019, we hosted a Fuller Symposium on human health and conservation that heavily featured forests' contributions to our well-being. We heard a lot of statements about how forests and human health might influence each other but not much that provided a more holistic view of the type of forest and health research that exists or how to start classifying it.

With this in mind, we redoubled our efforts to understand the science behind forests and human health. Our investigation explored five categories of potential interactions between forests and human health: noncommunicable diseases like cancer and diabetes, environmental exposure, food and nutrition, physical hazards, and infectious diseases.[1] The results of our investigation are detailed in our new report published today, The Vitality of Forests: Illustrating the Evidence Connecting Forests and Human Health.

We uncovered ample evidence that forests provide, prevent and heal. While there are some hazards forests pose to human health, we found that the conservation, protection and restoration of the world's forests are undeniably critical to safeguarding and promoting human health while also making indispensable contributions to managing climate change and biodiversity loss.

Importantly, the role climate change plays in human health is woven throughout this report. We know that our exposure to physical hazards like heat and more severe storms and floods will increase and the habitat of common vectors of infectious diseases like mosquitoes and ticks will expand. We also know the nutritional content of staple foods will decrease as CO ₂ in our atmosphere increases. And we know that people are more vulnerable to climate change if their health is already compromised. For each of these impacts, forests represent an indispensable solution to mitigating and adapting to climate change while also supporting the health and well-being of people.

One interesting example that emerged in the report was the role of forests in heat and humidity. Anyone who has experienced a hot day knows the value of a shady tree, but urban forest cover that exceeds 40% per city block has the largest cooling potential, and forest cover in rural areas has similar cooling potential.[2,3] This is especially relevant for people who work outside or in places without air conditioning. However, in the face of crushing heat waves like those in the Pacific Northwest and Argentina, forests do more than provide shade and cooling potential. As humidity approaches 100% with an air temperature of 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius), the human body reaches its physiological limit for expelling heat - sweat no longer works - and people are unable to survive without cooling technology. Research demonstrates that the circulation of air from forest transpiration, or the evaporation of water from plants during photosynthesis, keeps humidity from reaching 100% and can provide our bodies with the ability to expel more heat than we create.[4]

While forests have the capacity to support human health and well-being, their existence doesn't guarantee positive human health outcomes; there are lots of unhealthy people in areas with great forests. What we learned was that forests' contributions to human health are strongly impacted by environmental, institutional and behavioral factors as well as mediating factors that allow or prohibit people from realizing the health benefits of forests.

Influencing forests' ability to benefit human health will require actions that transcend the conservation and public health domains. The conservation sector must value and champion how forest protection, management and restoration improve human health and partner with the public health sector to better integrate the role healthy forests play in our lives. This includes protecting forests and avoiding their conversion; improving forest management in working lands; taking a diversified approach to forest restoration; and creating urban forests.

It also means conservation must recognize and promote the role public health can play in supporting forest conservation, protection and restoration and seek public health input and solutions that cooperatively address conservation goals. Concurrently, we need to understand the cause-and-effect relationships between forests and human health. Sometimes poor human health drives forest loss - where deforestation can provide people with money to pay for medical procedures or funeral expenses. In other situations, the loss of forests leads or compounds serious human health impacts that can ripple through families and communities.

In The Vitality of Forests, we present a holistic framework that connects forests and human health. If applied, this framework will ultimately lead to better conservation and public health outcomes. But this isn't just a framework meant for the pages of a report. It is intended to better justify why the public, policymakers and private sector should be interested in forests' role beyond their recreational, carbon sequestration, or biodiversity conservation potential.

The evidence demonstrates that public health and forests are entwined - at the local, regional and global scale - and that across each of nature's contributions to human health, forest conservation, protection and management can improve human lives. And when we consider the public health challenges we face in our communities, counties and countries, we should examine the very real health implications of how we're treating our forests - and how they're treating us.

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[1] Brauman, K. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Polasky, S., Zayas, C., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Brancalion, P., DeClerck, F., Mastrangelo, M., Nkongolo, N., Palang, H., Shannon, L., Shrestha, U. B., and Verma, M. (2019). Chapter 2.3. Status and Trends - Nature's Contributions to People (NCP).

In: Global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Brondízio, E. S., Settele, J., Díaz, S., Ngo, H. T. (eds). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 76 pages DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3832035

[2] Ziter, C.D., Pedersen, E.J., Kucharik, C.J. & Turner, M.G. (2019). Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 7575-7580. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817561116

[3] Wolff, N. H., Masuda, Y. J., Meijaard, E., Wells, J. A., & Game, E. T. (2018). Impacts of tropical deforestation on local temperature and human well-being perceptions. Global Environmental Change, 52, 181-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.004

[4] Tuholske, C., Caylor, K., Funk, C., Verdin, A., Sweeney, S., Grace, K., et al. (2021). Global urban population exposure to extreme heat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024792118

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Spending time in forests makes us feel better. But what's the science behind that, and could forests be doing more for our health?

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Forest Monitoring, Land Use & Deforestation Trends | Global Forest Watch

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Global Forest Watch offers free, real-time data, technology and tools for monitoring the world's forests, enabling better protection against illegal deforestation and unsustainable practices.