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In this assessment we will explain and talk about how science changed in different historical times and also about people that contributed to make big scientific realizations. We'll focus on two historical periods: the Renaissance and the Middle Age.

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The Middle Ages is the period of general history that begins in the 5th century, just after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and ends in the 15th century, with the conquest of Constantinople by the Turkish-Ottoman Empire. As it passed between Classical Antiquity (golden times of Greece and Ancient Rome) and the Modern Age (period of rescue of the idealized humanistic culture), the Middle Ages became known as the "Dark Ages" because it was an obscure period, taken by the dictated by the Catholic Church, which despised rational thought.

Isabel Müller Gonçalves

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3. Characteristics - Middle Age Sciences

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3. Characteristics - Middle Age Sciences

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During Middle Ages, the world's vision was followed by the philosophy and nature principles, prettymuch by Aristoteles's principles and Christianity point of view. That is, it was "divided" between the Cosmos idea that the world was eternal and it emerged from some phenomenom unknown till that time, whereas the Christianity maintaned the idea that the world, besides being "commanded" by God, it was also temporal, that is, it wasn't eternal.
It was in that period of History that the hypotheses and researches about the Motion of Inercia, by Jean Buridan, had begun to develop, later proved by Galileu Galilei.

Another thing that also highlighted this period was the creation of study materials, such as the telescope and microscope, in order to improve and develop astronomical studies and answers.

Ana Carolina Lecim

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Nicolaus Copernicus was a mathematician, astronomer, physician and canon of the Catholic Church of the middle ages. Author of one of the most important scientific hypotheses: the heliocentric theory, which repositioned the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

The astronomer continued his observations and research, which were completed in 1530 and published only in 1543, for fear of religious persecution. The final work consisted of 6 volumes and entitled “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres”, considered one of the most important of the Renaissance period and a landmark for the scientific revolution.

He explained the cycle of the seasons of the year and the different positioning of the stars in the hemispheres. He also detailed the movements of the Earth, Moon and planets. Nicolaus Copernicus died of a stroke on May 24, 1543 in Frauenberg. His remains lie in a sepulcher under the highest altar in the temple of Frombork Cathedral, northern Poland.

Lívia Campana Kaiel

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Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great, he also founded his philosophical school, Lyceum, in Athens. He was known for have systematized and separated the phylosophical knowledge of Antiquity and for writing about varius important subjects, such as ethics, politics, science, metaphysics and logic.
Aristotle also wrote some treatises on biology, analyzing the functioning bodies of animals, plants and insects, writing theories about the origin of life, as well as developing the Aristotelian Theory of Gravity, which stated that all of the bodies move towards their natural place, which he sometimes claimed to be the center of the Earth, and therefore they would fall towards it.

Ana Carolina Lecim

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The Renaissance was where various fiwlds of knowledge such as astronomy, mathematics, physics and medice advanced. It was a time when scientists carried out their research by observing and making experiments, elaborating several other forms of knowledge.

Jennifer Christine Fernandes Silva

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Galileo Galilei, was a Florentine astronomer, physicist, and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath of the renaissance. He is often referred to as the "father of observational astronomy", "father of modern physics", "father of the scientific method" and "father of modern science".
His scientific contribution started a new era in the history of astronomy, he was the first astronomer to access new knowledge using the telescope. He defended the concept that the Earth was not the center of the universe.
Galileo's studies were fundamental for the development of mechanics (the movement of bodies) and the discovery of planets and satellites.
Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642 in Arcetri, Italy. He was almost blinded by the observation of sunspots done without adequate protection for decades. Three hundred and fifty years later, through Pope John Paul II, on October 31, 1992, the Catholic Church formally acknowledged the legitimacy of Galilei's theories.

Lívia Campana Kaiel

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In the Renaissance several fields of knowledge such as astronomy, mathematics, physics and medicine teach. In astronomy, the proof of the heliocentric theory, where the Earth revolved around the Sun, establishes the breaking of the old geocentric creation that defends that the Sun revolved around the Earth. The first to stipulate this new thesis was Nicolaus Copernicus. The arithmetic of the time was written of the numbers commercially and objectively explanatory with them. The era also marked that of surgeons, repelled by doctors at the time. The reaction, however, did not prevent the advancement of the first technical techniques, which included tissue transplantation and cystotomy with a perineal incision technique and catheterization.

Isabel Müller Gonçalves

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We can conclude that the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were great moments in history for the evolution in areas of knowledge such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, physics. And each period had many important people that marked and discovered new things that would lead, later and until today, to new discoveries.

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Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the most important renaissance scientists.  He was an engineer, poet, sculptor, musician, architet, botanic, anatomist, painter, mathematician and scientist, born in 1452.
He made contributions to many different areas of knowledge. He created the prototypes of the helipcopter, war tank, calculator, made theories about the tectonic plaques, made researchs about anatomy illegally (because in this era the church prohibited people from studying with dead bodies), drew the Vitruvian man, painted the Mona Lisa, made aircraft and ballistic projects
He is considered a genius, and one of the most significative man from his time.

Vitória Quadros Siqueira

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Isaac Newton was a mathematician, astrologer, astronomer, theologian and writer. Was born in the United Kingdom, in 1643.
During his life he contributed to different scientific areas, and is one of the more important scientists from the Scientific Revolution.
He desenvolved mechanicals laws, discovery gravitacional laws, invented mathematical methods and was the creator of the motion laws, that are used to study the movement of bodies, published books, and lots of other things.

Vitória Quadros Siqueira