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This case ruled that Americans of African decent (free or slave) are not American citizens and could not sue in court; essentially deemed as property.

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President Abraham Lincoln issued to emancipation proclamation from him given war powers. At the end of the Civil War, Congress passed an amendment to end slavery throughout U.S. - which was ratified.

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Also known as Civil Rights amendment; contains equal protection clause, which a group can use if they believe civil rights have been violated.

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Prohibits use of race in determining voting process. But, even though African-Americans could legally vote from 1070 and onwards, Southern states had tactics to deny them suffrage.

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Series of laws which reinforced segregation, which separated dining, water fountains, restrooms, ect. - which was based on race.

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Set precedent that separate facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were equal. ("Separate but equal")

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Granted women suffrage

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Supreme Court decision that overruled the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy. New precedent that established is the "separate was inherently unequal". Therefore, it made school segregation illegal.

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The Little Rock Nine were the 1st students to integrate southern schools. It was very controversial, as the national guard were appointed - only 3/9 graduated from Central High.

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Law that prohibits discrimination in public accommodations, employment, education, and government services. Also strengthens the 15th amendment by prohibiting discrimination in voting.

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Stripped away all of restrictions that Southern states had to put on voting like: poll taxes, grandfather clause, white primaries, ect. Therefore, African-Americans are registered to vote at rates much higher than they were before the law was passed.

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Government programs designed to promote equal opportunity to groups that have suffered from past discrimination.

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Built on earlier case (Griswold v. Connecticut); actually about privacy (constitutionally). Also used to debate about abortion.

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Bakke v. University of California (1978)

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Bakke v. University of California (1978)

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Bakke challenged the affirmative action admission policy of UC Davis because he had repeatedly been denies to medical school when his score was higher than minorities who were admitted. Race can now be one of the factors of college admission, but not only factor.