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The rules in which words are arranged to formulate sentences or phrases ( Reynolds et al., 2022). It is important to note that different languages have different syntactic irder.

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Why the language structure is important for language and academic learning for ELLs.

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Why the language structure is important for language and academic learning for ELLs.

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Syntax is important for English language learners because it helps them produce grammatically correct sentences. Syntax allows for ELLS to understand written texts, and engage academically to convey ideas accurately.

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Semantics deals with the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences within a language. With semantics, the concentration is what is trying to be conveyed with the usage of words and sentences.

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Why the language structure is important for language and academic learning for ELLs.

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Why the language structure is important for language and academic learning for ELLs.

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Semantics is important for ELLs because it helps them understand words, phrases, and sentences, but also helps ELLs comprehend class instruction, books, and other academic materials. Understanding word meanings and how they relate to one another enhances reading comprehension, vocabulary development, and language development.

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Pragmatics is based on the idea of how content influences how language is interpreted. Pragmatics helps understand the implied meaning behind statements taking into account factors like tone, social cues, and knowledge.

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Why the language structure is important for language and academic learning for ELLs.

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Why the language structure is important for language and academic learning for ELLs.

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Pragmatics is important for ELLs because it helps them understand how language is used in real-life situations and not just based on literal meanings. Mastering pragmatics helps ELLs to communicate and interact socially, and improves their ability to comprehend language in social and academic settings.

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1. Sentence Scramble: Students will be given a set of words from a sentence that is out of order. Students have to then arrange the words to make the sentence make sense. To differentiate for various learners, capitalizing the first word to give hints would benefit students. Also working with a small amount of words and then gradually increasing to not overwhelm students.

Ex. on lemonade a I day drink hot

Corrected: I drink lemonade on a hot day

2. Noun Scavenger Hunt: Once students are comfortable with nouns, have them identify nouns around the classroom. To challenge students even more have them identify nouns that start with each letter of the alphabet.

3. Sorting Adjectives, Verbs, and Nouns: Teachers will place different adjectives, verbs, and nouns on popsicle sticks. Students will work in small groups to sort words. This activity helps students practice grammar

4. Diamante Poem: This 7-lined, diamond-shaped, non-rhyming poem that will include nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The words used will be either synonyms or antonyms of the starting noun. Students can choose any topic to write about.

Ex: Shown above (Thespeechexpress.com)

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Duolingo is an app to practice a language. On Duolingo, students can practice grammar rules online in an engaging way. Parents who are also learning the language can practice skills using this online source with their child.

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1. Semantic Maps: Visual representations used to show connections between a main word or phrase and related concepts or words(Zorfass & Gray, n.d). Semantic maps assist students in understanding and remembering the meaning of words encountered in a text.

2. Online Semantics Activities: Websites like Bubbl.us provide activities students can practice connecting words and phrases.

3. Synonym game: Students will be given a word and then have to come up with a synonym for the word. For students who may find this activity difficult, teachers can give them a synonym, creating a teaching moment to build their vocabulary. This activity can also be used with antonyms.

4. When focusing on a specific topic, teachers can read books, watch videos, or even take a field trip based on the topic. This activity helps students make connections between the words based on the different resources. The resources are differentiated based on the different ways students learn (visual, auditory, kinesthetic)

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At home, parents/guardians can give students step-by-step instructions to complete a chore. This helps practice students understanding and process directions given

Ex. Making the bed, baking cookies, or washing dishes.

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1. Role Playing: Having students pair up and pick out of a box various scenarios to act out. These scenarios can range from ordering at a restaurant, dealing with conflict, or telling a doctor you are not well. This activity allows for ELLs to use appropriate language, different social cues, and also how to problem solve.

2. Conversation Starters: To get students to have meaningful conversations, students can be given conversation starters from a jar. Students will take turns answering the prompt. For learners of lower levels, questions can be translated into their native languages. This game aims for students to practice maintaining and initiating conversations for social use. It also allows students to practice listening.

3. Charades: Without speaking students will take turns acting out a word or phrase that others will have to guess. Visuals of phrases can be given to students of different levels to act out. This activity helps students use nonverbal cues to understand what is implied.

4. Accountable talk: Accountable talk helps with moving forward in the conversation. When students are sharing ideas in the classroom students can use accountable talk stems to move the conversation. To scaffold accountable talk, talking prompts can be posted in the classroom for students to refer to

Ex: Could you please explain …?

What if …?

Thank you for sharing. I liked …

I wonder if...?

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Parents can have their children lead conversations at home. based on talking stems learned in the classroom. Parents could also have their child practice communicating socially by greeting the mailman, neighbors, family friends, etc.

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Mastruserio, K.R., Dikilitas, K. & Close, S. (2022). Introduction to TESOL becoming a language teaching professional. Wiley Blackwell. https://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781119632733/pdf2htmlex/index.html#page_i

Selby. (2023, August 19). Interactive pragmatic skills activities for middle school students. Everyday Speech. https://everydayspeech.com/sel-implementation/interactive-pragmatic-skills-activities-for-middle-school-students/

Zorfass, J., & Gray, T. (n.d.). Connecting word meanings through semantic mapping. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/vocabulary/articles/connecting-word-meanings-through-semantic-mapping

Smith, A. (2022, June 6). 25 grammar activities for the classroom. Teach Starter. https://www.teachstarter.com/us/blog/20-grammar-activities-to-use-in-the-classroom-us/

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1. Finley, T. (2014, January 2). 8 strategies for teaching academic language. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/blog/8-strategies-teaching-academic-language-todd-finley

-This resource gives teachers strategies to build older students' academic language. This resource would benefit teachers who teach middle and high school English language learners.

2. Sandman-Hurley, K. (2015, June 1). Teaching syllables can mask meaningful morphemes. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/blog/teaching-syllables-mask-meaningful-morphemes-kelli-sandman-hurley

-This resource gives ways teachers can teach new readers, focus on understanding the meaning of words first instead of breaking them down into syllables. This method helps ELLs understand the difference between writing and spoken language effectively.

3. This video gives more information and examples on syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

4. This video shows how this teacher guides students to connect social communication and academic communication.

5. Larsen-Freeman, D. (n.d.). 17 Teaching Grammar. In Colby College (pp. 256–270). essay. Retrieved from https://web.colby.edu/ed376-spring2018/files/2017/01/Teaching-Grammar.pdf.

-This resource targets what grammar is, how it is taught, and how it is learned. This chapter of this book touches on the three language structures (syntax, semantics, and pragmatics).