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-President Truman's July 24, 1945 conversation with Stalin

-The United States had successfully detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945.

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-The political practice of publicizing accusations of disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence

- The use of methods of investigation and accusation regarded as unfair, in order to suppress opposition.

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-Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

-The purpose of the Truman Doctrine was to prevent communism worldwide, explicitly stopping the Soviet Union from expanding its sphere of influence.

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-Provided markets for American goods, created reliable trading partners, and supported the development of stable democratic governments in Western Europe.

-Congress's approval of the Marshall Plan signaled an extension of the bipartisanship of World War II into the postwar years.

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-The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain and France to travel to their respective sectors of the city of Berlin.

-Alarmed by the new U.S. policy of giving economic aid to Germany and other struggling European nations, as well as efforts by the Western Allies to introduce a single currency to the zones they occupied in Germany and Berlin

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-During the entire airlift, the U.S. and U.K. delivered more than 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and supplies to West Berlin

-American aircrews made more than 189,000 flights, totaling nearly 600,000 flying hours and exceeding 92 million miles

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-The aftermath of World War II saw much of Europe devastated in a way that is now difficult to envision. Approximately 36.5 million Europeans had died in the conflict, 19 million of them civilians.

- In some areas, infant mortality rates were one in four. Millions of orphans wandered the burnt-out shells of former metropolises. In the German city of Hamburg alone, half a million people were homeless.

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-Korea had been a Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945, when it was liberated by Allied forces at the end of World War Two. Due to concerns over ‘spheres of influence’, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Korea into two occupation zones: the communist Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the US-backed Republic of Korea (South Korea).

-The Korean War began on 25th June 1950, when communist North Korea invaded South Korea. But its origins lie in the Partition of Korea, which took place at the end of World War Two.

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-Alger Hiss was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s.

-The statute of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.

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-Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression.

-The Eisenhower Doctrine was a policy enunciated by Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 5, 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East".

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-The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front.

- consisting of Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, clandestinely financed and directed by the U.S. government.

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-After many long and difficult meetings, Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade, or a ring of ships, around Cuba. The aim of this "quarantine".

-It was to prevent the Soviets from bringing in more military supplies. He demanded the removal of the missiles already there and the destruction of the sites.

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-Under MAD, each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side. Either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate with equal or greater force

-The expected result is an immediate, irreversible escalation of hostilities resulting in both combatants' mutual, total, and assured destruction.

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-The domino theory was a Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a row of dominos

-The domino theory is the concept that if one domino strikes another, it can lead to a chain reaction where all the dominoes fall. The fear of communism spreading from the Soviet Union, which was America's ally in World War II against Nazi Germany, began after the war ended.

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-The United States entered Vietnam with the principal purpose of preventing a communist takeover of the region

-In that respect, it failed: the two Vietnams were united under a communist banner in July 1976. Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists.

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-In the former, Reagan depicted nuclear warfare as an extension of an "age old struggle between good and evil" By characterizing the Soviet Union as an "evil empire" and therefore irrational and untrustworthy, the speech justified demurrals on peace proposals.

-The speech is commonly known by a key line from the middle part: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" Reagan called for the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open the Berlin Wall, which had encircled West Berlin since 1961.

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-In the speech, he said: We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace.

-“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” Reagan's stark challenge to tear down the Berlin Wall gave shape to increasing international pressure on Moscow to make good on its promises of openness and reform. The wall, which had become a symbol of Soviet oppression, came down two years later, on November 9, 1989.

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-The Wall was designed to prevent people from escaping to the West from East Berlin. In 1961, the SED began adding additional obstacles to the border, expanding the Wall into a complex multi-layered system of barriers.

-The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification, which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law.